Why literary studies?: raisons d'être of a discipline
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| adam_text | Why Literary Studies?
Raisons D etre of a Discipline
Edited by
Stein H augom Olsen
and
Anders Pettersson
NOVUS PRESS
OSLO 2011
Contents
Contributors 7
Acknowledgments 10
I Introduction 11
Stein Haugom Olsen and Anders Pettersson
II Literary Studies and Human Priorities 29
Anders Pettersson
Introduction 29
Literature 29
Motivation, Representation, Reality 36
Literary Criticism 41
Literary History and Literary Theory 45
Postmodern Literary Studies 47
Truth-Seeking in Literary Studies 50
The Human Relevance of Knowledge about Literature
- and a Final Remark 55
III The Discipline of Literary Studies 60
Stein Haugom Olsen
Introduction 60
The Study of Literature 63
The Demands of 1 iterary Studies 65
The External Approach 68
Methodizing Taste 72
Criticism and Literary Studies 77
The Function of the Critic at the Present Time 82
The Discipline of Literary Studies 88
IV Beyond Literary Knowledge 94
Paisley Livingston
Introduction 94
CONTENTS
Aesthetic Value and Literary Value 97
Context and Quality 102
Final Note 109
V The Heteronomy of Literary Value 110
Erik Bjerck Hagen
The Experience of Literature 110
Literary Value 114
Literature and the Self 117
The Question of Style 121
Learning from Literature: The Great Gatsby 125
VI An Invitation to Imagine: On the Significance of
Imagination in Literature and Literary Studies 133
Bo Pettersson
Introduction 133
The Raisons D etre of Literature and Literary Studies:
Functionalist and Aestheticist Views 134
Overcoming Dichotomies, Laying Foundations 138
Studying Imagination in Literature 141
Implications for Literary Studies and beyond 152
VII The Case for Synergetic Criticism - the Example of
Othello 156
Torsten Pettersson
Introduction 156
The Ontology of the Literary Work 1 58
The Case for Synergy 161
The Historical Position of Synergetic Criticism 166
Othello: Radical Cognitive Complementation 169
Othello: Cognitive Jamming 180
Prospects for Synergetic Criticism 189
Bibliography 193
Index 214
Index
Ackroyd, Peter, 147^48
Aesthetic experience, 100—
Aesthetic object, 102
Allen, Roger, 57
Appreciation of literature:
and literary heteronomy,
113, 117, 125-26, 131,
132; its nature, 104, 107;
its role in criticism, 73,
83, 111; its role in literary
studies, 90; its role in
reading, 102; training of,
85; as understood by
Frye, 70
Aristotle, 142, 148
Arnold, Matthew, 65, 74
Atlas, James, 124
Auerbach, Erich, 57
Austin, JL, 54
Autonomy of literary works:
its role for literary criti-
cism, 88; and New Criti-
cism, 72, 80, 81-82, 111;
versus heteronomy, 117,
Bal, Mieke, 145
Barthelme, Donald, 150
Belles-lettres, 66, 71
Bellow, Saul, 124-25
Berkeley, George, 40
Bewley, Marius, 131
Blake, William, 147-48
Blending, conceptual, 138,
Bloom, Harold, 112, 113,
Booth, Wayne C, 135, 166
Borges, Jorge Luis, 104
Bradley, A C, 76-77, 178-
Brooks, Cleanth, 34
Bruner, Jerome, 138, Christo-
pher 137
Carlshamre, Staffan, 43^45,
Carroll, Joseph, 136
Carter, Ronald, 147
Castoriadis, Cornelius, 94
Coetzee, JM, 123-24
Cognitive jamming, 181,
183-84, 189
Collins, John Churton, 72,
74-75, 91-92
Constructivism, 39, 82; re-
garding literary works,
INDEX
159, 168 Empathy, 135-36, 150, 152,
Contextualism, 97, 103-108, 154
154 Evaluation of literature, 111,
Critical monism, 81, 159 118
