Antičen proizvodstven centăr pri Pavlikeni (Dolna Mizija): plan na kompleksa, periodizacija i vidove keramični izdelija
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Bulgarian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Veliko Tărnovo
Izdat. "Dar-RCh"
2012
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. izd. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in eng. Sprache u.d.T.: The ancient production center at Pavlikeni (Lower Moesia) |
| Beschreibung: | 187 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9789549489279 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | THE ANCIENT PRODUCTION CENTER AT PAVLIKENI
(LOWER MOESIA)
SUMMARY
The discovery and research of the Roman villa at Pavlikeni and the ceramic complex around it took place between
1971
to
1980.
Until the present moment very little part of the gained movable monuments, including ceramic articles,
were an object of scientific research and interpretation. The researcher
Bogdan
Sultov introduces in his dissertation
the forms of some of the discovered pottery, added to the complete typology and classification of the pottery from
Pavlikeni, as well as from the other ceramic centers on the territory of Nicopolis
ad Istram -
Butovo, Hotnitsa and
Byala Cherkva (Sultov
1985).
The villa arose after the middle to the end of the first century AD and at the beginning of its existence it was
a center of an agricultural estate. Probably it was build up by veterans, who settled here
-
a process, typical of the
region and proved with the discovered in archeological way remains, as well as trough the multiple epigraphic
monuments (Gerov
1980, 38
and next; Poulter
1983, 92;
Poulter
1994, 8).
As a large part of the examined Roman
villas in Bulgaria, later on it turned into a ceramic articles producing center, which were being produced in order to
be offered for sale.
At the time the villa was built up, administratively it was situated in Thracia province and in no wise was
connected to Nicopolis ad Istrum. The city, according to the latest archeological researches was found not earlier than
the year
110-111,
besides not before
136
its administrative territory was quite restricted.
The spatial design of the villa is quite complex. After the opinion of the researchers (Dinchev,
15),
if the distance
between the different units doesn t exceed
200 - 250
m, it can be accepted, that it is speaking of one villa, but with a
complex plan. In the case of Pavlikeni there are three units and the distance between them is actually no more than
250
m, but in my opinion we are speaking of three separate complexes.
First is the sector, called here central and the buildings on the north and north-east of it. According to the
commonly used classification of the villas in the Bulgarian lands, this architectural complex can be assigned to the
first main group
-
villas with representative residential part (Dinchev,
18).
The building up was done gradually, as the
first building was the building K and subsequently was formed the entire closed
-
type complex, in the central part
of which there was a large inner courtyard with
a colonade.
That is the last around which the residential buildings of
the steward were situated
-
the little bath, the horreum and other buildings with farm and warehouse function. The
discovered part of a wall on the north- west of the villa gives reason to be assumed that the entire property was walled,
as in the detached area except for the specified central complex were included also the kilns and workshops, situated
on the north, north-east and east directions.
In this sector are established three building periods. In the first period, probably within the time of the emperor
Domitian, were built consecutively the previously mentioned buildings, as for the needs of the construction were used
and functioned kilns and a quarry, situated east and south-east from the building K . With the end of the construction
work they were used no more and were covered up. By the excavations at the central sector there are no signs of earlier
settlement structures, what also suggests the idea that we are speaking of a land settlement of veterans.
The presence of a large farm building on the south-west part of the courtyard, interpreted here as a byre, the
discovery of the seal
-
brands and the indirect evidence of leather-working give reason for the acceptance, that until
the 70 s of the II
с
AD the people in the villa were occupied with stock-farming. The discovered horreum in the west
part is not of a large size and it is not supposed to be used for preservation of grains for the market.
In the next construction period, spanning the time from the 70 s of the
Π
until the middle of the III century, began
the manufacture of ceramic articles for the market. That was also the bloom of the villa, when reconstructions were
made in the eastern part of the building and of the building K . The latest coin found, which marks the end
ofthat
period, is a coin of the emperor Alexander
Severas
(222-235).
