Znamenitye universanty v duchovnom mire Rossii:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | Russian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Sankt-Peterburg
Znamenitye Universanty
2011
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | In kyrill. Schr., russ. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: St. Petersburg University - a fount of Russian intellectuality |
| Beschreibung: | 189 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 9785981040252 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Ninei
Olesich
St. Petersburg university
—
a fount of Russian intellectuality
The spiritual universe of St. Petersburg
university is a national phenomenon. This
book is the first ever attempt to inquire in¬
to deep aspects of this unique world.
Indeed, spirituality should be the sub¬
ject of a special investigation. We are not
trying to define it in this book, neither to
start a theoretic discussion. Let s just agree
that spirituality as part of culture, vague as
it may be, implies moral, ethic, religious
ideas as well as knowledge and wisdom,
honesty, creativity, and many other things.
Together with the country, St. Petersburg
university went through all sorts of historic
cataclysms, keeping at the same time its high
standard of intellectuality and moral values.
In this book, we would like to give earn-
pies to support our main idea: the specific
spiritual atmosphere of St. Petersburg uni¬
versity had markedly influenced the develop¬
ment of Russian culture and was reflected in
the world culture.
Let s look back into history. The glori¬
ous, fantastic image of St. Petersburg, the
new Russian capital, with its intensive in¬
tellectual and cultural life and its temple of
science, the university, became a fixed idea
for generations of Russian young people.
On entering the university, a youth found
himself in a new and strange world that
promised freedom from routine, convention¬
ality, provincial lethargy and boredom.
Writer Mikhail Osorgin described his feel¬
ings when he first put on his student s uni¬
form: he felt that anything was now possible,
that even though he was still very young and
had no moustache, he was a grown up man
and had the right to smoke, to get married,
or to write an excellent novel and win fame,
or to end his life on barricades.
The personality of a university member
was largely shaped by the city and the uni¬
versity. The fantastic city, St. Petersburg,
with its sphinx soul (as some say), though
belonging to Russia, had its own ways, and
got its own symbolic value for the country.
And the university that grew in this city,
was very special. Of course, it was organ¬
ized in the same way as other higher learn¬
ing institutions in the country, but being
part of the most westernized Russian city,
it had its own unique style of education and
culture. Like the city itself, it was a sym¬
bolic «window on the West».
The university is an indispensable part of
the city life as well as its main building is an
integral element of St. Petersburg s archi¬
tecture. The university occupies the famous
«Twelve colleges» building on the Neva
bank, a spacious
XVIII
century construe-
St. Petersburg university
—
a fount of Russian intellectuality
tion
that was once occupied by Peter-the-
Great s ministries. The very scale and loca¬
tion of the building contributed to the for¬
mation of views, styles and way of thinking
of the university members.
There is no place in the city that would
be more appropriate for the university than
the dark red Twelve colleges building. It is
located in the most regular part of the city
and is one of many classic temples of art and
science on the Neva embankments: the
Academy of Science, the Academy of Fine
Arts, the Chamber of Curiosities. All of
these buildings are in proximity to the royal
residence and to the cathedral where
Russian emperors are buried. Across the
river, facing the university, is the statue of
the creator of both the city and the universi¬
ty
—
Peter the Great, the famous «Bronze
Horseman», against the background of the
magnificent St. Isaak cathedral. The myste¬
rious Russian tsar-reformer, on rampant
horse, is spreading his arm towards the uni¬
versity as if giving his blessing.
The university is one of the many build¬
ings that house science, culture, arts, enlight¬
enment and power in the city, however it has
always had its own atmosphere, its own men¬
tal outlook and its own tragedies and conflicts.
It was here that specific intellectual style was
formed, alongside with St. Petersburg scien¬
tific schools. It was from here that St. Pe¬
tersburg speech and manners originated, and
many local traditions were born.
The impressive ceremony of becoming a
student of St. Petersburg university is found
in many memoirs of former students, espe¬
cially those who lived in emigration. In
1860-s, the custom was that the rector him¬
self accepted application papers from poten¬
tial students, because he wanted to know
each freshman in person. It was certainly a
very emotional experience for any applicant.
