Climate, environment and agriculture in Assyria: in the 2. half of the 2. millennium BCE
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Wiesbaden
Harrassowitz
2011
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Studia Chaburensia
2 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XVI, 290 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9783447066303 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Climate, environment and agriculture in Assyria |b in the 2. half of the 2. millennium BCE |c Hervé Reculeau |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804149049310314496 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | IMAGE 1
CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES XI
LIST OF FIGURES XIII
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XV
INTRODUCTION 1
P A RT 1 ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE IN THE NEAR EAST DURING THE SECOND
MILLENNIUM B CE 7
CHAPTER 1 PRESENT-DAY ECOSYSTEMS OF UPPER MESOPOTAMIA 9
1.1 GEOGRAPHICAL SETTING AND CLIMATE 9
1.1.1 TOPOGRAPHY 9
1.1.1.1 THE GAZIRA PLATEAU 9
1.1.1.2 THE TIGRIS 9
1.1.1.3 THE EUPHRATES 10
1.1.1.4 THE HABUR 12
1.1.1.5 THE BALIH 13
1.1.2 CLIMATE 14
1.2 AGRO-PASTORAL GEOGRAPHY OF UPPER MESOPOTAMIA 15
1.2.1 THE ZONE OF DRY-FARMING 16
1.2.2 THE ZONE OF MARGINAL CULTIVATION 16
1.2.3 THE ARID ZONE 17
1.2.4 RIVER OASES 17
1.3 ACTUAL AND POTENTIAL ECOSYSTEMS OF UPPER MESOPOTAMIA 17
1.3.1 REDUCED WATERFLOWS 17
1.3.1.1 THE TIGRIS 17
1.3.1.2 THE EUPHRATES 18
1.3.1.3 THE HABUR 19
1.3.1.4 THE BALIH 20
1.3.2 A DEGRADED FAUNA AND FLORA 20
1.3.3 POTENTIAL ECOSYSTEMS OF UPPER MESOPOTAMIA 23
1.3.3.1 THE NORTH-EAST: OPEN PARK WOODLAND 24
1.3.3.2 THE SOUTH-WEST: FROM TEREBINTH-ALMOND WOODLAND-STEPPE TO ARID
STEPPE 24
1.3.3.3 VALLEY FLOORS: RIVERINE FOREST 24
CHAPTER 2 ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE IN THE 2 ND MILLENNIUM B CE ACCORDING TO
PALAEO-CLIMATIC STUDIES 27
2.1 2 ND MILLENNIUM B CE CLIMATE IN LONG-TERM SEQUENCES 27
2.1.1 GLOBAL SEQUENCES 28
2.1.1.1 THE 2 ND MILLENNIUM B CE IN THE GREENLAND ICE CORES 28
2.1.1.2 THE 2 ND MILLENNIUM B CE IN THE NORTH-ATLANTIC CORES 29
2.1.1.3 GREENLAND AND NORTH ATLANTIC CORES IN NEAR-EASTERN PERSPECTIVE
29
IMAGE 2
VI C O N T E N TS
2.1.2 REGIONAL SEQUENCES 30
2.1.2.1 UPPER MESOPOTAMIAN PALAEO-CLIMATIC RECORDS OF THE 2 ND
MILLENNIUM B CE 30
2.1.2.2 EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN PALAEO-CLIMATIC RECORDS OF THE 2 ND