The presence of the emperors Maximin,
Gordian
III,
Philip the Father and Trajan Decius is missing, which gives reason for the admission, that the villa was not destroyed
during the great invasion of the goths in the middle of the III century, but during some earlier attack, for example
in
239,
when the sources speak of attacks of the carpi in Lower Moesia, and the collective finds of coins from the
province and particularly from the territory of Nicopolis
ad Istram
prove the serious damages, which were caused to
the settlements and villas.
. , ,
u
In the last construction period here arose a settlement, which inhabitants had no connection to the people, who
lived in the villa before and they had no relation to the ceramic manufacture. The population once
agam
of that place
happened almost at the end of the III century and the latest coin is of Constancms II
(337-361), i.e.
the habitatton
prolonged until around 70 s
-
80 s.
The plan of the buildings in the west sector, the discovered movable materials and coins as also the situation of
the examined kilns show, that here is detached a separate complex, independent of the central sector, but with the same
date of building. In my opinion in the first construction period here we are speaking not of workshops and warehouses,
as the researcher things, but of two independent residential buildings, with courtyards in the south and spaces around
them, marked with a wall, i.e. of a land settlement of another people and another estate. The second construction period
in this sector matches with those of the central sector. In the west section there are no registered traces of a settlement
after the villa.
In the time of the excavations in Pavlikeni there were no buildings with representative functions, with decorations,
marble tiling, mosaic and frescoes found. Just one single little bath was discovered, besides with quite simple scheme.
Except for the collective find of silver denarii, there were no other subjects found, which could indicate wealthy estate
and high statute of the owners. These facts can be explained in two ways. The first version, which is more acceptable
and logical to me is, that we are speaking of middle estates and not very wealthy and with great material resources
owners. The second version is that the owners did not live in the villas constantly, but they came here episodically by
entrusting the management to stewards.
The situation in the south sector of the complex is different, where during the excavations there was ascertained
only one construction period, which matches the second period in the other sectors. In my opinion here we are
speaking again of a separate estate, third one, in which the inhabitants were mainly engaged with producing of
ceramic articles.
Although the researcher in some of his publications hints, that exactly in this area had existed a Thracian
settlement, his opinion can not be supported with archeological evidences. The rising here of workshops and kilns
was predetermined also of the natural resources
-
mostly because of the proximity of water and the natural slope of
the place to make use of the water. It is certain that in this sector were built not only kilns and workshops, but the
building in its north part was residential, besides with a complex plan and numerous articles of life discovered in it.
From this building come the most impressive finds
-
bust of the emperor Comodus, bronze figurine
-
Lar,
other small
-
sized objects, That gives me reason to think, that this building had also residential functions, besides was occupied
by the owner. An interesting fact is, that in the south sector there are no signs of fire destruction as well as occupation
after the middle of the III century. Probably the place was abandoned since after the invasions of the indicated time.
There is not much information about the construction techniques and the materials used in the complex.
The substructures of the walls from the first two construction periods are made of ashlar and splinted stone by
plaster bond. It is not certain that in all sectors is reached the floor level, but where it is, it is made of bricks of different
size, mostly
0.34
χ
0.34
χ
4-5
cm. The fact, that out of the construction ceramic, found during the first
2-3
years of
the researches of the complex, was built up the archeological base, gives us reason to accept, that in superstructure the
walls were made in opus mixtum. In the places where there are signs of entrances, there are no signs of frames made
of bricks.
The roof tiling was placed above wooden constructions, made of arched tegulae and imbrices
0.60
until
0.70
m
long. The few whole tegulae with ventilation hole left, which functioned as a chimney, came from the building with
hypocaust in the south part of the central sector (building D ). By the excavations was found an antefix of clay, which
decorated one of the residential buildings.
The columns in the hypocaust installations, as far as they are examined, are made in two ways: of bricks or of
pipes, each
0.70
m. high. There is not a special shaped brick saved, nor information about the bond. Probably some of
the premises (most likely the bath) had also a wall heating, because there are a few tubules (all of different sizes) and
iron prickles for the fastening to the walls.
