Războiul continuu:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Romanian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Bucureşti
Ed. Militară
2011
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 262 S. |
| ISBN: | 9789733208761 |
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| adam_text | CUPRINS
CUVANT-ÎNAINTE
........................................................ 9
Abstract
............................................................................
n
Capitolul
1
CONCEPTUL DE RĂZBOI CONTINUU
.................................................. 19
1.1.
Să cunoaştem mai bine lumea în care trăim
............................ 19
1.2.
Lumea in care trăim este arena confruntării permanente
.... 20
1.3.
Cum arată războiul viitorului?
................................................... 25
1.4.
Concluzii
............................................................................................. 32
Capitolul
2
MEDIUL DE CONFRUNTARE
...................................................................... 35
2.1.
Adversarul
.......................................................................................... 37
2.2.
Mediul fizic de confruntare
.......................................................... 40
2.2.1.
Spaţiul terestru
............................................................................ 40
2.2.2.
Spaţiul aerian
.............................................................................. 42
22.3.
Spaţiul cosmic
.............................................................................. 43
2.2.4.
Oceanul planetar (spaţiul maritim)»
...................................... 45
2.2.5.
Clima şi condiţiile hidrometeorologice
................................... 47
2.3.
Spaţiul virtual
.................................................................................... 48
2.4.
Timpul
.................................................................................................. 49
2.5.
Aliaţii
.................................................................................................... 52
2.6.
Capabilităţile forţelor proprii
...................................................... 54
2.7.
Opinia publică internă şi internaţională
................................... 56
2.8.
Constrângeri şi limitări
................................................................... 58
2.9.
Concluzii
............................................................................................. 59
Capitolul
3
CONFRUNTAREA POLITICO-DIPLOM ATICĂ
..................................... 61
3.1.
Relaţia dintre politică şi diplomaţie
............................................ 61
3.2.
Politica a fost, este şi va continua să fie ghidată de interese....
64
3.3.
Politica forţei
...................................................................................... 69
3.4.
Politica din spatele uşilor închise
................................................ 71
3.5.
Scopul scuză mijloacele
.................................................................. 77
3.6.
Politica şi religia
................................................................................ 80
3.7.
Concluzii
............................................................................................. 86
6 ---------------------------------------------------
Mihail
ORZEAŢĂ
Capitolul
4
CONFRUNTAREA
ECONOMICOFINANCIARÄ................................. 89
4.1.
Dimensiunile confruntării economico-financiare
.................. 89
4.2.
Război economic sau componentă economica a războiului
continuu?
.................................................................................................... 94
4.3.
Producători
versus
consumatori
.................................................. 96
4.4.
Companiile transnaţionale şi crima organizata împotriva
statelor
............................................................................................... 99
4.5.
Globalizare
versus regionalizare.................................................. 104
4.6.
Interese economico-financiare susţinute prin orice
mijloace împotriva politicilor naţionale
............................................ 107
4.7.
Criză economico-financiară
versus
morală
.............................. 110
4.8.
Concluzii
............................................................................................. 113
Capitolul
5
CONFRUNTAREA SOCIALĂ
....................................................................... 117
5.1.
Ce este confruntarea socială?
........................................................ 117
5.2.
Dreptul natural şi darwinismul social
........................................ 118
5.3.
Confruntarea dintre angajaţi şi angajatori
............................... 124
5.4.
Confruntarea dintre generaţii
...................................................... 126
5.5.
Confruntarea dintre săraci şi bogaţi
........................................... 128
5.6.
Imigranţi şi refugiaţi
versus
cetăţenii autohtoni
..................... 130
5.7.
Concluzii
............................................................................................. 134
Capitolul
6
CONFRUNTAREA CULTURALĂ
................................................................ 137
6.1.
Există o confruntare culturală?
.................................................... 137
6.2.
Religia este un important „câmp de bătălie
în confruntarea culturală
...................................................................... 143
6.3.
Artele şi standardizarea
.................................................................. 148
6.4.
Artele şi politica
................................................................................ 149
6.5.
„Somnul raţiunii naşte monştri
.................................................. 153
6.6.
Concluzii
............................................................................................ 157
Capitolul
7
CONFRUNTAREA INFORMAŢIONALĂ
.................................................. 161
7.1.
Există o confruntare informaţională?
....................................... 161
7.2.
Informaţiile şi politica
................__............................................... 163
7.3.
Informaţia şi economia
................................................................... 168
7.4.
Informaţia şi confruntarea militară
............................................ 172
7.5.
Concluzii
............................................................................................. 177
Războiul continuu
—-----------------------------------------------------7
Capitolul
8
CONFRUNTAREA PSIHOLOGICĂ
............................................................. 178
8.1.
Ce este confruntarea psihologică?
