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OpenGL programming guide: the official guide to learning OpenGL, version 4.3

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser:	Shreiner, Dave (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Upper Saddle River, NJ [u.a.] Addison-Wesley 2013
Ausgabe:	8. ed.
Schriftenreihe:	Graphics programming OpenGL series
Schlagworte:	OpenGL Computação gráfica Computer graphics Computergrafik
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext
Beschreibung:	Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke
Beschreibung:	XLVI, 935 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
ISBN:	9780321773036 0321773039

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adam_text	Contents Figures .....................................................................................xxiii Tables .......................................................................................xxix Examples ................................................................................xxxiii About This Guide .........................................................................xli What This Guide Contains .............................................................xli What s New in This Edition ..........................................................xliii What You Should Know Before Reading This Guide ..........................xliii How to Obtain the Sample Code ...................................................xliv Errata .........................................................................................xlv Style Conventions ........................................................................xlv 1. Introduction to OpenGL ...................................................................1 What Is OpenGL? ...........................................................................2 Your First Look at an OpenGL Program ...............................................3 OpenGL Syntax ..............................................................................8 OpenGLs Rendering Pipeline ..........................................................10 Preparing to Send Data to OpenGL...............................................11 Sending Data to OpenGL............................................................11 Vertex Shading .........................................................................12 Tessellation Shading ..................................................................12 Geometry Shading .....................................................................12 Primitive Assembly ....................................................................12 Clipping ..................................................................................13 Rasterization ............................................................................13 Fragment Shading .....................................................................13 ix Реї -Fragment Operations ............................................................13 Our First Program: A Detailed Discussion ..........................................14 Entering main() ........................................................................14 OpenGL Initialization ................................................................16 Our First OpenGL Rendering .......................................................28 2. Shader Fundamentals ...................................................................33 Shaders and OpenGL.....................................................................34 OpenGLs Programmable Pipeline ....................................................35 An Overview of the OpenGL Shading Language .................................37 Creating Shaders with GLSL ........................................................37 Storage Qualifiers ......................................................................45 Statements ...............................................................................49 Computational Invariance ..........................................................54 Shader Preprocessor ...................................................................56 Compiler Control ......................................................................58 Global Shader-Compilation Option ..............................................59 Interface Blocks ............................................................................60 Uniform Blocks .........................................................................61 Specifying Uniform Blocks in Shaders ...........................................61 Accessing Uniform Blocks from Your Application ............................63 Buffer Blocks ............................................................................69 In/Out Blocks ...........................................................................70 Compiling Shaders ........................................................................70 OurLoadShadersO Function ....................................................76 Shader Subroutines .......................................................................76 GLSL Subroutine Setup ...............................................................77 Selecting Shader Subroutines .......................................................78 Separate Shader Objects .................................................................81 3. Drawing with OpenGL ...................................................................85 OpenGL Graphics Primitives ...........................................................86 Points .......................................................... 87 Lines, Strips, and Loops ..............................................................88 Triangles, Strips, and Fans ...........................................................89 Data in OpenGL Buffers ......................... .92 Creating and Allocating Buffers ...................................................92 Getting Data into and out of Buffers .............................................95 Contents Accessing the Content of Buffers ................................................100 Discarding Buffer Data .............................................................107 Vertex Specification ....................................................................108 VertexAttribPointer in Depth ....................................................108 Static Vertex-Attribute Specification ............................................112 OpenGL Drawing Commands .......................................................115 Restarting Primitives ................................................................124 Instanced Rendering ................................................................... 128 Instanced Vertex Attributes ....................................................... 129 Using the Instance Counter in Shaders ........................................ 136 Instancing Redux .................................................................... 