The water supply of the villa in the central sector was trough a draw
-
well and also trough a water
-
main, which
supplied the bath. In the west and in the central sector were found also fragments of lead pipes, but the trace of these
water- mains, as well as the spring, which was used for the water supply, are unknown. By the research in no one of
the sectors were found catch-water drainage. Only in the south wall of one of the premises of the bath, probably the
cold water pool, one aperture and a part of a pipe is preserved, leading in south direction (towards a canal, which has
led the water into the close ravine).
According to the thickness of the walls and the lack of any staircase, I think, that there is no evidence by each
one of the buildings of a second floor. The entrances were closed with wooden gates, furthermore in each one of the
buildings in all sectors were found iron fragments of mechanisms, locks, keys, latches. Some of the premises were
illumined trough glass windows
-
window glass was found in the south sections of the central sector.
In the central and west sector, in the east and west walls there is an evidence for entrances, which width shows
that there were massive wooden gates.
As an analogy to the complex at Pavlikeni at the territory of Bulgaria can be pointed out the villas
№ 1,2
and
3
near Montana (Alexandrov
1983, 37-81;
Alexandrov
1980, 9-64;
Alexandrov
1984,9-45).
144
***
In Pavlikeni the building ceramics was not produced for the market. In the villa were found several kilns, but
they were functioning at the time of the building up of the villa and the farm buildings. With the initials, saved on the
seal
-
brands, until present days are not found bricks, tegulae or imbrices.
The farming had only the purpose of satisfying the needs of the people who lived in the complex
-
owners and
servants. The building in the west part of the villa, situated close to the south-west entrance and contiguous to the wall,
is interpreted here as a horreum. But it is unique and its size shows, that the stored here grain was used for the needs
of the inhabitants and was in store not for the market.
In the first period of existence of the complex the farming was set up far in a large scale. As a result of that
activity began also a leather
-
working. As a proof of this, except for the seal
-
brands, there are many found by the
excavations flint
-
scrapers and bone and metal needles, bodkin type. Epigraphic monument, found close to Pavlikeni
of the present-day, is an indirect evidence, that in the first construction period of the villa, the main activity in it was
the farming. It is speaking of a marble
ara
with a dedication to Jupiter Optimus
Maximus
and Junona
Regina,
made
by beneficiarius consularis. It is known that these positions were occupied by officers of the legion, in this case
Legio
I
Italica,
and except the military tasks, they arranged the support of the roads and the road stations and also they
cooperated by the delivery of horses, transportation of livestock and other farming tasks. This monument, as also the
other inscriptions of the region, give reason for the admission, that near Pavlikeni, respectively near the production
center, was situated also a road station, guarded by the vexillatio of the legion. All the monuments were dated from the
time of the
Severan
Dynasty, when was also the bloom of the complex.
Another manufacture, registered trough the discovered finds, is the metal -working. Significant are the discovered
iron fibulas of a type, which is not in general currency in the Roman Epoch. But hardly the manufacture of ironware
was so extended, to serve to the public center, situated near-by. The manufactured in the villa ironware was for the
needs of the inhabitants of the complex and of the closely situated settlements, villas and a road station. The materials
were dated from the late I
-
III century.
The statement above proves, that the owners of the villas arranged the breeding of animals, leather
-
working,
iron
-
working and the manufacture of ceramic articles, all, to some extend designed for the market. That is the reason
why the complex at Pavlikeni can be defined as a production center and not only as a ceramic center.
***
Most numerous among the ceramic articles, produced in Pavlikeni, is the different pottery
-
bowls, dishes, cups,
censers, lids and pots, made of fine clay with varnish coating. What is most impressive is that all of the articles were
made on a potter s wheel. In Pavlikeni there were no casts found, in which pottery of different size to be cast.
The decoration was made after and three methods were used, equally known arid widespread
-
spray, application
and stamp. Most numerous is the whole and fragmented pottery, which surface or mouth is decorated with a spray.
