Dvadcatyj noin-ulinskij kurgan:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | Russian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Novosibirsk
"Infolio"
2011
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | PST: The twentieth Noin-Ula Tumulu. - In kyrill. Schr., russ. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 181 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9785905727016 |
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| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a The twentieth Noin-Ula Tumulu |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Оглавление
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ
..................................................................................................................................................................................................5
Т. И. Юсупова
ГЛАВА
1.
ИСТОРИЯ НЕ СОВСЕМ ОБЫЧНОГО АРХЕОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО ОТКРЫТИЯ
................................................9
Счастливый случай и несложившиеся обстоятельства
........................................................................................................10
«Motto
в сторону археологических разведок и открытий»
.....................................................................................................16
Первые сенсации
.................................................................................................................................................................................22
Сенсации и амбиции
...........................................................................................................................................................................26
Обязательства и ответственность
............................................................................................................................................30
Экспедиция продолжается
..............................................................................................................................................................36
Проблемы и решения
..........................................................................................................................................................................42
Продолжение следует!
......................................................................................................................................................................47
Н.В. Полосъмак, Е. С. Богданов^. Цэвээндорж
ГЛАВА
2.
ОПИСАНИЕ КУРГАНА
..............................................................................................................................................................53
Раскопки
................................................................................................................................................................................................53
Погребальный обряд
...........................................................................................................................................................................68
Н.В. Полосъмак, Е. С. Богданов, Д. Цэвээндорж
ГЛАВА
3.
КИТАЙСКАЯ КОЛЕСНИЦА
...................................................................................................................................................77
Обстоятельства находки колесницы в кургане хунну
...........................................................................................................77
Ханьская колесница «яочэ»
............................................................................................................................................................82
Н. В. Полосъмак, Е. С. Богданов, Д. Цэвээндорж
ГЛАВА
4.
ОПИСАНИЕ КОНТЕКСТА НАХОДОК
..............................................................................................................................91
Конская упряжь
..................................................................................................................................................................................92
Серебряные украшения упряжи
....................................................................................................................................................98
Фалары
................................................................................................................................................................................................
ПО
Н.В. Полосъмак,Л.П. Кундо, А.Н. Чистякова
ГЛАВА
5.
ЛАКОВЫЕ ПРЕДМЕТЫ
..........................................................................................................................................................119
ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ
................................................................................................................................................................................................131
ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ. РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ МЕЖДИСЦИПЛИНАРНЫХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ
АРХЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ НАХОДОК ИЗ НОИН-УЛИНСКИХ КУРГАНОВ
..........................................................................134
B. И. Маматюк, Г. Г. Балакина, В. Г., Васильев, Е.В. Карпова
Результаты исследований лаковых изделий и текстиля
..............................................................................................................134
Лаковые изделия китайского происхождения
.........................................................................................................................134
Анализ лаковых изделий
..................................................................................................................................................................134
Анализ текстиля из захоронений хунну
...................................................................................................................................145
Анализ фрагмента зонта колесницы из 20-го кургана
.........................................................................................................146
Анализ образцов шелка и шерсти из 20-го и 31-го курганов
...............................................................................................146
Литература
.......................................................................................................................................................................................151
C. С. Шацкая, И. А. Деревягина, Н. Ф. Глазырина
Результаты исследований металлических изделий 20-го и 31-го курганов
..........................................................................150
Золотые изделия
...............................................................................................................................................................................152
Серебряные изделия
.........................................................................................................................................................................158
Медные изделия
.................................................................................................................................................................................161
БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
І64
СПИСОК СОКРАЩЕНИЙ
...........................................................................................................................................................................170
СПИСОК ИЛЛЮСТРАЦИЙ
.......................................................................................................................................................................171
ABSTRACT
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................180
180
Abstract
In
2006,
over
80
years after the successful diggings by
P. K. Kozlov s expedition in Noin-Ula (Mongolia), ajoint Russian-
Mongolian team examined one of the biggest burial mounds
preserved
-
tumulus
# 20,
according to P.K. Kozlov s plan.