MILLENNIUM B CE 31
2.1.2.2.1 LEVELS OF THE DEAD SEA AND THE SEA OF GALILEE 31
2.1.2.2.2 SPELEOTHEMS FROM THE SOREQ CAVE 33
2.1.2.3 2 ND MILLENNIUM B CE PALAEO-CLIMATIC RECORDS FROM NORTHERN AND
EASTERN MOUNTAIN RANGES 34
2A23A LAKE ISOTOPE RECORDS FROM TURKEY 34
2.1.2.3.2 LAKE ISOTOPE RECORDS FROM WESTERN IRAN 35
2.2 UPPER MESOPOTAMIAN ECOSYSTEMS IN THE 2 ND MILLENNIUM B CE AND THEIR
MEANING IN TERMS OF CLIMATE 38
2.2.1 CHANGES IN VEGETATION COVER ACCORDING TO LONG-TERM POLLEN RECORDS
38
2.2.2.1 THE POLLEN DIAGRAM FROM BUARA (SOUTHERN GAZIRA) 38
2.2.2.2 NEAR EASTERN POLLEN DIAGRAMS OUTSIDE UPPER MESOPOTAMIA 40
2.2.2 CHANGES IN VEGETATION COVER ACCORDING TO BOTANICAL EVIDENCE FROM
ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXTS 41
2.2.2.1 PRESERVED RIVERINE ECOSYSTEMS 42
2.2.2.2 THE STEPPIC PLATEAU AND MOUNTAIN RANGES: AN ELUSIVE EVIDENCE 44
2.3 2 ND MILLENNIUM B CE CLIMATIC CONDITIONS ACCORDING TO SEDIMENT
ARCHIVES OF UPPER MESOPOTAMIA 45
2.3.1 PHASE 1 (11,000 BP-7000 BP [CA. 10,800-5600 B C E ]; PRE-HASSUNA,
HASSUNA, AND SAMARRA PERIODS): AGGRADATION PROCESSES IN A WARM AND MOIST
CONTEXT 45
2.3.2 PHASE 2 (7000 BP-5000 BP [CA. 5600-3700 B C E ]; THE HALAF AND
OBED PERIODS): COLDER AND MOISTER CONDITIONS DURING THE SECOND
HOLOCENE OPTIMUM , A TRANSITIONAL PHASE? 47
2.3.3 PHASE 3 (5000-4000- BP [3700-CA. 2500- B C E ], THE URUK PERIOD
AND THE BEGINNING OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE): DRIER CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
AND INCISION OF RIVERS IN
THE PREVIOUSLY BUIH TERRACES 49
2.3.4 PHASE 4 (4000-2900 BP [2500-900 B C E ], THE [LATE EARLY ],
MIDDLE AND LATE BRONZE AGES): ARIDITY, DRAMATIC FLOODS AND THE
CONSTITUTION OF THE Q 0B TERRACE 50
2.3.4.1 INCREASED ARIDITY AND HIGH FLOOD EPISODES IN THE 3 RD AND EARLY
2 ND MILLENNIA B CE 51
2.3.4.2 DATING THE Q 0B AGGRADATION PHASE 52
2.3.4.2.1 THE CERAMIC SEQUENCE OF THE Q 0B FORMATION: EARLY TO LATE
BRONZE AGE 52
2.3.4.2.2 THE Q 0B FORMATION AT EMAR AND HARRADUM 53
2.3.4.2.3 INSTABILITY OF THE EUPHRATES CHANNEL ACCORDING TO THE MARI
LETTERS 56
2.3.4.3 THE Q 0B AGGRADATION PHASE: CLIMATIC AND/OR ANTHROPOGENIC? 57
2.3.4.4 END OF THE Q 0B AGGRADATION PHASE AND THE RENEWAL OF RIVER
INCISION 58
CHAPTER 3 CLIMATIC TRENDS OF LATE BRONZE AGE ANATOLIA / NORTHERN SYRIA
ACCORDING
TO THE MACROPHYSICAL CLIMATE MODEL 61