Often used as decoration was the plant ornament and usually on the mouth of the pottery were put commas and on
the top of the pots were put compositions of wine
-
twigs, whiffs, leaves, grapes.
The second group pottery is decorated with application. All of the pots were made in the work shops in Pavlikeni,
which can be seen by the structure and the color of the clay and the varnish coating. Only in two cases a part of the
mouth is whole, but in spite of this there is no doubt, that it is speaking of typification. The pottery is comparatively
big (the pots are
20-30
cm high), with cylindrical top and conical bottom. The bottom is shaped with ring-shaped or
high cylindrical stem. This type was known in
Dacia,
as well as in the west and east provinces of the Empire.
The applications were made in one-face casts. One cast was found with the picture of Silen and a part of an
article was discovered with an application, made in the same cast. Most of the medallions are not with round but
with irregular rectangular shape. They succeed each other concentrically, with a distance between them, filled
with other ornaments made with spray or application, mainly snakes, which twist vertically or horizontally. The
themes of the pictures is various, but in most cases are presented deities
-
Heracles, Dionysms, Silen, Apollo,
heads of female deities, Medusa. In one case an erotic scene is pictured and in other two cases
-
two figures,
maybe scene of gladiatorial fights or other contest. On two of the fragments is presented a head of a man, like
similar applications in the literature are interpreted as pictures of Mithras. A lion and an eagle are the only
applications of animals.
. , ,, , , ..
f
The pottery with applications was beyond doubt designed for cult ceremonies, related to the celebration of
some of the pointed out deities, among which Heracles and Dionysius were most popular in the region, what was
proved by the numerous found and published epigraphic monuments and sculptural figures. The Popularity of the
cult of Heracles can be associated with the increasing Romanization in this region occurred as a result of the location
of veterans while still in the end of the I c. AD. The deity, as is well-known was one of the most honoredJ,the
operative military and by the veterans. Probably the manufacture of pottery with applications was meant for the needs
145
of a sanctuary, located close to Pavlikeni. The marble statue groups of Dionysius and Heracles from the town of the
present-day were known, as also an inscription from Butovo with information about
109
members of a Dionysius
tias,
as all of them were vernaculars, i.e. born there, where the
tias
was organized.
The third method of decoration of the pottery is the stamp. By the researches in Pavlikeni were discovered
whole and fragmentary pots with embossed pictures made with this technique, as also
12
stamps. Six of them are
bilateral, two of them are unilateral and four of them can not be exactly defined, because there are only fragments or
they are lost. Some of them were worn or hang on a necklace, because on one part of them there is a hole. The most
popular motive, which can be seen on the working part of five stamps is
planta pedis .
With pictures
ofthat
kind
were decorated the bottoms of bowls, made in Pavlikeni, which whole bowls and fragments of bowls were found by
the research in a large quantity. In no case the name of the producer or his initials are written, probably because the
owner of the workshops did not nave the self-confidence of the high quality of his articles or he deliberately wanted
to stay anonymous. The stamps are hand-made and in some of the cases the back side is quite rough. The wholes are
regular, which shows that the wholes were made in the articles with a hard instrument, while the material was still
wet. The working part of the stamps in most cases is shaped very precisely, obviously the pattren was quality made.
A few of the stamps were made with varnish coating not only on the grip, but also on the working part. Judging by
the clay, the coating and the manufacture, I think that all the stamps were made in Pavlikeni. There was no import of
this kind of instruments for decoration of pottery. An interesting fact is that no one of the stamps origins from Butovo,
but bowls and fragments of bowls were found there, which were indisputably produced in this center, decorated on
the inner side of the bottoms with a stamp. This gives reason for the assumption, that the potters from Butovo did not
use stamps of clay, but of wood, which did not reach up to the present days.