The mission we assigned ourselves was to dig the tumulus by
hand in order to observe its structure in every detail, following,
step by step, the way taken by the builders of the tsar grave.
Well-known as the Noin-Ula tumuli are, there had been no plans of
them
-
in the
1930s,
the requirements imposed on archaeological
excavations were somewhat different, and the mounds (except
one) were explored using test pits. Also, we had an opportunity
to draw on our previous experience of investigating the Pazyryk
burials with their preserved organics and study the new materials
using the methods of natural and exact sciences, which increases
manifold the monument s information value and the validity of
historical interpretations.
Starting, in
2006,
this big project on investigating the high¬
born Xiongnu tumuli at Noin-Ula in the mountains of Northern
Mongolia, we realized what kind of findings the diggings
could produce
—
lacquerware, textile, wood, metalware, and
nephrites
—
and were ready for their immediate conservation
and further restoration. However, the conditions in which the
ancient mortuary gifts found themselves in the 20th Noin-
Ula mound were such that we had to break our stereotypes of
dealing with material. The impermeability of the double burial
chamber made of pine logs, located
18
meter deep (the deepest
of all the chambers excavated at Noin-Ula) had been disturbed
by ancient grave robbers, who had got inside by cutting through
the ceiling. The burial chamber gave way under the pressure
of tons of puddle clay and stones and folded up like a house of
cards. All the things found in it were damaged, to a greater or
lesser degree. That was not it though. There was water inside
the burial chamber. It had contributed to the conservation of
the lacquer artifacts and, to a certain degree, preserved the
textile
—
the high antiquity things that practically never reach
us. At the same time, the water had washed out and drew inside
the burial chamber fine light-gray clay and coal, layered between
the walls of the burial chamber and the burial pit with a view
to making it waterproof and safe. This viscous aggressive mass
covered and soaked everything contained in the burial chamber,
all the things that accompanied the buried person, causing
irreparable damage to them. The textile has suffered the most.
Fragments of carpets, curtains and clothes were extracted from
the mound together with clay; actually, these were lumps of clay
with textile, which could hardly be seen. In the field, the things
were prepared for transportation to Novosibirsk. For each group
of artifacts, the most favorable environment was created so that
they would not suffer during travel. For instance, lacquer and
wood needed a moist environment whereas metalware had to be
kept dry. In this condition, all the unique artifacts traveled from
Ulan-Bator to our research institute.
Primarily, the main tasks were preservation of the materials
obtained as a result of excavations, their irreproachable
conservation and further restoration. To cope with them, a team
of highly skilled researchers-restorers was required. The Institute
of Archaeology and Ethnography SB
RAS
has had such a team
since the study of the Pazyryk monuments based in Gorny Altai
(the so-called frozen graves). It was then that the invaluable
experience of dealing with textile and wet wood was gained.
However, even that was not enough. The collection excavated
from 20th Noin-Ula mound was incredibly complicated to handle.
This was attributed to the composition, condition and number
of the artifacts found. Among the things discovered some were
absolutely new to us, like lacquerware. The only person who
has had an experience of working with ancient lacquer was
V. G. Šimonov,
head of the Oriental Lacquer Department with the
Grabar
All-Russia Scientific Art Restoration Center. In order to
fulfill a large amount of high skill work on the restoration of the
unique and complicated material in a short term, we addressed
Russian leading experts
N.
P. Sinitsina (State Research Institute
for Restoration) and
V. G. Šimonov.
Greatly interested in this rare,
ancient material, they offered us their valuable disinterested help
with the textile and lacquer restoration. Thanks to the restorers
efforts, the artifacts made of organic materials have been saved.
The research and restoration work completed, the artifacts were
returned to Mongolia.