Professor A. A. Inostrantsev wrote about
his state of exhilaration when he went to ap¬
ply to the university, which to him was a sa¬
cred place, a temple of wisdom. «When I
was summoned to the rector, a terrible shy¬
ness came over me. The rector at that time
was Professor E. H.
Lenz...
he greeted me
warmly, shook hands, and asked me about
my aspirations. 4ry soon I felt quite at
home, and I was really flattered by the
friendly and human attitude of the ho¬
nourable professor».
The young people were excited not only
by their new, «grown up» life. As
V. I. 4rnadsky puts it in his memoirs, they
were very happy that at the university they
could give vent to their intensive inner life, to
enjoy spiritual freedom; they sought new sci¬
ence, different from the stale studies they
had been fed at school. That s why they
were so anxious to meet their professors.
The university life in Russia before
1917
was characterized by strong personal
contacts between students and professors.
These student-professor personal relation¬
ships were very complicated and intense,
sometimes even dramatic. They were not
limited by the sphere of science and knowl¬
edge. For the Russian student it was very
important to know whether the professor was
on the side of the government or «independ¬
ent». The students cared not only for the aca¬
demic merits of their mentors, but for their
social creed. The intercourse between stu¬
dents and professors thus had moral and so¬
cial aspects as well as academic.
On the other hand, for professors their
position in-between the government and
the students would often be burdensome.
The academics were not happy about the
civil servants interference in university mat¬
ters, neither did they like students to in¬
trude into their corporate world. The real
21
NINEL
OLESICH
university autonomy was no more than a
sweat dream. Not all professors supported
untractable students. Some of them were
convinced that all poor students should be
expelled, for they were most probably po¬
litically unreliable. Professor
IVI. I. Vladi
-
slavlev, who later became the rector, distin¬
guished himself by is project of abolishing
freethinking in students. He suggested the
tuition fees should be raised, and potential¬
ly unreliable students should be deprived of
their living allowance and sent down for any
small offence. The distinguished professor
had his own doctrine: he insisted that intel¬
lectual abilities are directly proportional to
wealth.
The students, in their turn, insisted that
they were debased by the university autho¬
rities and accused the academics of turning
the university into a prison.
There were not so many professors in
Russia in early 1900-s. Students knew them
all personally. Professors might be adored, or
might be hated. In
1902,
the total number of
professors and privat-docents in all Russian
universities did not exceed
830;
in
1912,
10
universities of the country had
2300
pro¬
fessors and privat-docents. Lecturing at a
university guaranteed ranks, good salaries,
decorations, good pensions, high prestige.
The Big League would possess titles, real es¬
tate, country seats, commercial property.
However, the system of payment for tutors
was rather complicated, and honoraria de¬
pended on the numbers of students.
The cream of the academic society
formed their own learned community, with
a unique style of life and their own spiritu¬
al values. They tended to reside in definite
locations
—
in St. Petersburg, it would be
the Vassilievsky island, in the vicinity of the
university and the academies. Their life was
not limited by their families. The end of the
XlX-th century saw the rise of all sorts of
social gatherings: numerous literary soci¬
eties, scientific circles, jubilees, banquets
were held. Professors would fix «set days»
when their doors were open for public per¬
sons, writers, members of government,
progressive civil servants, students. Since
1860
-s, it was considered good style to
create the atmosphere of free thinking,
democracy and easiness.
Liberal professors mostly joined the con¬
stitutional democrats. Professor
N.
I. Ka-
reev wrote in his memoirs that there was a
circle of socially oriented professors in
St. Petersburg, and they had a custom of
monthly dining in a certain restaurant on
Moika embankment. There one would
meet well-known journalists, writers, law¬
makers, many of whom were the graduates
of St. Petersburg university. A big celebra¬
tion was usually held on
19
February
—
the day of the abolition of serfdom in
Russia: there would be a grand dinner with
bold speeches. Smaller parties were given
in private houses on all sorts of occasions,
and again, there would be heated political
discussions and excited arguments. These
meeting in professors homes were very
atractive
for students, many of them
dreamed of stepping across the professor s
threshold. In memoirs of ex-students we
find enthusiastic remembrances of such
visits, with descriptions of the inimitable
atmosphere of wisdom and culture. The
visitor felt at once that professor s home
was not a fashionable parlour, neither a
high society reception room, even though
many professors were of noble origin; it was
exactly a home of a Russian scientist.