One group of pottery deserves special attention. These are the patera or maybe more precisely the casserole, as
far as the form could be specified from the preserved fragments of mouths and walls, which are not many. Numerous
are the discovered handles and also a few casts, which show us certainly, that this kind of ritual articles were made
in Pavlikeni and were used as a requisite for the celebration of a cult of some of the deities in the Greek
-
Roman
Pantheon. Numerous are the handles (a cast was also found) with pictures of a sphinx, ram, goat and others, i. e.
character who can be accepted as part of the Dionysius circles. The evidences of manufacture of chalices confirm
the view, that the main function of the articles was the satisfaction of the needs of the situated near sanctuary of
Dionysius, where probably was celebrated the cult of Heracles. Chalices were not produced in the manufacture center
at Butovo, which proves the specialization of the production of the both ateliers. The same motives of decoration on
the trays, which were not produced in Pavlikeni and on the handles of chalices, support the opinion of specialization
of the manufacture in both centers and for their simultaneous functioning.
In Pavlikeni were not produced trays of clay. Only few fragments of this kind were found, besides not around
or in a workshop or kiln. One article represents a part of a marble pot with decoration on the periphery of masks,
lion and plant ornaments. It is a matter of fact that the pot comes from one of the big workshops of
Pannonia.
(Kabakchieva
1996, 119-122).
Five fragments belong to the group of the round, oval and rectangular trays and the
place of manufacture is Butovo, where were also found casts for manufacture of the same type. Three very small
fragments are parts of handles and periphery of pots, made in Pavlikeni according to the color and the structure of the
clay and the varnish coating, but different in form and decoration from the typical trays. It is more likely a question
of round shallow plates, made in cast, which periphery is decorated with stylized plant ornaments. There are no parts
of casts for such kind of pottery, which shows, that their manufacture was not on a large scale.
In maintenance of this opinion are also the three medallions with the shape of a leaf. They were made in cast, on
their front surface was made an embossed decoration, and the back is flat. The function of this medallions can be only
by cult ceremonies (they are quite heavy and uncomfortable for everyday use), as, judging by their decoration, it can
be presumed, that is speaking again of Dionysius celebrations. Maybe they were worn by the members of the
tias
or
by persons who played an important role in the ritual and hardly all members of the ceremonies had such symbols.
When we are speaking of medallions, it cannot be passed by the discovered part of a such medallion, representing
the fight between a centaur and a lion. The article is not a local production and belongs to a west atelier. It can be
presumed, that this imported qualitative model,
ifit
was discovered in one of the workshops, was used by the local
potters as a sample for making of medallions for cult ceremonies.
In the manufacture center at Pavlikeni was not made terracotta for the market. Generally there are
20
pieces
whole and fragments terracotta found, one stand and no cast. The bust of
a
solider
and one of the cockerels
-
a
children s toy, were made in Butovo, from where numerous similar exemplars and the casts for them come. The
second cockerel is made of clay, different in structure and color from those in the centers in Pavlikeni and Butovo
and very similar to the clay, used in the ateliers of Nicopolis ad Istrum
.
Without chemical analysis of the content of
the raw material it is not possible to be claimed with certainty, that the toy was manufactured in the workshops of the
settlement, but it is certain that it was not made in Pavlikeni. Three more terracotta were made by the potters from
146
Butovo
-
two heads of female deities and a head of a soldier. The phallus is a single exemplar, connected to some of
the celebrated cults.
For only five terracotta can be accepted that they are local production. Four of them are very similar by the way of
making
-
two small soldiers, both of them made very rough and unskillfully by hand and for them can be admitted that
they were made not by a potter but by a child, to whom the master only helped. One, made in a cast, but very roughly
retouched, a figurine of Venus probably is not terracotta, but a handle of a pot, but the bottom of the article is broken
off and it can not be certainly defined. The potters from Pavlikeni did not make terracotta for the villa nor yet for the
market. If they needed such articles, they traded them. On the stand, which is an unique exemplar, there was a figurine
of a deity and it was standing in one of the premises of the villa, as the area where it was discovered shows.