The study of Xiongnu burials, even if they were plundered
like the Noin-Ula tumuli were, is of critical importance. Similarly
to any oral society, the Xiongnu society needs archaeological
explorations, which provide an inflow of fresh, original, and
diverse data, opening completely new pages of ancient life.
The most informative among these explorations is study
of the tsar mounds as these accumulate the whole variety of
artifacts once existing in the culture and intrinsic to it.
181
Looking into the Xiongnu tsar tumuli, we come to the
conclusion that virtually the entire rich content of these burials
was borrowed from other peoples and cultures. The graves of
high-born Xiongnu are filled with things mainly made in the Han
China and Parthia, as well as in Roman provinces.
Let us turn to the artifacts discovered in the grave of the
20th tumulus. All the horse harness and caparison is a direct
borrowing. An elementary analysis of psalia (cheek-pieces)
and front bridle-straps (copper covered with gold and silver
amalgam) found in the 20th Noin-Ula mound has confirmed that
they are Chinese, the same as the custom of suspending a dense
fringe (a breast-collar) made of horse hair. Of special interest are,
according to S. I. Rudenko, decorative silver plaques depicting
animals, which were first discovered in the Noin-Ula tumuli.
Recent findings make us believe that the silver plaques, used by
the Xiongnu as horse harness adornments, were also produced
in China. They were made for nomads but were common with
the Chinese as well. Similarly-shaped plaques are frequently
found in the Han graves of China and Northern Korea. By now,
there is quite a diverse collection of them. Among these plaques,
the Noin-Ula ones are the westernmost.
Practically all the Xiongnu tumuli contain artifacts made of
nephrite or, more commonly, their pieces. The Noin-Ula tumulus
is not an exception. Using nephrite in burial rituals during the
epoch under consideration is a Chinese tradition. It goes without
saying that nephrite was used by the population of Pribaikaliye
(Cis-Baikal) and Zabaikaliye (Trans-Baikal) regions as far back
as in the Neolithic times. What matters here is the context of
these findings, and the meaning and role of nephrite in burial
rituals. In ancient China nephrite was believed to prevent
putrefaction of the body and as such was more valuable than
gold. This is why it was found in Xiongnu burials.
Lacquer dishes and other lacquerware are indispensable
for rich Han graves. These are true valuables indicating their
owner s status and luxury, gifts to a chanyu from the emperor s
court. For the first time ever, lacquerware discovered at the
20th Noin-Ula mound has been examined by exact science
methods. The entire technological process of its production
has been reconstructed, the composition of all the components
used in making lacquer dishes has been determined, including
the composition of the lacquer itself. Hieroglyphic inscriptions
found on two cups have been deciphered. These inscriptions
have made it possible to define the exact time when the cups
were made, namely,
9
ВС.
The exterior of the walls of the pine coffin from the 20th
Noin-Ula tumulus were covered with red lacquer. A light chariot,
discovered in the burial pit, was lacquered as well. Also found
in the burial were fragments of the saddle s wooden part with
lacquer traces on it. All these things were produced by Chinese
craftsmen.
In addition, the tumulus contained numerous pieces of various
silk fabrics
—
embroidered, polychrome, and solid-colored
—
coming from Han workshops. Some of these pieces belong to
China-cut clothes, while others served as horse trappings, woolen
carpet decorations, and as coffin covers so as to wrap all the
objects but in the grave, following the Chinese custom.
Small golden ornaments with turquoise granulations and
inserts, present in all big Xiongnu tumuli, can also be attributed
to China. The ultimate composition testifies to the same source
ornative
gold from which the ornaments discovered in the 20th
Noin-Ula tumulus were made. Found in the 20th tumulus is
the largest, up to now, fragment of an embroidered wall picture,
which can be referred to Parthian culture. This shows a cult scene
participating in which are men wearing Iranian costumes.
The question of who was buried in the 20th tumulus is even
more difficult to answer because there is no anthropological
material, which is common for all high-born Xiongnu tumuli.