139 4. Color, Pixels, and Framebuffers .....................................................141 Basic Color Theory ......................................................................142 Buffers and Their Uses .................................................................144 Clearing Buffers ......................................................................146 Masking Buffers ...................................................................... 147 Colorând OpenGL..................................................................... 148 Color Representation and OpenGL............................................. 149 Vertex Colors .......................................................................... 150 Rasterization .......................................................................... 153 Multisampling ............................................................................ 153 Sample Shading ...................................................................... 155 Testing and Operating on Fragments .............................................. 156 Scissor Test ............................................................................. 157 Multisample Fragment Operations .............................................158 Stencil Test .............................................................................159 Stencil Examples .....................................................................161 Depth Test .............................................................................163 Blending ................................................................................166 Blending Factors .....................................................................167 Controlling Blending Factors .....................................................167 The Blending Equation ............................................................. 170 Dithering ............................................................................... 171 Logical Operations .................................................................. 171 Occlusion Query .....................................................................173 Conditional Rendering .............................................................176 Per-Primitive Antialiasing .............................................................178 Contents xi Antialiasing Lines .................................................................... 179 Antialiasing Polygons ...............................................................180 Framebuffer Objects .................................................................... 180 Renderbuffers......................................................................... 183 Creating Renderbuffer Storage ................................................... 185 Framebuffer Attachments .........................................................187 Framebuffer Completeness ........................................................ 190 Invalidating Framebuffers ......................................................... 192 Writing to Multiple Renderbuffers Simultaneously ............................193 Selecting Color Buffers for Writing and Reading ...........................195 Dual-Source Blending ...............................................................198 Reading and Copying Pixel Data ...................................................200 Copying Pixel Rectangles .............................................................203 5. Viewing Transformations, Clipping, and Feedback ............................205 Viewing ....................................................................................206 Viewing Model .......................................................................207 Camera Model ........................................................................207 Orthographic Viewing Model ....................................................212 User Transformations ..................................................................212 Matrix Multiply Refresher .........................................................214 Homogeneous Coordinates .......................................................215 Linear Transformations and Matrices ..........................................219 Transforming Normals .............................................................231 OpenGL Matrices ....................................................................232 OpenGL Transformations .............................................................236 Advanced: User Clipping ..........................................................238 Transform Feedback ....................................................................239 Transform Feedback Objects ......................................................239 Transform Feedback Buffers .......................................................241 Configuring Transform Feedback Varyings ...................................244 Starting and Stopping Transform Feedback ..................................250 Transform Feedback Example-Particle System .............................252 6· Textures ...................... 259 Texture Mapping ....................................................................261 Basic Texture Types ............................ 262 Creating and Initializing Textures ......... ZZZ. . . .............................263 xii Contents Texture Formats ......................................................................270 Proxy Textures ............................................................................276 Specifying Texture Data ...............................................................277 Explicitly Setting Texture Data ...................................................277 Using Pixel Unpack Buffers....................................................... 280 Copying Data from the Framebuffer ...........................................281 Loading Images from Files ........................................................282 Retrieving Texture Data ............................................................287 Texture Data Layout ................................................................288 Sampler Objects ..........................................................................292 Sampler Parameters .................................................................294 Using Textures ...........................................................................295 Texture Coordinates .................................................................298 Arranging Texture Data ............................................................302 Using Multiple Textures ............................................................303 Complex Texture Types ................................................................306 3D Textures ............................................................................307 Array Textures ........................................................................309 Cube-Map Textures ..................................................................309 Shadow Samplers ....................................................................317 Depth-Stencil