3.1 MODELIZED RAINFALL AT QAMISLT 62
3.2 MODELIZED CLIMATES OF ANATOLIA 62
3.3 MODELIZED DISCHARGE OF THE EUPHRATES AND HABUR 63
CONCLUSION OF PART 1: LATE BRONZE AGE UPPER MESOPOTAMIA IN
PALAEO-CLIMATIC PERSPECTIVE 67
IMAGE 3
C O N T E N TS V II
P A RT 2 MIDDLE ASSYRIAN YIELDS AND THE LIMIT OF DRY-FARMING IN THE 13
TH CENTURY B C E: A VIEW FROM THE TEXTS 71
CHAPTER 4 IRRIGATION AGRICULTURE AND DRY-FARMING IN UPPER MESOPOTAMIA
ACCORDING TO MIDDLE ASSYRIAN DOCUMENTS 73
4.1 THE DOMAIN OF PREDOMINANT DRY-FARMING WITH SUPPLEMENTARY IRRIGATION
73
4.1.1 THE UPPER GAZIRA 73
4.1.2 THE REGION OF ASSUR AND THE WESTERN BANK OF THE TIGRIS 74
4.1.3 THE LOWER ZAB REGION 76
4.2 THE DOMAIN OF PREDOMINANT IRRIGATION AGRICULTURE 76
4.2.1 SOUTH OF THE SINGAR: THE WADI TARTAR 76
4.2.2 KAR-TUKULTI-NINURTA AND THE EASTERN BANK OF THE TIGRIS 78
4.2.3 THE NORTHERN BALIH VALLEY / TALL SABI ABYAD 79
4.3 DRY-FARMING AND/OR IRRIGATION ON THE LOWER HABUR? THE CASE OF MIDDLE
ASSYRIAN DUR-KATLIMMU 79
4.3.1 A DEBATED AND CRUCIAL CASE 80
4.3.2 EXCLUSIVE IRRIGATION AGRICULTURE OR MIXED PRACTICES? 81
4.3.2.1 THE EXISTENCE OF IRRIGATION AT DUR-KATLIMMU IS CERTAIN 81
4.3.2.2 THE SER U -FIELDS OF DUR-KATLIMMU: A PROBLEMATIC
IDENTIFICATION 82
4.3.2.2.1 CAN SER U BE EQUATED WITH IRRIGATED FIELDS? 82
4.3.2.2.2 SER U OR S A R ( R A ) U? 84
4.3.2.3 USE OF WAD! WATERS IN IRRIGATED AND NON IRRIGATED CONTEXT 88
CHAPTER 5 MIDDLE ASSYRIAN YIELDS IN THE 13 TH CENTURY B C E:
METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES 93
5.1 MIDDLE ASSYRIAN TEXTS AND CEREAL YIELDS: POSSIBILITIES AND LIMITS 93
5.1.1 MIDDLE ASSYRIAN YIELDS: THE STATE OF RESEARCH 94
5.1.2 NATURE OF THE EVIDENCE 95
5.1.2.1 DOCUMENTS ISSUED DURING THE CLEARANCE OF THE GRAIN HEAP
(DUR-KATLIMMU & ASSUR) 95
5.1.2.2 DOMANIAL ADMINISTRATION OF A D U N NU (TALL SABI ABYAD) 97
5.1.2.3 RURAL MANAGEMENT AT KAR-TUKULTI-NINURTA 99
5.1.3 SCRIBAL ERRORS AND HOW THEY AFFECT YIELD ESTIMATES 101
5.1.3.1 MISTAKES IN ADDITIONS AND SUBSTRACTIONS 101
5.1.3.2 MISTAKES IN MULTIPLICATIONS AND DIVISIONS 103
5.2 METROLOGICAL ISSUES:
MIDDLE ASSYRIAN CAPACITY MEASURES AND THEIR RELATIONS 104
5.2.1 THE RELATION BETWEEN THE SMALL SUTU AND THE SUTU OF THE H I B U R
NU 105
5.2.2 THE RELATION BETWEEN THE OLD SUTU AND THE SUTU OF THE H I B U R NU
106
5.2.2.1 THE STATE OF RESEARCH: 1 OLD SUTU = 1 SUTU OF THE H I B U R NU
107
5.2.2.2 A NEW HYPOTHESIS: 1 SUTU OF THE H I B U R NU = 1,25 OLD SUTU 107