The mortuary gifts of the mound defiled in the ancient times
provides no conclusive evidence either.
The only find verifying that there had been a person buried in
this grave has been six teeth. Their pronounced specific features
allowed T.A.Chikisheva to conclude that they had belonged to a
young woman of the anthropological type similar to that of the
modern population of Azerbaijan, Dagestan, and West India.
It is possible that buried in the 20th tumulus was a woman, a
wife to the chanyu.
If we look at Xiongnu culture through the content of high¬
born burials and burial rituals, we can see what their likes and
preferences were and identify what was in demand among the
now of western and eastern goods. Why these goods in aprticular
is a different question, as well as the role and importance of
foreign artifacts in a nomadic culture. In this book, we have made
an attempt to answer these questions, though a lot yet remains
to be explored.
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| genre | (DE-588)4145395-5 Bildband gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Bildband |
| geographic | Noin-Ula (DE-588)1025061152 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Noin-Ula |
| id | DE-604.BV040124135 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:17:25Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9785905727016 |
| language | Russian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024980155 |
| oclc_num | 796217760 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 181 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publishDateSearch | 2011 |
| publishDateSort | 2011 |
| publisher | "Infolio" |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Dvadcatyj noin-ulinskij kurgan N. V. Polosʹmak, E. S. Bogdanov, D. Cėvėėndorž. Naučnyj red. V. I. Molodin The twentieth Noin-Ula Tumulu Novosibirsk "Infolio" 2011 181 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier PST: The twentieth Noin-Ula Tumulu. - In kyrill. Schr., russ. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Kurgan Hügelgrab (DE-588)4128840-3 gnd rswk-swf Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd rswk-swf Hunnen (DE-588)4026215-7 gnd rswk-swf Noin-Ula (DE-588)1025061152 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4145395-5 Bildband gnd-content Noin-Ula (DE-588)1025061152 g Kurgan Hügelgrab (DE-588)4128840-3 s Hunnen (DE-588)4026215-7 s Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 s DE-604 Polosʹmak, Natalʹja Viktorovna 1956- Sonstige (DE-588)1076104037 oth Bogdanov, Evgenij Sergeevič 1971- Sonstige (DE-588)1134910320 oth Ceveendorž, Dadmij Sonstige oth Molodin, Vjačeslav Ivanovič 1948- Sonstige (DE-588)142261866 oth Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024980155&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024980155&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Dvadcatyj noin-ulinskij kurgan Kurgan Hügelgrab (DE-588)4128840-3 gnd Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Hunnen (DE-588)4026215-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4128840-3 (DE-588)4071507-3 (DE-588)4026215-7 (DE-588)1025061152 (DE-588)4145395-5 |
| title | Dvadcatyj noin-ulinskij kurgan |
| title_alt | The twentieth Noin-Ula Tumulu |
| title_auth | Dvadcatyj noin-ulinskij kurgan |
| title_exact_search | Dvadcatyj noin-ulinskij kurgan |
| title_full | Dvadcatyj noin-ulinskij kurgan N. V. Polosʹmak, E. S. Bogdanov, D. Cėvėėndorž. Naučnyj red. V. I. Molodin |
| title_fullStr | Dvadcatyj noin-ulinskij kurgan N. V. Polosʹmak, E. S. Bogdanov, D. Cėvėėndorž. Naučnyj red. V. I. Molodin |
| title_full_unstemmed | Dvadcatyj noin-ulinskij kurgan N. V. Polosʹmak, E. S. Bogdanov, D. Cėvėėndorž. Naučnyj red. V. I. Molodin |
| title_short | Dvadcatyj noin-ulinskij kurgan |
| title_sort | dvadcatyj noin ulinskij kurgan |
| topic | Kurgan Hügelgrab (DE-588)4128840-3 gnd Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Hunnen (DE-588)4026215-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kurgan Hügelgrab Funde Hunnen Noin-Ula Bildband |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024980155&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024980155&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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