............................................... 178
8.2.
Influenţarea psihologică prin
mass-media
............................... 183
8.3.
Influenţarea psihologică şi politica
............................................. 190
8.4.
Modificarea percepţiilor în mentalul colectiv
......................... 197
8.5.
Influenţarea psihologică prin religie
......................................... 199
8.6.
Concluzii
............................................................................................. 203
Capitolul
9
CONFRUNTAREA MILITARĂ
..................................................................... 207
9.1.
Ce este confruntarea militară?
..................................................... 207
9.2.
Cauzele confruntărilor militare
................................................... 210
9.3.
Concepţii de folosire a forţei în confruntările militare
......... 211
9.3.1.
Acţiunile militare expediţionare
.............................................. 212
9.3.2.
Operaţiile militare integrate
..................................................... 216
9.3.3.
Operaţiile militare bazate pe efecte
......................................... 218
9.3.4.
Războiul bazat pe reţea
............................................................. 224
9.3.5. Confruntările militare ale viitorului
....................................... 226
9.3.6.
Confruntările militare neconvenţionale
................................. 229
9.3.6.1.
Confruntarea asimetrică
......................................................... 230
9.3.6.2.
Terorismul
.................................................................................... 232
9.3.7.
Cauzele victoriilor şi ale înfrângerilor în confruntările
militare
......................................................................................................235
9.4.
Concluzii
............................................................................................ 239
ÎNCHEIERE
....................................................................................................... 243
BIBLIOGRAFIE SELECTIVĂ
....................................................................... 247
ABSTRACT
Chapter
1
reveals my vision about the concept of future
warfare. Getting accustomed to daily confrontation, we call it
stress and we consider it an annoying or a problem-generating
factor only when it gives us headaches, in the literal or figu¬
rative sense. We have a taught to consider confrontation only
that violent dispute that has tragic consequences for us or our
fellow men. Also, all over the world, competition is confused
-
and sometimes deliberately replaced
-
with rivalry and con¬
frontation in multiple domains: political-diplomatic, econo¬
mic-financial, social, cultural, psychological, information and
military. I have called this permanent confrontation or con¬
tinuous warfare, because no war starts spontaneously and is
carried out using only military forces. War, as it has been per¬
ceived by most of us
-
namely armed confrontation
-,
is only
the tip of the iceberg. In short, the world we live in is the arena
of permanent confrontation and that is why we should know it
better. Life itself is a permanent confrontation for a better paid
job; for trophies; for prizes and titles; for power, resources, a
greater influence, for territories etc. In other words, we have to
confront our fellow men for whatever we want or intend to do.
Under these circumstances, the Perpetual Peace
-
imagined
by
Immanuel Kant,
the Abbot of Saint-Pierre and others before
and after them
-
is less likely to ever install! Current area of
confrontation has been expanded, through adding non-milita¬
ry domains, and became multidimensional and continuous.
12 -------------------------------------------
Mihail
ORZEAŢĂ
The multidimensional character of warfare derives from
the areas of confrontation in which it gets manifest: political-
diplomatic, economic-financial, psychological, information,
technologic, cultural, military etc. The continuous character
of warfare is given by the permanent confrontation between
individuals, between communities (states, alliances, religious,
ethnic, professional entities) etc., to better support or impo¬
se interests on multiple domains: power, influence, territories
and resources. Competition, called by the majority of experts
in international relations games is preponderantly conduc¬
ted covertly, namely without being declared, through the par¬
ticipation of non-military components.
In order to acknowledge the future warfare it is necessary to
understand confrontation environment, described in chapter
2.
Any actions within a war, especially military ones, are in¬
fluenced by a multitude of factors whose effects are decisive
many times. Adversary, confrontation area, climate and mete-
orological-hydrological situation, time, own capabilities, alii
es,
neighbors, neutral ones, domestic and international public
opinion, constraints and limitations are the most important
factors that form the confrontation environment.
Chapter
3
encompasses some of the most important as¬
pects of political and diplomatic dimensions of the permanent
confrontation.
Policy is the one that establishes objectives, level of ambi¬
tion, directions of actions and attitude against partners within
international relationship frame. Level of ambition, directions
for actions and the way of accomplishing the established ob¬
jective depend on many domestic and external factors such as:
potential (economic, political, cultural, moral and military),
nature of relations of each state with its neighbors (tense, neu¬
tral, friendly, cooperation), force ratio between a certain state
Războiul continuu
-------------------------------------------- 13
and other states from the same geographical region and even
from the entire world and of course the alliance systems each
state belongs to. States interests govern International relations
system. On the other side, states have no permanent friends
but permanent interests. History, offers us a lot of examples
of force utilization to impose the strongest will against others.