5.2.2.2.1 B A T SH 9 72, 6-10 107
5.2.2.2.2 B A T SH 9 74: A STRONG CONTRADICTION OR A SCRIBAL ERRROR? 109
IMAGE 4
V I II C O N T E N TS
5.2.2.2.3 SEED ESTIMATES IN THE DOCUMENTS FROM TALL SEH HAMAD 110
5.2.2.2.4 M A RV [1] 1+, I 49 -60 114
5.2.3 THE VALUE OF THE UNSPECIFIED S U T U 116
5.3 YIELDS ANCIENT AND MODEM: THE LIMITS OF COMPARISON 121
5.3.1 THE ABSOLUTE VALUE OF MIDDLE ASSYRIAN MEASURES 121
5.3.1.1 THE ABSOLUTE VALUE OF MIDDLE ASSYRIAN SURFACE UNITS 122
5.3.1.2 THE ABSOLUTE VALUE OF MIDDLE ASSYRIAN CAPACITY UNITS 122
5.3.1.2.1 OLD BABYLONIAN SUTU OF SAMAS AND MIDDLE ASSYRIAN OLD SUTU 123
5.3.1.2.2 MIDDLE ASSYRIAN INSCRIBED JARS FROM TALL HUWERA AND TALL SEH
HAMAD 125
5.3.2 ANCIENT AND MODEM SEED/YIELDS RATES: SOME COMPARATIVE EVIDENCE 127
CHAPTER 6 MIDDLE ASSYRIAN YIELDS AND THE LIMITS OF DRY-FARMING 129
6.1 PRODUCTIVITY OF FIELDS IN THE MIDDLE ASSYRIAN KINGDOM 129
6.1.1 PRODUCTIVITY OF FIELDS FROM THE EASTERN PART OF THE KINGDOM 129
6.1.1.1 FIELDS FROM HISSUTU 129
6.1.1.2 FIELDS FROM NEMAD-ESTAR 130
6.1.1.3 FIELDS FROM TARBASHE 131
6.1.1.4 FIELDS FROM KAR-TUKULTI-NINURTA 131
6.1.2 PRODUCTIVITY OF FIELDS ALONG THE LOWER HABUR 133
6.1.2.1 THE FIELDS OF DUER-KATLIMMU 133
6.1.2.1.1 DUR-KATLIMMU FIELD NO. 1 (THE SAR[RA] U-FIELD) 133
6.1.2.1.2 DUR-KATLIMMU FIELD NO. 2 136
6.1.2.1.3 DUR-KATLIMMU FIELD NO. 3 138
6.1.2.1.4 DUR-KATLIMMU FIELD NO. 4 141
6.1.2.1.5 DUR-KATLIMMU FIELD NO. 5 143
6.1.2.2 THE FIELDS OF DUARA 143
6.2 IN SEARCH OF THE DRY-FARMING BELT: MIDDLE ASSYRIAN YIELDS IN
COMPARISON 146
6.2.1 A COMPARISON OF MIDDLE ASSYRIAN YIELDS PER 146
6.2.2 IRRELEVANCY OF YIELDS AS AN INDICATOR OF DRY-FARMING 150
6.2.3 HIGH AND LOW SEED/YIELD RATES IN IRRIGATION AGRICULTURE: THE NUZI
CASE 151
CHAPTER 7 GOOD TIMES, BAD TIMES: YIELD VARIABILITY DURING THE 13 TH
CENTURY B CE 155
7.1 CHRONOLOGICAL PROLEGOMENA 155
7.1.1 EPONYMS OF THE REIGN OF SALMANASSAR I (1263-1234 B C E) ACCORDING
TO THE YIELD-TEXTS 156
7.1.1.1 THE CHRONOLOGY OF THE ASSUR YIELD-TEXTS 156
7.1.1.2 OLD GRAIN IN ASSUR AND DUR-KATLIMMU, AND ITS MEANING IN TERMS
OF CHRONOLOGY 159
7.1.2 EPONYMS OF THE REIGN OF TUKULTI-NINURTA I (1233-1197) ACCORDING TO
THE YIELD-TEXTS 163
7.1.2.1 THE OVERSEERS OF PLOUGHMEN AND THE CHRONOLOGY OF THE
DUR-KATLIMMU YIELD-TEXTS . .. 163 7.1.2.1.1 THE SEQUENCE OF THE
OVERSEERS OF PLOUGHMEN: METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS 163