Critical pluralism, 81, 159,
161,164 Fahnestock, Jeanne, 141
Critical theory, 71, 79 Fauconnier, Gilles, 138, 144
Culler, Jonathan, 14, 15, 48, Feminism, 16, 57
70-71,73 Fiction, 140-41
Cultural studies, 49, 157, 166 Fitzgerald, F Scott, 122-23,
Currie, Gregory, 105 126—31
Curtius, Ernst Robert, 63, 84 Fludernik, Monika, 139
Formalism, 13, 15, 111
Damasio, Antonio, 138 Foucault, Michel, 49
Davies, David, 105 Freeman, EA, 73
Deconstruction: 13, 15, 157; Frye, Northrop, 69-70
and biographical evi-
dence, 116; depriving the Gender studies, 157, 166,
work of autonomy, 111; 178
useful for Synergetic Crit- Gibbs, Raymond W , 138
icism, 166 Gilbert, Sandra, 50-52, 56
De Man, Paul, 53-54 Glucksberg, Sam, 142
Derrida, Jacques, 49 Goldman, Laurence, 153
Dewey, John, 111 Gosse, Edmund, 74, 75, 91
Didion, Joan, 129 Gossman, Lionel, 64
Discipline, academic, nature The Great Gatsby: see Fitz -
of, 60, 62, 68, 91 gerald, F Scott
Dissanayake, Ellen, 136 Gubar, Susan, 50-52, 56
Dutton, Denis, 106 Guidetti, Lorenzo, 63
Guillory, John, 89, 91
Ecological criticism, 156,
157 Halliwell, Stephen, 139^10
Eliot, TS, 115-17 Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 143
Emotional response, 111,118 Heal, J ane, 146
INDEX
Hemingway, Ernest, 126
Hermand, Jost, 166
Hermeneutics, 156
Heteronomy, literary, 111-
12, 113,116,118,131-32
Heyck, Thomas William, 60-
Hirsh, James, 171, 180-81,
Humanities, the, 57-59, 61-
Hume, David, 118, 119, 120
Hyman, Stanley Edgar, 166
Imagination: literary (as a
term), 141; and mimesis,
148-50, 151; its multi-
plicity, 142-43; and pop-
ular imagination, 139,
146-47, 153; possible to
combine with aestheticist
views, 152, 154; possible
to combine with function-
alist views, 137, 152, 154;
its role for human cogni-
tion, 134
Indistinguishable objects,
Inherent value, 100-101
Instrumental and final value,
97-98, 101
Interpretation, literary: and
authority/correctness, 74,
75-76, 80-82; character
of, 73, 77, 161-62, 164,
192; critical, as opposed
to readers experiences,
190-91; concept of, 14,
159; divergent views of,
45; multiplicity of, 157—
58; and novelty, 121; its
role in literary studies, 13,
42,79,90, 110; as under-
stood by Frye, 70
Intersectionality, 166
Intrinsic value, 97, 99-101
James, Henry, 115
James, William, 111, 120,
Jarrell, Randall, 112
Johansen, Jorgen Dines, 134
Johnson, Mark, 138
Johnson, Samuel, 115
Joughin, John J , 137
Kant, Immanuel, 119, 120
Keen, Suzanne, 135-36, 150
Klein, Melanie, 191
Knights, L C, 77
Kovecses, Zoltan, 147
Lacan, Jacques, 49
Lakoff, George, 138
Landino, Cristoforo, 63
Larkin, Philip, 143
Leavis, FR, 112, 113, 114,
115-17
INDEX
Levin, Samuel, 145-46
Levinson, Jerrold, 105
Lewis, CI, 97-105
Lewis, David K , 104
Literary criticism: defined,
41-42, 70, 78; different
views of, 43-45; as a
modern scholarly pursuit,
167-69; as practiced by
critics, 112-13; its role,
15,27,42, 58, 110; spe-
cialist versus generalist,
82-88
Literary experience: as cen-
tral to literary studies,
110; cognitive value of,
121; as constituting the
text, 111-12, 118-19,
131; content of, 33, 44,
165; as untranslatable, 35;
versus critical interpreta-
tion, 190-91
Literary history: its character,
68-69, 78; its history, 12-
13,45-46; its role in liter-
ary studies, 27, 41, 4 5 -
46; its value, 47, 58, 90
Literary sociology, 157
Literary studies: aestheticism
in, 134,137,152,154; cog-
nitive, 138; creating per-
