Evoluţia intereselor economice şi politice britanice la gurile Dunării: (1829-1914)
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Romanian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Brăila
Muzeul Brăilei
2008
Brăila Editura Istros 2008 |
| Schriftenreihe: | Colecţia Teze de doctorat
Istorie ; 13 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | XII, 351 Seite Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9789731871134 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | ABSTRACT
The interest
shown by the British political and economic circles for the
trade and navigation at the Lower Danube represented a constant of the
Romanian-British relationship all along the 19th century and in the first decades
of the 20th century. The beginnings of British diplomatic involvement in the
Romanian Principalities were linked with obvious political finalities, in a period
in which the preservation of the Ottoman integrity had already become a
foundation of the Eastern policy promoted by the London cabinet: Moldova and
Wallachia were considered an excellent outpost for observing the threatening
movements of the Russian Empire. But, very soon, the region began to
demonstrate a significant economic potential for the English trade, as it proved
to be a growing market for the acquisition of agricultural products and for selling
the manufactured goods of a blooming industry.
In this binomial with economic and political factors, the Danube River
had a considerable importance, as it was regarded an extension of the Black Sea
towards the mainland and, in the same time, a compulsory route-way of the
Central-European Powers towards the Near East. But the development of this
commercial interest for the Maritime Danube (the sector of the river accessible
to sea-going vessels) was in total contradiction to Russia s expansionistic plans,
so that a Danube Question soon emerged in the international diplomacy as a
component part of the Eastern Question. This blend of the general European
interests was occurring in a period in which the Danube acquired an economic
value , making it difficult to say whether the Western political authorities
doubled the strategic importance of the Danube-Black Sea basins by attracting in
the region the ship-owners and merchants interested by the Eastern market, or
the profits of the enterprising merchants were significant enough to make the
diplomats intervene. One way or the other, it is relevant to remark that, all along
the 19th and early 20th centuries, Great Britain had to safeguard, at the Lower
Danube, great economic and political interests, which on many occasions forced
the British policy makers to adopt a certain attitude in decisive issues connected
to the complex process which led to the creation of the modern Romanian state.
The book The evolution of the British economic and political interests
at the Danube Mouths.
1829-1914
analyses a topic that is both generous and
interesting as it is difficult and complex. In order to realise such a task, which
means approaching realities specific to Romanian history from the perspective
of British Danube interests, the author continuously swings between the position
of the officials from the Foreign Office and Board of Trade in at least three
284
Abstract
respects:
1)
their political-diplomatic conduct in what concerns the regulation of
questions related to navigation in the Lower Danube region;
2)
the effective way
in which the directions coming from London or Constantinople were put into
practice by the English representatives in the Lower Danube ports;
3)
the
attitude of the officials from Bucharest at options which, in several times,
gravely prejudiced the national sovereignty of the Romanian state. In the same
way, the analysis of the British political and economic involvement in the area
of the Danube Mouths touches extremely different aspects: remarkable moments
in the diplomatic history of the 19th century, episodes in European institutional
cooperation, regulation of international law regarding the juridical status of the
Danube navigation, quantitative and qualitative details related to commercial
exchanges in the framework of Romania s economic policy, hydrotechnical
improvements on the river Danube, local and regional aspects referring to the
situation of the Romanian ports etc. That means several facets of the Danube
Question, which the author presented by making use of a rich and diverse
bibliographical material.
The logical and methodological structure of the exposition starts from
landmarks with a political-diplomatic, juridical, hydrotechnical or commercial
relevance for the Lower Danube. Thus, the first
30
pages of the book are
devoted to an introduction containing interesting general considerations on the
role of the Danube in the history of the Romanian people, with a series of
arguments and counterarguments on the issue of the importance of the river in
European history and a detailed presentation of the Romanian and foreign
historiography regarding Danube navigation.
The first chapter,
77ге
Genesis of the British-Russian contradictions
regarding the navigation on the
Sulina
channel (the end of the
18 -
the
middle of the
W
century) , presents the emergence of the British interest for
the region of the Danube Mouths in the period between the conclusion of the
Russo-Turkish treaty of Adrianople and the beginning of the Crimean War, at
the middle of 19th century. The stress falls on political-diplomatic aspects, that is
on the modality in which the
Sulina
Question contributed to the deterioration
of the relations between London and St. Petesrburg in a period of veritable cold
war between the two powers.
