Schizophrenia is a misdiagnosis: implications for the DSM-5 and the ICD-11
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York [u.a.]
Springer
2012
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| Online-Zugang: | Klappentext Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXVIII, 425 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 1461418690 9781461418696 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
1
Overview
................................................................................................. 1
1.1
Introduction
..................................................................................... 1
1.2
The Impact of the Misdiagnosis of Schizophrenia
.......................... 12
1.3
Chapter Summaries
......................................................................... 12
1.4
Conclusions
..................................................................................... 19
2
The Basic Data
........................................................................................ 21
2.1
Introduction
..................................................................................... 21
2.2
Dementia, Insanity, and Psychosis
.................................................. 21
2.3
The Types of Psychoses: Primary or Functional
Versus Secondary or Organic
.......................................................... 23
2.4
Manic-Depressive Insanity and Bipolar Disorder
........................... 24
2.5
Dementia Praecox and Schizophrenia
............................................ 26
2.6
The Controversy of the Kraepelinian Dichotomy
Undermines the Diagnosis of Schizophrenia
.................................. 30
2.7
Conclusions
..................................................................................... 31
3
A History of the Diagnoses of Psychotic Patients
Before
1950............................................................................................. 33
3.1
Introduction
..................................................................................... 33
3.2
A History of Manic Depressive Insanity or Bipolar
Disorder Is Long and Consistent
..................................................... 38
3.3
Early Unitary Hypotheses for the Psychoses
(i.e., One Disorder Accounts for Bipolar Disorder
and Schizophrenia)
.......................................................................... 41
3.4
Dementia and Dementia Praecox (Schizophrenia)
......................... 48
3.5
Dementia Praecox or Schizophrenia: Defined a Dichotomy
with
Manie-Depressive
Insanity or Bipolar Disorder
..................... 49
3.6
Kraepelin, Bleuler,
Kasanin,
and Schneider
................................... 53
3.7
Conclusions
..................................................................................... 54
XIII
iciv
Contents
4
Psychiatric Disease and Diagnoses: The Scientific Basis
for Establishing Validity
........................................................................ 55
4.1
Introduction
..................................................................................... 55
4.2
Diagnostic Symptoms Must Be Unique
and Consistent over Time
................................................................ 56
4.3
Patients with Such Unique Symptoms Must Have
Other Consistent Findings
............................................................... 58
4.4
Conclusions
..................................................................................... 60
5
Emil Kraepelin
(1856-1926)
Established the Kraepelinian
Dichotomy and Schizophrenia but Then Reneged
.............................. 63
5.1
Introduction: A Dichotomy Meant Dementia
Praecox/Schizophrenia Is a Real Disease
....................................... 63
5.2
Selected Quotes from Dementia Praecox
and Paraphrenia, by E. Kraepelin
1919/2002................................ 70
5.3
Selected Quotes from
Manie-Depressive
Insanity
and Paranoia, by E. Kraepelin
1921/1976..................................... 85
5.4
Kraepelin s Reversal of the Dichotomy:
Implications for a Single Disease
................................................... 90
5.5
Conclusions
..................................................................................... 90
6 Eugen Bleuler (1857-1939)
Named and Dedicated
Himself to Schizophrenia
....................................................................... 93
6.1
Introduction
..................................................................................... 93
6.2
Bleuler s Fundamental Symptoms of Schizophrenia
(1911/1950);
Not Pathognomonic, Capture Eccentrics
and Normals, and Suggest a Bipolar Disorder
................................ 95
6.3
Selected Quotes from Bleuler s Textbook, Dementia Praecox
or the Group of the Schizophrenias
(1911/1950)............................ 101
6.4