spectives on reality, 47, 50,
56-57; dependent on the
importance of literature,
29, 133; as a discipline,
65-68, 79-80, 82-83, 88-
93, 95-96; enhancing the
understanding of literature,
50,96-97, 107-109, 110;
external approaches to, 68-
72, 78-79; functionalism
in, 134, 152, 154; future
possibilities of, 27-28,155,
167-69; history of, 11-16,
63-68,85-86,92-93,156-
58; and the humanities at
large, 57-59; postmodern,
47-54; traditional, 47; and
truth/ knowledge, 50-54,
90, 95-96,108
Literary theory: as avoiding
appreciation, 69, 89; the
issues of, 16; its role in
literary studies, 27,41; its
value, 58
Literature: concept of, 65, 71,
110; and ethics, 135-36,
152, 154; in an evolution-
ary perspective, 136, 154;
present state of, 133;
value of, 35-36, 101,113,
114-17, 133; cognitive
significance of, 38, 113,
114-15, 125-32, 149;
therapeutic value of, 55
Macpherson, James, 106
Mailer, Norman, 129-30
INDEX
Malpas, Simon, 137
Marxist criticism, 156, 165
Meaning, in literature, 14, 33,
Menand, Louis, 112
Mendelsohn, David, 112
Messer-Davidow, Ellen, 60
Metaphor, 142-47, 153
Mill, John Stuart, 74
Mills, Magnus, 143^4
Mimesis, 139^10, 148-50,
151, 154-55
Moliere, 178
Monistic realism, 160
Morley, John, 65, 89
Morrison, Toni, 150
Motivation, human, 37
Narrative and narratology,
New Criticism, 13, 15, 72,
New Historicism, 15-16
Nichols, Shaun, 142
Novitz, David, 149
Nussbaum, Martha C , 135
Ontology of literature and
art, 102-103, 105-107,
111, 119, 158-60
Originality, 114
Othello: see Shakespeare,
William
Pepper, Stephen C , 102
Perkin, Harold, 88
Phelan, James, 135
Phenomenology, 156, 165
Plato, 66-67, 148
Plotkin, Henry, 147
Pluralistic realism, 160, 165
Poirier, Richard, 112, 124-25
Popper, Karl, 94-95
Postcolonial literary studies,
Potolsky, Matthew, 151
Pound, Ezra, 145-46
Presenting, 31
Psycho-analytic literary crit-
icism, 15, 156,178
Queer theory, 157
Radical cognitive comple-
mentation, 171, 175, 180
Raison d etre, concept of,
94-96
Reader-response theory, 156
Reading public, history of
the, 85-88
Representation, definition of,
31, and reality, 38-39,
and truth, 52
Richards, A , 120, 141
Ricoeur, Paul, 148-49
Roche, Mark William, 135
Rosenfeld, Isaac, 124—25
Ross, WD, 98
Saintsbury, George, 92
Saussure, Ferdinand de, 48
Schmidt-Biggemann, Wil-
helm, 91
Science, 60^2, 95-96
Searle, John, 39
Semiotics, 156
Shakespeare, William, 169-
Shumway, David R , 60
Simon, Paul, 127-28
Simulation, 134, 136, 140,
Sincerity, 114, 115
Snow, Edward A , 178-79
Stephen, Leslie, 85, 92
Structuralism, 13,48, 70, 79,
138, 156-57
Style and stylistics, 111, 113,
Summer Plain : see Tran-
stromer, Tomas
Symonds, John Addington,
91-92
Synergetic Criticism, 163—
64, 165, 166-69, 171,
Tallis, Raymond, 137
Taste: change and continuity
in, 121, concept of, 67;
evaluation of, 83-84;
methodized, 72-74, 80;
subjectivity of, 67-68, 70
INDEX
Text versus work, 107, 110
Thagard, Paul, 40
Theory, 14, 48-49, 79
Transtromer, Tomas, 29-32,
Trilling, Lionel, 112, 120,
Truth, concept of, 52
Turner, Mark, 138, 139, 144
Tuve, Rosamund
Universities, function of, 62
Vonnegut, Kurt, 150
Walton, Kendall L , 105, 150
Wellek, Rene, 77-80
Williams, Bernard, 68
Wilson, Edmund, 112
Wollheim, Richard, 104, 107
Wolterstorff, Nicholas, 31,33
Wood, James, 112, 115, 123-
24,86-87, 115
Woolf, Virginia, 86-87, 115
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