IMAGE 5
C O N T E N TS IX
7.1.2.1.2 THE EPONYMS LIBUR-ZANIN-ASSUR AND ASSUR-NADIN-APLI 165
7.1.2.1.3 THE LAST YEARS DOCUMENTED BY THE P I S E R TI K A R U E
DOCUMENTS 166
7.1.2.1.4 SUMMARY OF THE EVIDENCE: THE OVERSEERS OF PLOUGHMEN OF
DUR-KATLIMMU IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER 167
7.1.2.2 THE KAR-TUKULTI-NINURTA TEXTS 169
7.1.3 THE PERIODICITY AND DATE OF THE CLEARANCE OF THE GRAIN-HEAP 169
7.2 INTER- AND INTRA-ANNUAL VARIABILTY OF YIELDS IN IRRIGATED CONTEXT:
THE LOWER HABUR 173
7.2.1 INTER-ANNUAL VARIABILITY AS A CLIMATIC INDICATOR 173
7.2.1.1 STRONG INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY OF BARLEY YIELDS AT DUR-KATLIMMU
AND DUARA DURING THE 13 TH CENTURY B CE 173
7.2.1.2 SEED/YIELD RATES FROM THE HEARTLAND OF ASSYRIA IN VIEW OF THE
DUR-KATLIMMU EVIDENCE 176
7.2.1.3 INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY OF WHEAT YIELDS AT DUR-KATLIMMU DURING
THE 13 TH CENTURY B CE 180
7.2.2 INTER ANNUAL VARIABILITY AND IRRIGATION 182
7.2.2.1 THE IMPORTANCE OF RAINFALL FOR IRRIGATION AGRICULTURE 182
7.2.2.2 IRRIGATION TECHNIQUES: FURROW OR BASIN IRRIGATION? 183
7.2.2.3 SOURCES OF WATER AND THEIR ACCESSIBILITY 184
7.2.3 INTRA-ANNUAL VARIABILITY AND CROP FAILURE AT DUR-KATLIMMU AND
DUARA 187
7.2.3.1 VARIATIONS OF PRODUCTIVITY GAINS ON THE SAR(RA) U-FIELDS 187
7.2.3.2 THE FIELDS OF DUR-KATLIMMU AND DUARA: A TENTATIVE LOCATION 188
7.2.3.2.1 THE AGRICULTURAL CATCHMENT OF DUR-KATLIMMU 188
7.2.3.2.2 TYPES OF LAND AND ACCESS TO WATER AROUND DUR-KATLIMMU 191
7.3 POOR HARVESTS IN KAR-TUKULTI-NINURTA AT THE END OF THE 13 TH CENTURY
B CE 198
7.3.1 LOW YIELDS AND STRONG INTRA-ANNUAL VARIABILITY IN IRRIGATED
CONTEXT 199
7.3.2 KAR-TUKULTI-NINURTA AND BAD CLIMATIC CONDITIONS: WHICH CAME FIRST?
200
CONCLUSION 207
APPENDIX MIDDLE ASSYRIAN TEXTS PERTAINING TO YIELD RECONSTRUCTIONS, IN
TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION 211
APP. 1 TEXTS FROM ASSUR 213
APP. 2 TEXTS FROM KAR-TUKULTI-NINURTA 218
APP. 3 TEXTS FROM DUR-KATLIMMU 222
APP. 3.1 TEXTS FROM THE CLEARANCE OF THE GRAIN-HEAP 222
APP. 3.2 DELIVERIES OF GRAIN AS SEEDS 260
BIBLIOGRAPHY 263
INDEX 285
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Reculeau, Hervé |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1024878457 |
| author_facet | Reculeau, Hervé |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Reculeau, Hervé |
| author_variant | h r hr |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV040099568 |
| classification_rvk | NG 4000 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)767905820 (DE-599)DNB1016472722 |
| dewey-full | 935.02 |
| dewey-hundreds | 900 - History & geography |
| dewey-ones | 935 - Mesopotamia & Iranian Plateau to 637 |
| dewey-raw | 935.02 |
| dewey-search | 935.02 |
| dewey-sort | 3935.02 |
| dewey-tens | 930 - History of ancient world to ca. 499 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Assyrien (DE-588)4003285-1 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Assyrien |