A proof of the producing of architecture terracotta in Pavlikeni is the discovered antefix-mask. The finding from
Pavlikeni was discovered along with other movable materials, which are generally referred to the second century. But
if we count the construction periods of the manufacture center, I think, that the antefix belongs to the first construction
period of the complex
-
after mid of the first century AD till the attacks of the costobici in
170.
And since it was
situated on the roof of one of the representative buildings
,
it can be presumed, that it was probably beautifying the
residential building of the owner.
The lamps of clay are one big group among the discovered articles in Pavlikeni. Generally there are
72
exemplars, which include whole lamps and fragments of lamps and casts, on the base of which can be made typology
and classification. The casts are
10
pieces and can be divided in three types. The lamps can be differentiated in
18
types, with the respective variants. It is obvious that in Pavlikeni were not made lamps for the market. The few
casts, besides of similar types, prove that this kind of articles were made only for the needs of the inhabitants of
the complex, as probably the casts were made by bought (imported or local production) pattern. Moreover, unlike
Butovo, some of the lamps were made on a potter s wheel, as there are five types: of a single wick with a tubular
wick holder; of a single wick with a wick holder bended with fingers; of a single wick with a wide opening and no
disc; of multiple wicks with flat shoulders and a disc; of multiple wicks with a tubular wick holder. That diversity
shows, that by making of this kind of articles, the potters in Pavlikeni prefered to use a potter s wheel, not casts.
Weather because they did not manage well the technology of working with casts or just the opposite
-
because they
worked perfect with the potter s wheel, it cannot be answered. In the premises the lamps were put on stands of clay
and there were three of them found. They were also made on a wheel, as their body is of a complex profile, and the
surface is rich decorated with stamp decoration or embossment. In Butovo were found no such articles. The lamps
and the stands from Pavlikeni were part of the interior of the premises of the villa, with different function and were
not an articles for the market.
In Pavlikeni were produced also ceramic votive tablets. The discovered three articles and a cast are with pictures
of Dionysius, Heracles and Diana. As was already mentioned many times, the first two deities were quite popular
in the center as well as in the region. The iconography of Heracles on the tablet is exactly the same as those of the
deity, represented on applications for craterlike pots. It is even possible that it was used the same cast for making
the both type of articles or the casts were taken from one and the same pattern. Dionysius is represented in both
cases standing, naked and with a thyrsos in the hand. Proceeding from the known votive monuments, discovered in
settlements and villas close to Pavlikeni (Byala Cherkva, Butovo, Dimcha, Varbovka) can be claimed, that the cult
of
Artemida/Diana
was popular in the region. Quite close to the manufacture center at Pavlikeni was situated also
a sanctuary of Diana, which was functioning during the late II
-
until the mid
III c
AD, i.e. synchronous with the
examined complex. The discovered votive tablets of clay from Pavlikeni are not enough in quantity so to be claimed
that they were made for the market. At this state of the research it should be rather accepted, that they were made for
the needs of the inhabitants and for the workers in and around the villa, who referred them to the far more expensive
stone and marble articles.
Of course, the most explicit evidence, that in Pavlikeni trays, terracotta, lamps and votive tablets were made
not for the market is the fact, that there was neither one discovered kiln for that kind of articles, nor traces of wasted
production or slag.
,., · ■
r
iU
The analysis of the discovered ceramic articles in the manufacture center close to
Pavlíkem
gives reason for the
assertion, that in it was manufactured for the market only pottery, which function was mainly to serve the needs of
the situated nearby sanctuaries. The fact, that articles made here were discovered in Nicopohs ad Istrum and Novae
as well as far beyond the borders of the province Down Mizia, can be explained with it, that the ntuai pottery was
taken by their owners, mainly persons who were related in one or another way to the troops, because the articles had
cult functions and were used over and over again.
At present in the scientific literature there isn t a difference between the articles of the T^opsFra
and from Butovo, the both centers are reduced to a common denominator, which
„
not correct. Although they
in parallel, there is a differentiation in their production.