The typical professor s home would be
spacious and elegant, decorated with mir¬
rors and paintings
—
often presented by
well known artists who were frequent
visi-
St.
Petersburg
university
—
a fount of Russian intellectuality
tors. The host s study would have walls
hidden behind bookshelves, a huge desk
and a massive armchair. Many professors
had a set day when they received visitors,
played music, had talks and discussions,
listened to poetry.
The ladies of the academic elite were
usually very well educated and progressive¬
ly minded; their intelligence and manners
set an excellent example for the young ge¬
neration.
«Wednesdays» with the Mendeleevs
were especially famous. Starting from
1878,
on «Wednesdays» the great chemist
received guests, among whom there were
the brightest figures of Russian culture of
the time: outstanding painters (I. Shishkin,
I. Kramskoy, I. Repin,
N.
aroshenko),
sculptors (V. Klodt), writers, musicians,
politicians, university professors. The pro¬
gram of the evening would include music,
talks, heated discussions and a simple din¬
ner. Guests would put their signatures on a
black tablecloth, and later the women of
the family embroidered the signatures in
coloured threads; the tablecloth is now one
of the exhibits of the Mendeleev memorial
apartment in the Twelve colleges building.
Funnily, Professor Mendeleev had a
poor memory for names, and Prof.
A. Inostrantsev writes, that when Mende¬
leev introduced his visitors he would say,
«Er,
this is... what s your name... anyway,
introduce yourself».
Usually, at receptions in professors
homes, there were quite a lot of students.
For dinner, students would sit at a separate
table, but towards the end of the evening,
great animation and revelry would take over,
and all the guests would sing in chorus.
It is hard to imagine today, but students
at the end of
XIX —
beginning of XX-th
century were eager to sacrifice anything for
the freedom of science and education in
Russia. Struggle for academic and political
freedom took the shape of numerous meet¬
ings and gatherings, conflicts with the
authorities, activities of legal and illegal cir¬
cles and communities. The authorities, in
their turn, would reply with repression, ar¬
rests, expelling from the university, or even
sending the rebellious to the army.
We cannot escape mentioning here a spe¬
cific Russian phenomenon which was rather
humiliating for students
—
the institute of
informers who actually spied on students. As
a rule, those people came from lower ranks of
police and were mostly rather uneducated
and unsympathetic towards students. It was
indeed impudent invasion of bureaucracy in¬
to academic life.
Students realized that reactionary cir¬
cles of the Academy of Science did not al¬
low many outstanding scientists to join the
Academy and impeded publication of their
results. Strange as it may seem, eventually
this circumstance served good for students.
Innovatory minded professors created and
approbated science right in front of stu¬
dents, in university laboratories and lecture
halls. This strongly stimulated students to
get involved in scientific experimentation
and research. «We loved science as much
as we loved life itself, and went to lectures
with the same reverence as one would go to
church service», wrote Mikhail Osorgin.
Professor E. Anichkov remembered lec¬
tures given by D. Mendeleev in the huge
VH-th auditorium, when the famous
chemist looked like a high priest, with his
white mane of shoulder-long hair, and the
periodic law pealed like thunder and filled
the students hearts with pride for the
Russian science.
Students were not satisfied with the
shortened official lecture courses, and they
NINEL
OLESICH
enthusiastically went in for self-education un¬
der the guidance of those professors who wel¬
comed informal contacts of this sort. The
athorities did not approve of students organ¬
izations, they were reluctant to license them
and introduced strict regulations for such or¬
ganizations; they also closely watched for
trustworthiness of their members.
There was a so called «Oldenburg cir¬
cle», officially named «The Students
Scientific Literary Society», that func¬
tioned between
1882
and
1887.
In the
evenings, the physics auditorium would be
filled with future professors, university
graduates and talented students. They
would listen to abstracts, put forward and
discuss new ideas, do away with what they
thought obsolete. The circle looked and
sounded so highbrow that inspectors pre¬
ferred not to appear. The members of the
circle cared only for science and behaved
almost like monks. Those ascetics did not
allow themselves any extravagancies, were
highly disciplined and reserved. They be¬
lieved that the mind not engaged in science
becomes degraded. Later, over
50
mem¬
bers of this circle became outstanding scien¬
tists. At different times, this circle was joined
by V. Yernadsky, I. Grevs, A. Kaufman,
A. Komilov, brothers S. and F. Oldenburg,
N.