Textures .............................................................318 Buffer Textures ........................................................................319 Texture Views .............................................................................321 Compressed Textures ...................................................................326 Filtering ....................................................................................329 Linear Filtering .......................................................................330 Using and Generating Mipmaps .................................................333 Calculating the Mipmap Level ...................................................338 Mipmap Level-of-Detail Control ................................................339 Advanced Texture Lookup Functions ..............................................340 Explicit Level of Detail .............................................................340 Explicit Gradient Specification ..................................................340 Texture Fetch with Offsets ........................................................341 Projective Texturing .................................................................342 Texture Queries in Shaders ........................................................343 Gathering Texels .....................................................................345 Combining Special Functions ....................................................345 Point Sprites ..............................................................................346 Contents xiii Textured Point Sprites ..............................................................347 Controlling the Appearance of Points .........................................350 Rendering to Texture Maps ...........................................................351 Discarding Rendered Data .........................................................354 Chapter Summary .......................................................................356 Texture Redux .........................................................................356 Texture Best Practices ...............................................................357 7. Light and Shadow .......................................................................359 Lighting Introduction ..................................................................360 Classic Lighting Model ................................................................361 Fragment Shaders for Different Light Styles ..................................362 Moving Calculations to the Vertex Shader ...................................373 Multiple Lights and Materials ....................................................376 Lighting Coordinate Systems .....................................................383 Limitations of the Classic Lighting Model ....................................383 Advanced Lighting Models ...........................................................384 Hemisphere Lighting ...............................................................384 Image-Based Lighting ...............................................................389 Lighting with Spherical Harmonics ............................................395 Shadow Mapping ........................................................................400 Creating a Shadow Map ............................................................401 8. Procedural Texturing ...................................................................411 Procedural Texturing ...................................................................412 Regular Patterns ......................................................................414 Toy Ball .................................................................................422 Lattice ...................................................................................431 Procedural Shading Summary ....................................................432 Bump Mapping ..........................................................................433 Application Setup .................................................................... 436 Vertex Shader ......................................................................... 438 Fragment Shader .....................................................................439 Normal Maps ............................................ 44I Antialiasing Procedural Textures ....................................................442 Sources of Aliasing ................................... 442 Avoiding Aliasing ........................................ 444 Contents Increasing Resolution ...............................................................445 Antialiasing High Frequencies ...................................................447 Frequency Clamping ................................................................457 Procedural Antialiasing Summary ...............................................459 Noise ........................................................................................460 Definition of Noise ..................................................................461 Noise Textures ........................................................................468 Trade-offs ...............................................................................471 A Simple Noise Shader .............................................................472 Turbulence .............................................................................475 Marble ...................................................................................477 Granite ..................................................................................478 Wood ....................................................................................478 Noise Summary .......................................................................483 Further Information ....................................................................483 9. Tessellation Shaders ....................................................................485 Tessellation Shaders .....................................................................486 Tessellation Patches .....................................................................487 Tessellation Control Shaders .........................................................488 Generating Output-Patch Vertices ..............................................489 Tessellation Control Shader Variables ..........................................490 Controlling Tessellation ...........................................................491 Tessellation Evaluation Shaders .....................................................496 Specifying the Primitive Generation Domain ...............................497 Specifying the Face Winding for Generated Primitives ...................497 Specifying the Spacing of Tessellation Coordinates ........................498 Additional Tessellation Evaluation Shader layout Options ............498 Specifying a Vertex s Position ....................................................498 Tessellation