Bleuler s Accessory Symptoms: Hallucinations
and Delusions Embraced as Diagnostic of Schizophrenia
.............. 110
6.5
Functional Psychosis Does Not Equal Schizophrenia
.................... 120
6.6
Conclusions
..................................................................................... 120
7
Jacob
Kasanin (1897-1946)
and Schizoaffective Disorder
................. 123
7.1
Introduction
..................................................................................... 123
7.2
Schizoaffective Disorder Contradicts the Concepts
of Kraepelin and Bleuler About Schizophrenia
.............................. 124
7.3
Schizoaffective Disorder Merges Schizophrenia
and Psychotic Mood Disorders
....................................................... 125
7.4
Examples of Psychotic Mood Symptoms
from Kasanin s Cases
...................................................................... 126
7.5
Schizoaffective Disorder Ignored for
30
Years
But Then Flourished
........................................................................ 127
7.6
Schizoaffective Disorder Is a Compromise Diagnosis
................... 132
7.7
Flawed Diagnostic Criteria for Schizoaffective Disorder
............... 132
7.8
Conclusions
..................................................................................... 135
Contents xv
8 Kurt Schneider (1887-1967): First-
and Second-Rank
Symptoms,
Not Fathognomonic of Schizophrenia,
Explained by Psychotic Mood Disorders
............................................. 137
8.1
Introduction
................................................................................... 137
8.2
Selected Quotes From Schneider s Textbook
Clinical Psychopathology
(1959);
Bleuler s Concept
Reinforced: Psychosis Means Schizophrenia
............................... 139
8.3
Schneider s First- and Second-Rank Symptoms
of Schizophrenia Reflect Obsolescence but Remain
in the
DSM
and ICD
..................................................................... 143
8.4
Conclusions
................................................................................... 149
9
Concepts of Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder
in the
1950s
and
1960s........................................................................... 151
9.1
Introduction
................................................................................... 151
9.2
The Effectiveness of New Antipsychotic/Antischizophrenia
Medications in the
1950s
Increased the Acceptance
of Schizophrenia as
a Bona Fide
Disease
..................................... 153
9.3
Electroconvulsive Therapy
(ЕСТ)
Initially Used
to Treat Schizophrenia
.................................................................. 155
9.4
The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
and the Pharmaceutical Industry Focused on
Schizophrenia Rather Than Mood Disorders
................................ 156
9.5
The Use of Lithium in Bipolar Patients Was Delayed
in the USA
..................................................................................... 157
9.6
Discrepancies in Diagnostic Comparisons Between
the USA and the UK
..................................................................... 157
9.7
Overlap of Diagnostic Symptoms Between Schizophrenia
and Psychotic Mood Disorders from the Diagnostic
and Statistical Manual for Mental
Disorders-I (DSM-I)
and the DSM-II
............................................................................. 159
9.7.1
The DSM-I
(APA,
DSM
1952)......................................... 160
9.7.2
The DSM-II
(APA,
DSM
1968)........................................ 164
9.8
The Timing of Schneider s Book
(1959)
Supported Schizophrenia
.............................................................. 166
9.9
Conclusions
................................................................................... 166
10
Changing Concepts in the
1970s
and
1980s:
The Overlap
of Symptoms and Course Between Schizophrenia
and Psychotic Mood Disorders
............................................................. 167
10.1
Introduction
................................................................................... 167
10.2
Symptoms and Course of Schizophrenia Observed
in Severe Bipolar Patients: The Early Reports
.............................. 168
10.3
Thomas S. Szasz
........................................................................... 178
10.4
Harrison G. Pope and Joseph F. Lipinski
...................................... 179
10.5
I.F. Brockington
............................................................................ 179
xvi Contents
10.6 Martin
Harrow,
Linda
Grossman, Marshall Silverstein,
Jay
Himmelhoch, and Herbert Meltzer....................................... 180
10.7 Reports
from the NIMH
.............................................................. 180
10.8 Richard
P.