As the Romanian products entered the route-ways of the great European
commerce, after the removal of the Ottoman control on Moldova s and
Wallachia s foreign trade, the interests of the Western business circles were
threatened by the direct political impositions or the expansionistic plans of the
St. Petersburg authorities. In this situation, the representatives of the British
commercial tradesmen reacted, so that their entrepreneurial initiatives related to
commercial exchanges and navigation on the Lower Danube developed
exponentially in the second quarter of the 19th century. The energetic British
consuls in the great Romanian outlets managed on the one side to popularize in
_____________________
Abstract
______
___^^_
____________285
the West the advantages offered by the Romanian Principalities, and, in the same
time, to strongly denounce the interferences and hindrances with which the
Russian officials tried to favour the commerce of the competing emporia from
Southern Russia.
The author analyses, on the basis of interesting Romanian and foreign
documents and books, the way in which the abolishment of the Corn Laws
(1846)
and the great famine in Ireland
(1847)
were the catalysts of a massive
involvement of British merchants and ship-owners on the markets of the
Principalities. But these promising possibilities came up across a large diversity
of natural or artificial obstacles, tolerated by the Russian authorities in control of
the Danube Delta, which raised the freight cost of the Romanian grains and
affected the British economic interests, especially as the export of the insular
manufactures in the Principalities amounted to significant values. Thus, the
British officials intensified their protests against the Russian prohibitive
legislation regarding the navigation at the Lower Danube, against the acceptance
of a regime of extreme illegality, in which pirates, adventurers and incompetent
or corrupt functionaries were omnipotent, or against the indifference of the
Russians to take action and secure a navigable depth on the
Sulina
channel and
bar. As the local business circles considered quasi-unanimously that these
improvements did not require important technical or financial resources, the lack
of initiative of the Russian authorities amplified the discontent of what it had
already become an international dispute.
The protests of the commercial circles were amplified by the British
diplomats so that the question got a serious political relevance in the framework
of the British-Russian contradictions from the middle of the 19th century. The
author presents the diverse solutions proposed for solving the problem: the
imposition of the international fluvial law on the sector of the Lower Danube;
the establishment of a joint-stock company or of an international commission,
with the mandate to secure the navigability of the river; detouring the
Sulina
channel by building an alternative route-way, fluvial or terrestrial, which should
connect the ports of
Galatz-Brăila
with Black Sea etc. After
1848,
the disputes
regarding the navigation on the
Sulina
branch of the Danube entered into an
acute phase, exceeding the sphere of simple divergences of a strict economic
nature and moving onto a political-diplomatic ground. Besides other European
powers interested in the economic possibilities of the Romanian Principalities,
the representatives of the British political and economic circles struggled for the
removal of the hindrances which the Russian authorities tolerated or accentuated
at the Lower Danube. In this context, the Crimean War was a favourable
opportunity for solving the Danune question, the anti-Russian coalition being
unanimous in its desire of removing the exclusive control of the Tsarist Empire
in what concerned Danube navigation.
286____________________________
Abstract
_______________________________
The second chapter, Great Britain s Danube policy in the period
1855-
1871:
diplomatic-juridical landmarL·, commercial aspects and hydrotechnical
worL·, presents the legal situation which led to the regulation of the Danube
status in the context of the diplomatic negotiations for concluding the peace after
the Crimean War, insisting upon the attitude of the St. James diplomats for fully
internationalising the Danube navigation. From the same perspective, the author
details the establishment of the European Danube Commission in
1856
and the
activity of the British plenipotentiaries at the conferences of Paris
(1858
and
1866)
and London
(1871),
completing the image of the British interest for the
regulation of the navigation at the Danube Mouths.
The attitude of the St. James diplomats was decisive not only in
removing Russia as a riparian state from the Danube, but also in limiting the
Austrian hegemonic attempts, considered as inimical to the development of the
trade in the region. The internationalization of the Danube and the creation of
the EDC were enormous successes, which needed to be secured by transcending
the temporal and spatial limitations of the institution based in Galatz. Thus,
besides the great names of the British foreign policy involved in the Danube
Question , the actions of the first British delegate in the EDC, officer John
Stokes, and of the engineer-in-chief, Sir Ch. Hartley, prove the modality in
which, from this very region, the British representatives understood to defend
the great interests of the economic and political circles from the City. Also due
to their efforts, the EDC was practically to perpetuate its existence and to
transform itself into a solid institution, whose work favoured the economic
development of the Lower Danube region. The way in which the British ship¬
owners and merchants benefited from the improvement of navigation is analysed
on the basis of the statistical sources available at the Galatz Departmental
Archives and of published statistical sources, managing to explain the way in
which the economic interests motivated a certain political behaviour of the
British diplomats.