Chekhov, D. Shakhovsky.
The circle was closed in
1887,
after the
attempt on the tsar s life. Students suspect¬
ed of participation in the plot were arrested.
Among them was the secretary of the
Oldenburg circle A. Ulyanov, the brother
of V. Ulyanov (Lenin).
In the intellectual students community,
morals and personal respect were high prior¬
ities. Students sharing idealistic ideas would
join into leagues. Friendship meant more for
them than family relations. One of such
spontaneous leagues was the so called
«Priyutin brotherhood» which existed
alongside the legal Oldenburg circle. They
met each Thursday in the Oldenburg s
house and, besides the usual talks and dis¬
cussions, read forbidden editions, planned
practical activities, such as creation of the
committee for literacy, opening a free reading
room in St. Petersburg, sending books to
province. Thus students learned to serve
their country in the way they thought proper.
It is true that students, striving for inde¬
pendence, often shocked the society by
conspicuous behaviour, atheism, public
scenes, meetings and strikes. The govern¬
ment, however, was more concerned about
their political views and liberal ideas. The
philistines often supported repressions be¬
cause they thought students were disposed
towards politics, drinking and promiscuity
and did not learn much. But we know that
in reality students were very conscientious
members of the society and on their own
accord did many things for the community.
One example can be the questionnaire of
1912,
with a telling title «Frame of mind of
Russian students».
The conclusions that were drawn from
the questioning are as follows. The univer¬
sity in Russia was not just an educational
institution. For Russian students it was a
real temple of knowledge. Students pas¬
sionately believed in science and did not
believe in God. They considered serving
Russia to be their moral obligation.
Students of St. Petersburg university
were characterized by their own style,
manners and even language. They thought
themselves to be a separate caste, and were
proud of that. They addressed each other
in a formal way and wore uniform. Wearing
uniform was not obligatory, but most stu¬
dents preferred to use it. They would get
formal dress before entering the university!
24
fi,:
St. Petersburg university
—
a fount of Russian intellectuality
Arts
—
painting, sculpture, music
—
were not listed among priorities of
St. Petersburg students. However, the
number of outstanding men of art that
came from the university is amazing. To
name just a few, painters I. Bilibin,
N.
Rerikh, A. Benois,
I. Grabar,
V. Vru-
bel, V. Polenov,
N.
Gue
—
the very elite
of Russian modernism are St. Petersburg
university graduates. We can add writers,
poets, composers. It must be that the vari¬
ety of interests, numerous societies, meet¬
ings and arguments formed widely talented
personalities and promoted freedom to
break old stereotypes. Even though the
university was justly accused of encourag¬
ing police surveillance, it gave its disciples
excellent education, wide mental outlook
and inner freedom. The professors of the
university were the cream of Russian sci¬
ence of the time, and they were often noble
and outstanding personalities. Among
them were academics who created their
own scientific schools and predetermined
the development of science in their fields
for many years ahead.
From the very moment of its founda¬
tion, St. Petersburg university has been the
symbol of Russian culture, the place of ori¬
gin of Russian enlightenment. One can re¬
ally appreciate the value of the university if
one considers not only in its high scientific
and cultural achievements but feels its live
soul and takes into account its splendid en¬
vironment
—
the incomprehensible St. Pe¬
tersburg.
It would be beyond one s strength to
give an all-embracing complete picture of
incessant intense spiritual life of a universi¬
ty. Peter-the-Great s university has always
had a mysterious capacity for moulding
brilliant personalities. Its graduates have so
often been unique individuals whose talents
are known long after their time.
The present edition is an attempt to
give the reader a glimpse of the rich spiritu¬
al world of the Petersburg stronghold of
science.
In the book, you will find historic
sketches showing different aspects of uni¬
versity life. Students and professors, power
and revolutions, art and religion, the
Russian language and the multinational
university community
—
all these themes
form a multifaceted picture of vital activi¬
ty of the first Russian university.
The book is illustrated with rare photo¬
graphs from family collections and from the
university museum; many of them have
never been published before. Of special
value are postcards from private collections
of V. Tretyakov and A. Sobolev: the authors
of the postcards are famous painters of the
«Mir iskusstva» group.