Bentall
........................................................................ 181
10.9
An Introduction to the Continuum Concept
................................ 181
10.10
Overlap and Similarities Between Schizophrenia
and Mood Disorders from the DSM-III
(APA,
DSM
1980)
and the DSM-in-R
(APA,
DSM
1987)....................................... 182
10.10.1
The
DSM
-Ш
(APA,
DSM
1980)................................ 182
10.10.2
The DSM-III-R
(APA,
DSM
1987)............................ 184
10.11
Conclusions
................................................................................. 184
11
Changing Concepts in the
1990s,
2000s, and 2010s:
More Overlap and Similarities
............................................................. 187
11.1
Introduction
................................................................................. 187
11.2
Additional Reviews of Clinical Overlap and Similarities
........... 197
11.3
Overlap and Similarities from Basic Science
and Preclinical Studies Comparing Schizophrenia
and Mood Disorders
.................................................................... 197
11.3.1
Brain Metabolic and Neurochemical Studies
................ 200
11.3.2
Brain Imagining Studies
................................................ 200
11.3.3
Epidemiological Studies
............................................... 202
11.3.4
Psychopharmacological Studies
.................................... 204
11.3.5
Family and Heritability Studies
.................................... 208
11.3.6
Molecular Genetic Studies
............................................ 211
11.3.7
Neurocognitive, Selective Attention,
and Insight Studies
........................................................ 220
11.4
Overlap and Similarities Between Schizophrenia
and Mood Disorders in the
DSM
from the DSM-IV
(APA,
DSM
1994)
Through the DSM-5
(APA,
DSM
Proposed
2013)....................................................... 224
11.4.1
The DSM-IV
(APA,
DSM
1994).................................. 224
11.4.2
The DSM-rV-TR
(APA,
DSM
2000)............................ 226
11.4.3
The DSM-5
(APA,
DSM
Proposed
2013)..................... 227
11.5
Psychotic Depression Accounts for Many Patients
Diagnosed with Schizophrenia
................................................... 228
11.6
CM. SwartzandE. Shorter
(2007)............................................. 230
11.7
The Development and Implications
of the Continuum Concept
.......................................................... 230
11.8
Conclusions
................................................................................. 236
12
The Subtypes and the Positive and Negative Diagnostic
Symptoms of Schizophrenia Are Explained by Psychotic
Mood Disorders
...................................................................................... 241
12.1
Introduction: The Subtypes Are the Same
as the Diagnostic Criteria
............................................................ 241
12.2
Catatonic Subtype
....................................................................... 245
Contents xvii
12.3
Disorganized Subtype
................................................................... 248
12.4
Paranoid Subtype, i.e., Hallucinations and Delusions:
Paranoia Hides the Grandiosity and Guilt of Psychotic
Mood Disorders
............................................................................ 248
12.5
Case Summaries of Psychotic Mood Disorders
Misdiagnosed as Schizophrenia, Paranoid Subtype
...................... 250
12.6
Paranoid Schizophrenia Is a Psychotic Mood Disorder
................ 260
12.7
Undifferentiated Subtype
.............................................................. 262
12.8
The Positive and Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia
.............. 262
12.8.1
The Positive Symptoms
................................................... 263
12.8.2
The Negative Symptoms
................................................. 264
12.9
Conclusions
................................................................................... 267
13
Psychotic Mood Disorders Are Disorders
of Thought and of Mood
........................................................................ 271
13.1
Introduction
................................................................................... 271
13.2
Selective Attention: The Brain s Filter-Prioritizer
Mechanism
.................................................................................... 272
13.3
Defective Selective Attention Is Epitomized
by Manic Distractibility
................................................................ 274
13.4
Student Case Conference: Schizophrenia
Explained by Mania
...................................................................... 275
13.5
Conclusions
................................................................................... 279
14
Medical and Other Psychiatric Conditions Potentially
Misdiagnosed as Schizophrenia
............................................................ 281
14.1
Introduction
................................................................................... 281
14.2
Medical and Surgical Causes of Psychosis
................................... 282
14.2.1
Autoimmune Disorders
................................................. 282
14.2.2
Chromosomal Abnormalities
........................................ 282
14.2.3
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy
(History of Head Trauma)
............................................. 284
14.2.4
Dementias and Delirium
............................................... 285
14.2.5
Demyelinating Diseases
................................................ 285
14.2.6
Electrolyte and Fluid Imbalance
................................... 285
14.2.7
Endocrinopathies
........................................................... 285
14.2.8
Epilepsy
......................................................................... 286
14.2.9
Hydrocephalus