The third chapter, British diplomacy and the Danube Question
in the
period between the two London conferences
(1871-1883),
analyses the Danube
Question from the same quadruple perspective: political-diplomatic, juridical,
technical and economic. After considerations regarding the situation of the
technical works from the
Sulina
bar and branch, the author brings into discussion
the situation of the river in the context of the Eastern Question, in the years
1875-76,
but the largest part of the chapter is devoted to the period
1878-1883.
After the treaty of Berlin recognized the independence of the Romanian state
and accepted it as a member with full rights in the EDC, a new period in the
history of the Danube started in
1878,
when Romania took over from Great
Britain the mission of safeguarding the liberty of navigation on the inferior
sector of the river, still threatened by the expansionistic plans of the surrounding
empires, Austria-Hungary and Russia, returned as a riparian state after the re-
______________________________
Abstract
____________________________287
annexation of southern Bessarabia. The modality in which the English delegate
in EDC stood against the pretensions of the Vienna representatives, willing to
dominate the sector between the Iron Gates and
Brăila/Galaţi,
but also the policy
of compensations and compromises of the Foreign Office (visible in the
development and the decisions of the London conference in
1883)
are presented
in details in this chapter, on the basis of first hand published and unpublished
documents. In the same time, the author continues to present the activity of the
father of the Danube , Ch. Hartley, who remained consulting-engineer of the
EDC, and the way in which, under the protection of
thé
commissioners Gordon
and Siborne, the commercial relations and the British navigation evolved at the
Lower Danube, now regulated by Romanian-British bilateral treaties.
The last two chapters of the book, English-Romanian economic
exchanges through the Danube route-way in the context of the British Danube
policy
(1881-1900)
and Romanian-British Exchanges at the Lower Danube in
the framework of Romania s foreign trade
(1901-1914),
insist on economic
aspects and on the hydrotechnical works, in a period in which the Danube
Question did not have, until WWI, important moments of tensions from a
political-diplomatic perspective, and the EDC functioned without many
problems, according to the London Treaty of March
1883.
Thus, the division
into chapters was made taking more into account the easiness with which one
can make good statistical analysis, but also having as landmarks the technical
works for improving the navigable channel and the
Sulina
Mouth. This
component remains one of great importance in the exposition, as the large
capacity of the ships hoisting the Union Jack flag, which loaded Romanian
products for the great European markets, was the main cause for which the depth
of the navigable channel on the central branch of the Danube had to be
continuously increased. The economic analysis, doubled my many graphical
presentations, is very interesting because the changes took place in the context of
a new protectionist policy imposed by Romania, that resulted in the abolishment
of the privilege of free ports, which the large outlets from the Lower Danube
enjoyed for almost
halfa
century. In the same time, the fluvial sector on which
the foreign trade of Romania developed was continuously threatened by the
development of
Constanţa,
in the modernization of which the Bucharest cabinet
was investing large amounts of money. These are the reasons for which the
author insists upon the economic aspects, without omitting the political and
diplomatic aspects, when they were relevant for the evolution of the Romanian-
British relations. The Balkan crisis, which started in the first decade of the 20th
century and culminated with the outbreak of WWI, seriously affected the
navigation at the Danube Mouths, in a period in which the British involvement
in the region was in constant regress. The end of the hostilities will re-bring the
Danube question into the attention of the London diplomacy, the efforts of the
Foreign Office to keep its voice in the regulation of the navigation on the
288______________________________
Abstract
__________________________________
inferior
sector
of the Danube being contested by the Romanian state, for which
the commission in Galatz had become an anachronous and parasite institution. In
the same time, these last chapters present the activity of the English
representatives in the EDC, as Herbert Taylor Siboume, Percy Sanderson, Henry
Trotter and John Baldwin were among the most interested and competent
members of the institution.
The book also contains a series of conclusions, in which the author
makes a synthesis of the position of the British political and economic circles in
what concerns the Danube Mouths, a bibliographical list with the most important
works relative to the topics in discussion and a number of about
40
pages of
tables related to the Romanian-British exchanges and the Danube navigation.