Evaluation Shader Variables ......................................499 A Tessellation Example: The Teapot ...............................................500 Processing Patch Input Vertices ..................................................501 Evaluating Tessellation Coordinates for the Teapot ........................501 Additional Tessellation Techniques ................................................504 View-Dependent Tessellation .....................................................504 Shared Tessellated Edges and Cracking ........................................506 Displacement Mapping ............................................................507 Contents xv 10. Geometry Shaders .......................................................................509 Creating a Geometry Shader .........................................................510 Geometry Shader Inputs and Outputs ............................................514 Geometry Shader Inputs ...........................................................514 Special Geometry Shader Primitives ............................................517 Geometry Shader Outputs ........................................................523 Producing Primitives ...................................................................525 Culling Geometry ...................................................................525 Geometry Amplification ...........................................................527 Advanced Transform Feedback ......................................................532 Multiple Output Streams ..........................................................533 Primitive Queries ....................................................................537 Using Transform Feedback Results ..............................................539 Geometry Shader Instancing .........................................................549 Multiple Viewports and Layered Rendering .....................................550 Vi ewport Index .......................................................................550 Layered Rendering ...................................................................556 Chapter Summary .......................................................................559 Geometry Shader Redux ...........................................................560 Geometry Shader Best Practices .................................................561 11. Memory .....................................................................................563 Using Textures for Generic Datastorage .........................................564 Binding Textures to Image Units ................................................569 Reading from and Writing to Images ..........................................572 Shader Storage Buffer Objects ........................................................576 Writing Structured Data ............................................................577 Atomic Operations and Synchronization ........................................578 Atomic Operations on Images ...................................................578 Atomic Operations on Buffers ....................................................587 Sync Objects ...........................................................................589 Image Qualifiers and Barriers .....................................................593 High Performance Atomic Counters ...........................................605 Example ....................................................................................609 Order-Independent Transparency ...............................................609 xvi Contents 12. Compute Shaders ........................................................................623 Overview ...................................................................................624 Workgroups and Dispatch ............................................................625 Knowing Where You Are ..........................................................630 Communication and Synchronization ............................................632 Communication .....................................................................633 Synchronization .....................................................................634 Examples ...................................................................................636 Physical Simulation .................................................................636 Image Processing .....................................................................642 Chapter Summary .......................................................................647 Compute Shader Redux ............................................................647 Compute Shader Best Practices ..................................................648 A. Basics of GLUT: The OpenGL Utility Toolkit .....................................651 Initializing and Creating a Window ...............................................652 Accessing Functions ....................................................................654 Handling Window and Input Events ..............................................655 Managing a Background Process ....................................................658 Running the Program ..................................................................658 B. OpenGL ES and WebGL ...............................................................659 OpenGL ES................................................................................660 WebGL .....................................................................................662 Setting up WebGL within an HTML5 page ...................................662 Initializing Shaders in WebGL ...................................................664 Initializing Vertex Data in WebGL ..............................................667 Using Texture Maps in WebGL ...................................................668 С Built-in GLSL Variables and Functions ...........................................673 Built-in Variables ........................................................................674 Built-in Variable Declarations ....................................................674 Built-in Variable Descriptions ....................................................676 Built-in Constants .......................................................................684 Built-in Functions .......................................................................686 Angle and Trigonometry Functions ............................................688 Exponential Functions .............................................................690 Common Functions .................................................................692 Floating-Point Pack and Unpack Functions ..................................698 Contents xvii Geometrie Functions ...............................................................700 Matrix Functions ..................................................................... 