............................................................... 286
14.2.10
Infections
....................................................................... 286
14.2.11
Metabolic Diseases
........................................................ 287
14.2.12
Narcolepsy
..................................................................... 287
14.2.13
Neuropsychiatrie
Diseases
............................................ 287
14.2.14
Nutritional Deficiencies
................................................ 288
14.2.15
Space-Occupying Lesions and Structural
Brain Abnormalities
...................................................... 288
14.2.16
Stroke
............................................................................ 288
xviii Contents
14.3
Substances
That Can Cause Psychosis
.......................................... 289
14.4
Tardive
Psychosis Possibly Caused
by Antipsychotic/ Antischizophrenia Medications
and Misdiagnosed as Schizophrenia
............................................. 290
14.5
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Hallucinations
and/or Delusions in Normals Can Be Misdiagnosed
as Schizophrenia
........................................................................... 292
14.6
Conclusions
................................................................................... 295
15
The Negative Impact of the Misdiagnosis of Schizophrenia
upon Patients, Their Families, and Their Caretakers
........................ 297
15.1
Introduction
................................................................................... 297
15.2
The Absence of Mood-Stabilizing Medications
due to Misdiagnoses of Schizophrenia Allows Recurrent
Mood Disorders to Worsen
........................................................... 299
15.3
Higher Dosages of AntipsychoticA Antischizophrenia
Medications Are Given to Patients Diagnosed
with Schizophrenia and for Longer Periods of Time
.................... 301
15.4
The Stigma of Schizophrenia
........................................................ 308
15.5
Risk for Violence, Suicide, Homicide, and Filicide Is Increased
in Psychotic Mood Disorders Misdiagnosed
with Schizophrenia
........................................................................ 310
15.6
The Negative Impact of the Misdiagnosis of Major
Depressive Disorder or
Postpartum
Depression in Patients
Who Have Bipolar Disorder, Depressed
....................................... 348
15.7
Conclusions
................................................................................... 351
16
How Has Schizophrenia Survived?
...................................................... 353
16.1
Introduction
................................................................................... 353
16.2
The Overemphasis on Hallucinations and Delusions
by Academic Psychiatry
................................................................ 356
16.3
Media Examples of the Endorsement of Schizophrenia
............... 358
16.4
The Neuroses Became Obsolete in
1980
with the
DSM
-Ш:
Why Not Schizophrenia?
.............................................................. 364
16.5
The
DSM
and the ICD Perpetuate Schizophrenia
and the Dichotomy
........................................................................ 365
16.6
The Pharmaceutical Profit Motive Promotes
Schizophrenia
................................................................................ 365
16.7
Conclusions
................................................................................... 367
17
What to Do if You, a Family Member, or Friend
Is Diagnosed with Schizophrenia or Suffers
with Psychotic Symptoms
...................................................................... 371
17.1
Introduction
................................................................................... 371
17.2
How Do You Tell If There Is a Severe
Psychiatric Problem?
.................................................................... 374
Contents xix
17.3 Journal Daily Symptoms,
Dates, History,
and Family History
....................................................................... 374
17.4
Learn About the Disorders: Study Diagnostic Symptoms
and Compare to Your Symptoms
.................................................. 376
17.5
Preparation for Seeing a Doctor/Psychiatrist
................................ 378
17.6
Treatment Plans for Major Mood Disorders
................................. 379
17.6.1
Major Depressive Disorder
............................................. 380
17.6.2
Bipolar Disorders
............................................................ 384
17.6.3
Psychotherapy
................................................................. 386
17.7
Conclusions
................................................................................... 387
18
Vision for the Future: Conclusions and Solutions
.............................. 389
18.1
Introduction
................................................................................... 389
18.2
The Failure to Recognize Depression and the Risk
for Suicide in Nonpsychiatric Clinical Settings
............................ 390
18.3
The Responsibility of Academic Psychiatry
for Improving the Recognition of Mood Disorders
in Nonpsychiatric Clinical Settings
.............................................. 392
18.4
Simplify and Consolidate the Functional Psychoses
for DSM-5 and/or DSM-6
............................................................. 393
18.5
Potential Judicial Sources for Change
to Psychiatric Diagnostics
............................................................. 395
18.6
Conclusions
................................................................................... 396
References
....................................................................................................... 397
Index
................................................................................................................ 419
С.