147
***
With the present research I made an attempt to give answer to a part of the problems, related to the villa in the
countryside Varbovski
Livadi
close to Pavlikeni. Undoubtedly they are many and their answer is an expensive and
definitely not an easy task. The analysis of the numismatic material gave the opportunity for the construction periods of
the complex to be distinguished. Here for the first time is presented and interpreted the entire plan of the villa, as there
are distinguished central, west and south sector. The presentation of all kinds of the ceramic articles, found during the
research, is the first stage of the work with the movable material. The treatment of the metal, glass and bone articles
lies ahead.
148
СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ
ВЪВЕДЕНИЕ
...............................................................................................................................................................5
ПАМЕТНИЦИ ОТ РИМСКАТА ЕПОХА В ПАВЛИКЕНИ И ОКОЛНОСТТА
....................................................7
ИСТОРИЯ НА ПРОУЧВАНИЯТА НА ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕНИЯ ЦЕНТЪР ПРИ ПАВЛИКЕНИ
.......................11
ПЛАН НА КОМПЛЕКСА. ИНТЕРПРЕТАЦИЯ
....................................................................................................19
1.
ОБЩИ ДАННИ
.............................................................................................................................................20
2.
ЦЕНТРАЛЕН СЕКТОР-ВИЛА
..................................................................................................................21
A. ВЪТРЕШЕН ДВОР
.....................................................................................................................................21
Б. ИЗТОЧНО КРИЛО
......................................................................................................................................27
B. ЮЖНО КРИЛО
...........................................................................................................................................29
Г. ЗАПАДНО КРИЛО
......................................................................................................................................35
Д. СЕВЕРОЗАПАДНА И СЕВЕРНА ЧАСТ
.....................................................................................................36
3.
ПОСТРОЙКИ ИЗТОЧНО И СЕВЕРНО ОТ ВИЛАТА
..............................................................................39
4.
ЗАПАДЕН СЕКТОР
.....................................................................................................................................40
5.
ЮЖЕН СЕКТОР
...........................................................................................................................................43
ХРОНОЛОГИЯ И СТРОИТЕЛНИ ПЕРИОДИ
......................................................................................................45
ВИДОВЕ КЕРАМИЧНИ ИЗДЕЛИЯ
.......................................................................................................................51
1.ОБРОЧНИ ПЛОЧКИ
....................................................................................................................................51
КАТАЛОГНА ОБРОЧНИТЕ ПЛОЧКИ
............................................................................................................65
2.
СЪДОВЕ, ДЕКОРИРАНИ
С
РЕЛЕФНИ АПЛИКАЦИИ
..........................................................................56
КАТАЛОГ НА АПЛИКАЦИИТЕ
.......................................................................................................................67
3.
ПАТЕРИ
И ДРЪЖКИ
...................................................................................................................................73
КАТАЛОГ НА ДРЪЖКИТЕ
НА ПАТЕРИ
..........................................................................................................85
4.
МЕДАЛЬОНИ
...............................................................................................................................................79
КАТАЛОГНА МЕДАЛЬОНИТЕ
........................................................................................................................95
5.
ПЕЧАТИ ЗА УКРАСА НА КЕРАМИЧНИ ИЗДЕЛИЯ
...............................................................................80
КАТАЛОГ НА ПЕЧАТИТЕ
................................................................................................................................96
6.
ТЕРАКОТИ
..................................................................................................................................................101
КАТАЛОГ НА ТЕРАКОТИТЕ
..........................................................................................................................117
7.