702 Vector Relational Functions ......................................................703 Integer Functions ....................................................................705 Texture Functions ....................................................................708 Atomic-Counter Functions ........................................................722 Atomic Memory Functions .......................................................723 Image Functions ..................................................................... 725 Fragment Processing Functions .................................................. 729 Noise Functions ......................................................................731 Geometry Shader Functions ......................................................732 Shader Invocation Control Functions .........................................734 Shader Memory Control Functions .............................................734 D. State Variables ............................................................................737 The Query Commands .................................................................738 OpenGL State Variables ................................................................745 Current Values and Associated Data ............................................746 Vertex Array Object State ..........................................................747 Vertex Array Data .................................................................... 749 Buffer Object State ................................................................... 750 Transformation State ................................................................ 751 Coloring State ......................................................................... 752 Rasterization State ...................................................................753 Multisampling ........................................................................755 Textures .................................................................................756 Textures .................................................................................759 Textures .................................................................................762 Textures .................................................................................764 Texture Environment ...............................................................766 Pixel Operations ......................................................................767 Framebuffer Controls ...............................................................770 Framebuffer State ....................................................................771 Framebuffer State ....................................................................772 Frambuffer State ......................................................................773 Renderbuffer State ...................................................................775 Renderbuffer State ................................................................... 776 Pixel State ..................................................... 778 xviii Contents Shader Object State ..................................................................781 Shader Program Pipeline Object State .........................................782 Shader Program Object State .....................................................783 Program Interface State ............................................................793 Program Object Resource State ...................................................794 Vertex and Geometry Shader State .............................................797 Query Object State ..................................................................797 Image State ............................................................................798 Transform Feedback State .........................................................799 Atomic Counter State ...............................................................800 Shader Storage Buffer State ........................................................801 Sync Object State ....................................................................802 Hints .....................................................................................803 Compute Dispatch State ...........................................................803 Implementation-Dependent Values ............................................804 Tessellation Shader Implementation-Dependent Limits ..................810 Geometry Shader Implementation-Dependent Limits ....................813 Fragment Shader Implementation-Dependent Limits .....................815 Implementation-Dependent Compute Shader Limits .....................816 Implementation-Dependent Shader Limits ..................................818 Implementation-Dependent Debug Output State ..........................823 Implementation-Dependent Values ............................................824 Internal Format-Dependent Values .............................................826 Implementation-Dependent Transform Feedback Limits ................826 Framebuffer-Dependent Values ..................................................827 Miscellaneous .........................................................................827 E. Homogeneous Coordinates and Transformation Matrices ..................829 Homogeneous Coordinates ...........................................................830 Transforming Vertices ..............................................................830 Transforming Normals .............................................................831 Transformation Matrices ..............................................................831 Translation .............................................................................832 Scaling ..................................................................................832 Rotation ................................................................................832 Perspective Projection ..............................................................834 Orthographic Projection ...........................................................834 Contents xix F. OpenGL and Window Systems......................................................835 Accessing New OpenGL Functions .................................................836 GLEW: The OpenGL Extension Wrangler.................................... 