Raymond Lake
Schizophrenia Is a Misdiagnosis
Implications for the DSM-5 and the
ICD-1
1
Schizophrenia: the lay public knows a general picture formed from popular culture,
ŕamiliar
legend, and, often, family history. The professional community knows a clinical
profile gleaned from decades ot scientific theory and research. But recently a growing
body of literature has begun to suggest not only that the diagnosis of schizophrenia is
misleading, but that the concept of the disease itself is outmoded.
Schizophrenia is a Misdiagnosis makes a persuasive, well-documented argument that the
constellation ot symptoms commonly accepted to define schizophrenia is explained by a
psychotic mood disorder. The book documents the long histories of both disease entities
from ancient history through the works of Kraepelin and Bleuler to the rise of drug
treatments in the
1950s
to today s brain imaging and genetic studies. Long-standing
questions regarding key diagnostic symptoms once considered as pathognomonic of
schizophrenia are examined in depth. And the author details the negative sequelae of
misdiagnosis
—
from social stigma to inappropriate and even dangerous treatments
—
necessitating wide-scale revision of our concept of the diagnosis of psychotic patients.
Among the areas covered:
•
The scientific basis tor establishing validity of psychiatric diseases and their diagnoses.
•
The overlap ot symptoms and course between schizophrenia and psychotic mood
disorders, from DSM-I to DSM-5.
«
Medical and other psychiatric conditions often misdiagnosed as schizophrenia.
•
The impact ot misdiagnosis on patients and their caregivers.
•
Why the concept ot schizophrenia continues to survive.
•
Proposed changes within and outside psychiatry.
A book with the potential to inspire critical discipline-altering change, Schizophrenic is
a Misdiúgiioiií
is necessary reading for psychologists, psychiatrists, psychiatric nurses,
social workers, primary care physicians, family practitioners, neurologists as well as
patients with the diagnosis of schizophrenia and their
families.
|
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| id | DE-604.BV040129245 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:17:33Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 1461418690 9781461418696 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024986448 |
| oclc_num | 796220072 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 |
| physical | XXVIII, 425 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 24 cm |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateSearch | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Lake, C. Raymond Verfasser aut Schizophrenia is a misdiagnosis implications for the DSM-5 and the ICD-11 C. Raymond Lake New York [u.a.] Springer 2012 XXVIII, 425 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Schizophrenie (DE-588)4052527-2 gnd rswk-swf Fehldiagnose (DE-588)4131111-5 gnd rswk-swf Schizophrenia--Diagnosis. Manic-depressive illness--Diagnosis. Diagnostic errors. Schizophrenie (DE-588)4052527-2 s Fehldiagnose (DE-588)4131111-5 s DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-4614-1870-2 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024986448&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024986448&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Lake, C. Raymond Schizophrenia is a misdiagnosis implications for the DSM-5 and the ICD-11 Schizophrenie (DE-588)4052527-2 gnd Fehldiagnose (DE-588)4131111-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4052527-2 (DE-588)4131111-5 |
| title | Schizophrenia is a misdiagnosis implications for the DSM-5 and the ICD-11 |
| title_auth | Schizophrenia is a misdiagnosis implications for the DSM-5 and the ICD-11 |
| title_exact_search | Schizophrenia is a misdiagnosis implications for the DSM-5 and the ICD-11 |
| title_full | Schizophrenia is a misdiagnosis implications for the DSM-5 and the ICD-11 C. Raymond Lake |
| title_fullStr | Schizophrenia is a misdiagnosis implications for the DSM-5 and the ICD-11 C. Raymond Lake |
| title_full_unstemmed | Schizophrenia is a misdiagnosis implications for the DSM-5 and the ICD-11 C. Raymond Lake |
| title_short | Schizophrenia is a misdiagnosis |
| title_sort | schizophrenia is a misdiagnosis implications for the dsm 5 and the icd 11 |
| title_sub | implications for the DSM-5 and the ICD-11 |
| topic | Schizophrenie (DE-588)4052527-2 gnd Fehldiagnose (DE-588)4131111-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Schizophrenie Fehldiagnose |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024986448&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024986448&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT lakecraymond schizophreniaisamisdiagnosisimplicationsforthedsm5andtheicd11 |