The ancient people use to think that Gods sustain the strongest
from them. That could be the reason for Thomas Hobbes to say
that the fair power is the one that cannot be defeated and for
Machiavelli
to state that the ends justify means.
Religion and policy have been allies or adversaries in ac¬
cordance with their own interests because both fought for
achieving more power and influence over peoples. Some reli¬
gious leaders had a great appetite for political life and became
gray eminences like the most known French Cardinals Richeli¬
eu and Mazarin, Russian monk Rasputin, Napoleon s minister
Talleyrand
-
former bishop of Autum
-
and even heads of sta¬
tes like
ayatollah
Khomeiny. On the other side, some corone-
ted heads proclaimed themselves as the first religious leaders.
Analyzing relationship between political and religion leaders,
Blaise Pascal stated: On the Earth power is essential but in the
skies is faith.
Diplomacy is the instrument for promoting international
actors interests into global arena. Political objectives are ful¬
filled as a result of closed and correlated actions among di¬
plomacy and other components of state power, they represen¬
ting as well the dimensions for permanent confrontation too,
performed by the state, in order to sustain or impose its own
interests in international arena.
Another dimension of the permanent confrontation is
the economic one, described in chapter
4.
Almost everybo¬
dy knows that economic confrontation is very, complex and
14 —-----------------------------------------
Mihai! ORZEAŢĂ
it encompasses theories concepts, procedures, functions and
standards. The most important part of the economic confron¬
tation deals with concepts regarding the way of organizing and
functioning companies and the market. Although globalizati¬
on is a beneficial process for the mankind it is accompanied
by some unintended and unnecessary effects such as polluti¬
on, illegal immigration, brain drain, facilitation of illegal traffic
of weapons, persons, drugs and prohibited substances. Being
most interested in profit, transnational companies disregard
many times norms and rules regarding safety precautions,
ecosystem protection and sustaining social programs of unde¬
veloped and underdeveloped countries. The fight for a better
profit turn the economic competition from the fair one to the
rivalry and many times the competitors are involved into il¬
legal activities such as money laundering, blackmail, bribery,
espionage and so on. Sometimes, economic companies coo¬
perate with or act in the same manner as organized crime, in
order to reach their objectives.
The core of social confrontation is subject of chapter
5.
As we all know, human nature is conflict oriented that is why
mankind is always caught in different types of crisis. Social
confrontation is complex and encompasses daily individual
disputes as well as group and communities conflicts such as:
have against have-nots, workers against companies owners,
new against old generations and immigrants against locals. So¬
cial confrontation s magnitude and its level of intensity depend
on many factors but political and economic are the most pro-
;
minent.
Education, good social cohesion and a decent level of
;
life in every society contribute to avoiding high and large scale
j
of social confrontations.
f
Blueprint of cultural confrontation is the subject of chap-
f
ter
6.
Some people consider cultural confrontation nonsense I
Războiul continuu
-------------------------------------------- 15
because the values cannot be in conflict. Others believe that
interests and eager for fame of the creators destroy cultural va¬
lues in order to replace them with other ones. Cultural as well
other types of confrontation are mainly based on emotions like
hate, need, desire and envy. Arts, sciences and religions are
among the most prominent dimensions of the cultural con¬
frontation, at individual as well as community level. For many
German philosophers culture is the spirit, meaning something
that comes from the inside of the human being, while civiliza¬
tion is related to power, which is the external influence over
the humans. Most of the scholars in philosophy do not diffe¬
rentiate culture from civilization but do not come to a consen¬
sus for rigorous definition of the culture.
The 7th chapter deals with information confrontation, also
known as information warfare. Information has always been
important because decision-makers could take inappropriate
decisions if they do not have valuable information or if they
have mistaken perceptions about situations they confront with.
As one known expert said
50 %
of conflict situation from the
last century were based on mistaken perceptions about situa¬
tions. Knowing the lessons of the history all important leaders
tried to eliminate risks or at least to reduce the impact of risks
caused by the lack or inappropriate information starting intel¬
ligence gathering in order to forecast the evolution of events.
Thus the so-called information warfare was initiated and adap¬
ted to all the situations
-
peace, crisis and wartime
-
and all
types and means for collecting, processing and disseminating
information.
Spying is illegal, harsh but necessary activity for preventing
unpleasant surprises like armed aggression, terrorist attack,
hidden decisions against a country or community etc. That is
why lord Walsingham
-
Queen s Elisabeth I of England chief of
16-------------------------------------------
Mihail
ORZEAŢĂ
the spies said that information is never too expensive. Igno¬
ring power of the information as well as having nonprofessio-
nal or careless people dealing with the information gathering,
processing and elaborating prognosis may cause many failures
in political as well in any type of competitions.
The substance for the 8th chapter is psychological con¬
frontation, the main component of the so-called silent war.