| id | DE-604.BV040099568 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:16:51Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783447066303 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024956147 |
| oclc_num | 767905820 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-20 DE-188 DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-20 DE-188 DE-12 |
| physical | XVI, 290 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publishDateSearch | 2011 |
| publishDateSort | 2011 |
| publisher | Harrassowitz |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Studia Chaburensia |
| series2 | Studia Chaburensia |
| spelling | Reculeau, Hervé Verfasser (DE-588)1024878457 aut Climate, environment and agriculture in Assyria in the 2. half of the 2. millennium BCE Hervé Reculeau Wiesbaden Harrassowitz 2011 XVI, 290 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Studia Chaburensia 2 Klimaänderung (DE-588)4164199-1 gnd rswk-swf Landwirtschaft (DE-588)4034402-2 gnd rswk-swf Umweltveränderung (DE-588)4304982-5 gnd rswk-swf Assyrien (DE-588)4003285-1 gnd rswk-swf Assyrien (DE-588)4003285-1 g Klimaänderung (DE-588)4164199-1 s Umweltveränderung (DE-588)4304982-5 s Landwirtschaft (DE-588)4034402-2 s DE-604 Studia Chaburensia 2 (DE-604)BV036786655 2 SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024956147&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Reculeau, Hervé Climate, environment and agriculture in Assyria in the 2. half of the 2. millennium BCE Studia Chaburensia Klimaänderung (DE-588)4164199-1 gnd Landwirtschaft (DE-588)4034402-2 gnd Umweltveränderung (DE-588)4304982-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4164199-1 (DE-588)4034402-2 (DE-588)4304982-5 (DE-588)4003285-1 |
| title | Climate, environment and agriculture in Assyria in the 2. half of the 2. millennium BCE |
| title_auth | Climate, environment and agriculture in Assyria in the 2. half of the 2. millennium BCE |
| title_exact_search | Climate, environment and agriculture in Assyria in the 2. half of the 2. millennium BCE |
| title_full | Climate, environment and agriculture in Assyria in the 2. half of the 2. millennium BCE Hervé Reculeau |
| title_fullStr | Climate, environment and agriculture in Assyria in the 2. half of the 2. millennium BCE Hervé Reculeau |
| title_full_unstemmed | Climate, environment and agriculture in Assyria in the 2. half of the 2. millennium BCE Hervé Reculeau |
| title_short | Climate, environment and agriculture in Assyria |
| title_sort | climate environment and agriculture in assyria in the 2 half of the 2 millennium bce |
| title_sub | in the 2. half of the 2. millennium BCE |
| topic | Klimaänderung (DE-588)4164199-1 gnd Landwirtschaft (DE-588)4034402-2 gnd Umweltveränderung (DE-588)4304982-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Klimaänderung Landwirtschaft Umweltveränderung Assyrien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024956147&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV036786655 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT reculeauherve climateenvironmentandagricultureinassyriainthe2halfofthe2millenniumbce |