7S
The hook would not have been published__.^-
without advice, help, support and materials pro¬
vided by R. G. Sarkisyan, Y. G. Karapetyan,
V. P. Tretyakov, and the workers of The Central
historical archive in St. Petersburg and The
Museum of St. Petersburg university.
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
Я. Я. Олесич. Вместо введения: родник духовности петербургской
alma
mater....................................................
5
Ninei
Olesich. St. Petersburg
university
—
a fount of Russian intellectuality
.. 20
А. А, Вербицкая, Русский язык
—
национальное достояние России
....... 26
М. Д. Беленький. Второе служение: Д. И. Менделеев
—
профессор Санкт-
Петербургского университета
............................ 35
Прот, Кирилл Копейкж. Дорога, ведущая в университетский храм Свв. апо¬
столов Петра и Павла
.................................... 56
Т. С. Юрьева. Собственные лица. Отрывки из жизни Серебряного века и
жизни искусства в стенах Санкт-Петербургского университе¬
та сегодня, ограниченные во времени по воле автора
....... 77
А. Я. Тагирджанова. Немного о восточных вечерах и издательской деятель¬
ности национальной интеллигенции
..................... 95
Ф. А. Аракелян. Поэтический венок. Стихи армянских поэтов
—
питомцев
университета
............................................ 107
К. Ю. Зубков. Университет как перекресток национальных литературных
традиций
................................................ 116
А. П. Соболев. Н, К. Рерих: «...сложите ступени грядущего»
............. 132
А. М. Вавилина-Мравинская. Планета «Мравинский»
................... 144
Я. О. Серебрякова. Ю. Д. Марголис: «Жизнь продолжается!»
............ 155
Я. А. Ахадова, И. А. Тихонов. Благотворительность в Петербургском уни¬
верситете
............................................... 176
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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| id | DE-604.BV040132856 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:17:38Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9785981040252 |
| language | Russian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024989974 |
| oclc_num | 796222578 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 189 S. Ill. |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publishDateSearch | 2011 |
| publishDateSort | 2011 |
| publisher | Znamenitye Universanty |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Znamenitye universanty v duchovnom mire Rossii Kulʹturnyj Fond "Znamenitye Universanty SPbGU". [Redkollegija: N. Ja. Olesič ...] Sankt-Peterburg Znamenitye Universanty 2011 189 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier In kyrill. Schr., russ. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: St. Petersburg University - a fount of Russian intellectuality Sankt-Peterburgskij gosudarstvennyj universitet (DE-588)5114370-7 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Sankt-Peterburgskij gosudarstvennyj universitet (DE-588)5114370-7 b Geschichte z DE-604 Olesič, Ninėlʹ Jakovlevna Sonstige oth Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024989974&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024989974&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Znamenitye universanty v duchovnom mire Rossii Sankt-Peterburgskij gosudarstvennyj universitet (DE-588)5114370-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)5114370-7 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Znamenitye universanty v duchovnom mire Rossii |
| title_auth | Znamenitye universanty v duchovnom mire Rossii |
| title_exact_search | Znamenitye universanty v duchovnom mire Rossii |
| title_full | Znamenitye universanty v duchovnom mire Rossii Kulʹturnyj Fond "Znamenitye Universanty SPbGU". [Redkollegija: N. Ja. Olesič ...] |
| title_fullStr | Znamenitye universanty v duchovnom mire Rossii Kulʹturnyj Fond "Znamenitye Universanty SPbGU". [Redkollegija: N. Ja. Olesič ...] |
| title_full_unstemmed | Znamenitye universanty v duchovnom mire Rossii Kulʹturnyj Fond "Znamenitye Universanty SPbGU". [Redkollegija: N. Ja. Olesič ...] |
| title_short | Znamenitye universanty v duchovnom mire Rossii |
| title_sort | znamenitye universanty v duchovnom mire rossii |
| topic | Sankt-Peterburgskij gosudarstvennyj universitet (DE-588)5114370-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Sankt-Peterburgskij gosudarstvennyj universitet Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024989974&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024989974&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT olesicninelʹjakovlevna znamenityeuniversantyvduchovnommirerossii |