837 GLX: OpenGL Extension for the X Window System ..........................838 Initialization ..........................................................................839 Controlling Rendering .............................................................840 GLX Prototypes ......................................................................842 WGL: OpenGL Extensions for Microsoft Windows ...........................845 Initialization ..........................................................................846 Controlling Rendering .............................................................846 WGL Prototypes ......................................................................848 OpenGL in Mac OS X: The Core OpenGL (CGL) API and the NSOpenGL Classes ...............................................................................850 Mac OS X sCore OpenGL Library ..................................................851 Initialization ..........................................................................851 Controlling Rendering .............................................................852 CGL Prototypes .......................................................................852 The NSOpenGL Classes ................................................................854 Initialization ..........................................................................854 G. Floating-Point Formats for Textures, Framebuffers, and Renderbuffers.............................................................................857 Reduced-Precision Floating-Point Values .........................................858 16-bit Floating-Point Values ..........................................................858 10- and 11-bit Unsigned Floating-Point Values .................................860 H. Debugging and Profiling OpenGL..................................................865 Creating a Debug Context ............................................................866 Debug Output ............................................................................868 Debug Messages ......................................................................869 Filtering Messages ...................................................................872 Application-Generated Messages ................................................874 Debug Groups ............................................................................875 Naming Objects ......................................................................877 Profiling ....................................................................................879 Profiling Tools ........................................................................879 In-Application Profiling ............................................................881 XX Contents Buffer Object Layouts..................................................................885 Using Standard Layout Qualifiers................................................... 886 The stdl40 Layout Rules .............................................................886 The std430 Layout Rules .............................................................887 Glossary ....................................................................................889 Index.........................................................................................919 Contents xxi Includes Complete Coverage of the OpenGL9 Shading Language! Today s OpenGL software interface enables programmers to produce extraordinarily high-quality computer-generated images and interactive applications using 2D and 3D objects, color images, and programmable shaders. OpenGL* Programming Guide: The Official Guide to Learning OpenGL, Version 4.3, Eighth Edition, has been almost completely rewritten and provides definitive, comprehensive information on OpenGL and the OpenGL Shading Language. This edition of the best-selling Red Book describes the features through OpenGL version 4.3. It also includes updated information and techniques formerly covered in OpenGL9 Shading Language (the Orange Book ). For the first time, this guide completely integrates shader techniques, alongside classic, function- centric techniques. Extensive new text and code are presented, demonstrating the latest in OpenGL programming techniques. OpenGL Programming Guide, Eighth Edition, provides clear explanations of OpenGL functionality and techniques, including processing geometric objects with vertex, tessellation, and geometry shaders using geometric transformations and viewing matrices; working with pixels and texture maps through fragment shaders; and advanced data techniques using framebuffer objects and compute shaders. New OpenGL features covered in this edition include • Best practices and sample code for taking full advantage of shaders and the entire shading pipeline (including geometry and tessellation shaders) • Integration of general computation into the rendering pipeline via compute shaders • Techniques for binding multiple shader programs at once during application execution • Latest GLSL features for doing advanced shading techniques • Additional new techniques for optimizing graphics program performance DAVE SHREINER, Director of Graphics and GPU Computing at ARM, Inc., has been active in OpenGL development nearly since its inception. He created the first commercial OpenGL training course and has taught OpenGL programming for twenty years. GRAHAM SELLERS, coauthor of OpenGL® SuperBible, manages OpenGL Software Development at AMD. He authored many OpenGL feature specifications and helped bring OpenGL ES to desktop computers. JOHN KESSENICH, OpenGL Shading Language Specification Editor, consults at LunarG, Inc., building compiler technology for GLSL. He helped develop OpenGL 2.0 and OpenGL ES 2.0 at 3Dlabs and Intel. BILL LICEA-KANE is Principal Member of Technical Staff at AMD, is a coauthor of OpenGL* Shading Language Guide, and chairs the OpenGL Shading Language technical subgroup. inform it.com/opengl opengl-redbook.com Cover ¡Lustration by Thad Beier О Tew printed on recycled paper A Addison-Wesley Pearson Education 45 DAYS FREE ACCESS TO ONLINE EDITION with purchase of this book Details on Last Page ISBN-13: 978-0-321-77303-6 ISBN-10: 0-321-77303-9 9 ■780321»773036 5 5 9 9 9 $59.99 US · $62.99 CANADA
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language	English
lccn	2012043324
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spellingShingle	Shreiner, Dave OpenGL programming guide the official guide to learning OpenGL, version 4.3 OpenGL Computação gráfica larpcal Computer graphics OpenGL (DE-588)4391716-1 gnd Computergrafik (DE-588)4010450-3 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4391716-1 (DE-588)4010450-3
title	OpenGL programming guide the official guide to learning OpenGL, version 4.3
title_alt	Open GL programming guide Open GL
title_auth	OpenGL programming guide the official guide to learning OpenGL, version 4.3
title_exact_search	OpenGL programming guide the official guide to learning OpenGL, version 4.3
title_full	OpenGL programming guide the official guide to learning OpenGL, version 4.3 Dave Shreiner ... ; the Khronos OpenGL ARB Working Group
title_fullStr	OpenGL programming guide the official guide to learning OpenGL, version 4.3 Dave Shreiner ... ; the Khronos OpenGL ARB Working Group
title_full_unstemmed	OpenGL programming guide the official guide to learning OpenGL, version 4.3 Dave Shreiner ... ; the Khronos OpenGL ARB Working Group
title_short	OpenGL programming guide
title_sort	opengl programming guide the official guide to learning opengl version 4 3
title_sub	the official guide to learning OpenGL, version 4.3
topic	OpenGL Computação gráfica larpcal Computer graphics OpenGL (DE-588)4391716-1 gnd Computergrafik (DE-588)4010450-3 gnd
topic_facet	OpenGL Computação gráfica Computer graphics Computergrafik
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