ЛАМПИ
.......................................................................................................................................................108
КАТАЛОГ НА ЛАМПИТЕ
...............................................................................................................................121
ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ
.......................................................................................................................................................137
THE ANCIENT PRODUCTION CENTER AT PAVLIKENI (LOWER MOESIA) SUMMARY
...........................143
ЛИТЕРАТУРА
.........................................................................................................................................................149
ПОДБРАНА БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ
НА Б. СУЛТОВ
ЗА
ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕНИЯ ЦЕНТЪР ПРИ ПАВЛИКЕНИ
.................................................................................155
СПИСЪК НА СЪКРАЩЕНИЯТА
.........................................................................................................................156
ПРИЛОЖЕНИЯ
.......................................................................................................................................................157
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Vladkova, Pavlina |
| author_facet | Vladkova, Pavlina |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Vladkova, Pavlina |
| author_variant | p v pv |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV040122946 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)796217186 (DE-599)BVBBV040122946 |
| edition | 1. izd. |
| era | Geschichte 100-400 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 100-400 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic_facet | Pavlikeni |
| id | DE-604.BV040122946 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:17:23Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789549489279 |
| language | Bulgarian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024978994 |
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| physical | 187 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2012 |
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| spelling | Vladkova, Pavlina Verfasser aut Antičen proizvodstven centăr pri Pavlikeni (Dolna Mizija) plan na kompleksa, periodizacija i vidove keramični izdelija Pavlina Vladkova 1. izd. Veliko Tărnovo Izdat. "Dar-RCh" 2012 187 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in eng. Sprache u.d.T.: The ancient production center at Pavlikeni (Lower Moesia) Geschichte 100-400 gnd rswk-swf Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd rswk-swf Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd rswk-swf Römerzeit (DE-588)4076769-3 gnd rswk-swf Siedlung (DE-588)4054858-2 gnd rswk-swf Siedlungsarchäologie (DE-588)4181216-5 gnd rswk-swf Pavlikeni (DE-588)4509199-7 gnd rswk-swf Pavlikeni (DE-588)4509199-7 g Siedlungsarchäologie (DE-588)4181216-5 s Römerzeit (DE-588)4076769-3 s DE-604 Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 s Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 s Siedlung (DE-588)4054858-2 s Geschichte 100-400 z Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024978994&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024978994&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Vladkova, Pavlina Antičen proizvodstven centăr pri Pavlikeni (Dolna Mizija) plan na kompleksa, periodizacija i vidove keramični izdelija Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd Römerzeit (DE-588)4076769-3 gnd Siedlung (DE-588)4054858-2 gnd Siedlungsarchäologie (DE-588)4181216-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4071507-3 (DE-588)4129464-6 (DE-588)4076769-3 (DE-588)4054858-2 (DE-588)4181216-5 (DE-588)4509199-7 |
| title | Antičen proizvodstven centăr pri Pavlikeni (Dolna Mizija) plan na kompleksa, periodizacija i vidove keramični izdelija |
| title_auth | Antičen proizvodstven centăr pri Pavlikeni (Dolna Mizija) plan na kompleksa, periodizacija i vidove keramični izdelija |
| title_exact_search | Antičen proizvodstven centăr pri Pavlikeni (Dolna Mizija) plan na kompleksa, periodizacija i vidove keramični izdelija |
| title_full | Antičen proizvodstven centăr pri Pavlikeni (Dolna Mizija) plan na kompleksa, periodizacija i vidove keramični izdelija Pavlina Vladkova |
| title_fullStr | Antičen proizvodstven centăr pri Pavlikeni (Dolna Mizija) plan na kompleksa, periodizacija i vidove keramični izdelija Pavlina Vladkova |
| title_full_unstemmed | Antičen proizvodstven centăr pri Pavlikeni (Dolna Mizija) plan na kompleksa, periodizacija i vidove keramični izdelija Pavlina Vladkova |
| title_short | Antičen proizvodstven centăr pri Pavlikeni (Dolna Mizija) |
| title_sort | anticen proizvodstven centar pri pavlikeni dolna mizija plan na kompleksa periodizacija i vidove keramicni izdelija |
| title_sub | plan na kompleksa, periodizacija i vidove keramični izdelija |
| topic | Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd Römerzeit (DE-588)4076769-3 gnd Siedlung (DE-588)4054858-2 gnd Siedlungsarchäologie (DE-588)4181216-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Funde Ausgrabung Römerzeit Siedlung Siedlungsarchäologie Pavlikeni |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024978994&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024978994&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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