Moral strength is the most important component of the state
power, because victory in any war comes when the enemy lo¬
oses its will to fight. Psychological component of the total and
continuous warfare has double impact: on the adversary and
on own population and armed forces. Moral strength is the re¬
sult of social cohesion, at nation and alliance s level and it helps
every citizen and community to protect against adversary s at¬
tempts to influence them. If the actions of the leadership of a
nation are not sustained by its own citizens then the actions
will fail as happened in Vietnam War with USA and in Afghan
War with USSR.
Military confrontation is the topic for the 9th chapter. Wi¬
thin this chapter I tried to convince you that this dimension of
the war should no longer be assimilated to war. In other words,
military confrontation is the top of the iceberg, which is real
war
-
the continuous and total (multidimensional) one.
Science and technology produced many innovations into
weapon systems designs and effects at the target, as well as
into the strategies and the way to conduct military operations.
In the foreseeable future many military experts believe that
Clausewitzian war type is no longer possible. Most probably
military confrontation will be unconventional
-
asymmetric,
guerilla, insurgency, terrorism, hybrid
-
or mosaic type. The
objectives, ways of deploying and employing military forces
Războiul continuu
-------------------------------------------- 17
and weapon system used for accomplishing objectives of the
wars will differentiate types of the military confrontations. On
the other side, no matter types of the wars, they had and conti¬
nue to have something in common, namely using violence for
destroying the enemy will to fight.
The newest concepts for waging military operations are
based on military thinking from the world history, from expe¬
ditionary and integrated ones to effect based operations and
network centric warfare. No matter the type of the future wars,
all of them will have something in common
-
the most impor¬
tant target will be human mind and not killing the adversaries
because somebody has to work. It is important to make you
aware that war against terror might not be won because ter¬
rorists
-
the hidden enemy
-
could be from and among us.
Obama
Administration has recently understood that terrorists
cannot be easily defeated. As a consequence, The US President
declared at
2009
UN General Assembly: it is time for sharing
our responsibilities in order to give a global answer to the glo¬
bal threats .
In the end I do think that permanent confrontation can¬
not be stopped, at least for the foreseeable future, but its inten¬
sity could be diminished trough education. Education is the
way to make every human being aware about the consequen¬
ces of continuing this all against all war type. In other words,
we have to invest in education, economy, research and deve¬
lopment rather than in weapons that consume resources and
stimulate the evolution of the conflict s germ that may lead us
to self-destruction.
|
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| author | Orzeaţă, Mihail 1951- |
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| author_facet | Orzeaţă, Mihail 1951- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Orzeaţă, Mihail 1951- |
| author_variant | m o mo |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV040111066 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)796208991 (DE-599)BVBBV040111066 |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV040111066 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:17:07Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789733208761 |
| language | Romanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024967398 |
| oclc_num | 796208991 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 262 S. |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publishDateSearch | 2011 |
| publishDateSort | 2011 |
| publisher | Ed. Militară |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Orzeaţă, Mihail 1951- Verfasser (DE-588)1023093030 aut Războiul continuu Mihail Orzeaţă Bucureşti Ed. Militară 2011 262 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Krieg (DE-588)4033114-3 gnd rswk-swf Sozialer Konflikt (DE-588)4055747-9 gnd rswk-swf Globalisierung (DE-588)4557997-0 gnd rswk-swf Konfrontation (DE-588)4164971-0 gnd rswk-swf Globalisierung (DE-588)4557997-0 s Krieg (DE-588)4033114-3 s Sozialer Konflikt (DE-588)4055747-9 s Konfrontation (DE-588)4164971-0 s Geschichte z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024967398&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024967398&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Orzeaţă, Mihail 1951- Războiul continuu Krieg (DE-588)4033114-3 gnd Sozialer Konflikt (DE-588)4055747-9 gnd Globalisierung (DE-588)4557997-0 gnd Konfrontation (DE-588)4164971-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4033114-3 (DE-588)4055747-9 (DE-588)4557997-0 (DE-588)4164971-0 |
| title | Războiul continuu |
| title_auth | Războiul continuu |
| title_exact_search | Războiul continuu |
| title_full | Războiul continuu Mihail Orzeaţă |
| title_fullStr | Războiul continuu Mihail Orzeaţă |
| title_full_unstemmed | Războiul continuu Mihail Orzeaţă |
| title_short | Războiul continuu |
| title_sort | razboiul continuu |
| topic | Krieg (DE-588)4033114-3 gnd Sozialer Konflikt (DE-588)4055747-9 gnd Globalisierung (DE-588)4557997-0 gnd Konfrontation (DE-588)4164971-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Krieg Sozialer Konflikt Globalisierung Konfrontation |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024967398&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024967398&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT orzeatamihail razboiulcontinuu |