They give a quantitative representation to the Romanian-British economic
relations in the whole period,
1856-1914,
representing an efficient instrument for
those interested in the history of Romania s foreign commerce or in the history
of navigation in the Romanian space.
|
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| author | Ardeleanu, Constantin 1976- |
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| era | Geschichte 1900-2000 Geschichte 1800-1900 Geschichte 1829-1914 gnd |
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| geographic | Danube River Delta (Romania and Ukraine) / Commerce / History / 19th century Danube River Delta (Romania and Ukraine) / Commerce / History / 20th century Romania / Relations / Great Britain Great Britain / Relations / Romania Großbritannien Rumänien Rumänien (DE-588)4050939-4 gnd Untere Donau (DE-588)4119297-7 gnd Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Danube River Delta (Romania and Ukraine) / Commerce / History / 19th century Danube River Delta (Romania and Ukraine) / Commerce / History / 20th century Romania / Relations / Great Britain Great Britain / Relations / Romania Großbritannien Rumänien Untere Donau |
| id | DE-604.BV040229969 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:19:31Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789731871134 |
| language | Romanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-025086413 |
| oclc_num | 796257255 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | XII, 351 Seite Diagramme |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | Muzeul Brăilei Editura Istros |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Colecţia Teze de doctorat |
| series2 | Colecţia Teze de doctorat : Istorie |
| spelling | Ardeleanu, Constantin 1976- Verfasser (DE-588)1209632020 aut Evoluţia intereselor economice şi politice britanice la gurile Dunării (1829-1914) Constantin Ardeleanu Brăila Muzeul Brăilei 2008 Brăila Editura Istros 2008 XII, 351 Seite Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Colecţia Teze de doctorat : Istorie 13 Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache Text rumänisch Geschichte 1900-2000 Geschichte 1800-1900 Geschichte 1829-1914 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte Wirtschaft (DE-588)4066399-1 gnd rswk-swf Danube River Delta (Romania and Ukraine) / Commerce / History / 19th century Danube River Delta (Romania and Ukraine) / Commerce / History / 20th century Romania / Relations / Great Britain Great Britain / Relations / Romania Großbritannien Rumänien Rumänien (DE-588)4050939-4 gnd rswk-swf Untere Donau (DE-588)4119297-7 gnd rswk-swf Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 gnd rswk-swf Rumänien (DE-588)4050939-4 g Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 g Wirtschaft (DE-588)4066399-1 s Untere Donau (DE-588)4119297-7 g Geschichte 1829-1914 z DE-604 Colecţia Teze de doctorat Istorie ; 13 (DE-604)BV036123067 13 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025086413&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Ardeleanu, Constantin 1976- Evoluţia intereselor economice şi politice britanice la gurile Dunării (1829-1914) Colecţia Teze de doctorat Geschichte Wirtschaft (DE-588)4066399-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4066399-1 (DE-588)4050939-4 (DE-588)4119297-7 (DE-588)4022153-2 |
| title | Evoluţia intereselor economice şi politice britanice la gurile Dunării (1829-1914) |
| title_auth | Evoluţia intereselor economice şi politice britanice la gurile Dunării (1829-1914) |
| title_exact_search | Evoluţia intereselor economice şi politice britanice la gurile Dunării (1829-1914) |
| title_full | Evoluţia intereselor economice şi politice britanice la gurile Dunării (1829-1914) Constantin Ardeleanu |
| title_fullStr | Evoluţia intereselor economice şi politice britanice la gurile Dunării (1829-1914) Constantin Ardeleanu |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evoluţia intereselor economice şi politice britanice la gurile Dunării (1829-1914) Constantin Ardeleanu |
| title_short | Evoluţia intereselor economice şi politice britanice la gurile Dunării |
| title_sort | evolutia intereselor economice si politice britanice la gurile dunarii 1829 1914 |
| title_sub | (1829-1914) |
| topic | Geschichte Wirtschaft (DE-588)4066399-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geschichte Wirtschaft Danube River Delta (Romania and Ukraine) / Commerce / History / 19th century Danube River Delta (Romania and Ukraine) / Commerce / History / 20th century Romania / Relations / Great Britain Great Britain / Relations / Romania Großbritannien Rumänien Untere Donau |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=025086413&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV036123067 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ardeleanuconstantin evolutiaintereseloreconomicesipoliticebritanicelaguriledunarii18291914 |