New technologies for toxicity testing:
Gespeichert in:
Format: | Buch |
---|---|
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
New York, NY
Springer [u.a.]
2012
|
Schriftenreihe: | Advances in experimental medicine and biology
745 |
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index Current developments in cell culture technology / Glyn Stacey -- Embryonic stem cells in safety pharmacology and toxicology / Tina C. Stummann and Susanne Bremer -- Trends in cell culture technology / Uwe Marx -- Tissue engineering in the development of replacement technologies / Kevin M. Shakesheff and Felicity R.A.J. Rose -- Toxicity testing of nanomaterials / Amanda M. Schrand ... [et al.] -- Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models in toxicity testing and risk assessment / John C. Lipscomb ... [et al.] -- In silico methods for toxicity prediction / Robert D. Combes -- Luminescent quantum dots for molecular toxicology / Shivang R. Dave -- Engineering quasi-vivo, in-vitro organ models / Tommaso Sbrana and Arti Ahluwalia -- ECVAM and new technologies for toxicity testing / Susanne Bremer ... [et al.] -- Medium to high throughput screening: microfabrication and chip-based technology / Yuan Wen, Xudong Zhang, and Shang-Tian Yang -- The use of genomics in model in vitro sy |
Beschreibung: | XXVIII, 258 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
ISBN: | 9781461430544 |
Internformat
MARC
LEADER | 00000nam a2200000 cb4500 | ||
---|---|---|---|
001 | BV040031943 | ||
003 | DE-604 | ||
005 | 20120713 | ||
007 | t | ||
008 | 120404s2012 ad|| |||| 00||| eng d | ||
010 | |a 2011048668 | ||
020 | |a 9781461430544 |9 978-1-4614-3054-4 | ||
035 | |a (OCoLC)781370454 | ||
035 | |a (DE-599)HBZHT017175876 | ||
040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rakwb | ||
041 | 0 | |a eng | |
049 | |a DE-12 |a DE-355 |a DE-91 | ||
084 | |a XI 2500 |0 (DE-625)152987:12905 |2 rvk | ||
245 | 1 | 0 | |a New technologies for toxicity testing |c [participants: Arti Ahluwalia ...]. Ed. by Michael Balls ... |
264 | 1 | |a New York, NY |b Springer [u.a.] |c 2012 | |
300 | |a XXVIII, 258 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
490 | 1 | |a Advances in experimental medicine and biology |v 745 | |
500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
500 | |a Current developments in cell culture technology / Glyn Stacey -- Embryonic stem cells in safety pharmacology and toxicology / Tina C. Stummann and Susanne Bremer -- Trends in cell culture technology / Uwe Marx -- Tissue engineering in the development of replacement technologies / Kevin M. Shakesheff and Felicity R.A.J. Rose -- Toxicity testing of nanomaterials / Amanda M. Schrand ... [et al.] -- Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models in toxicity testing and risk assessment / John C. Lipscomb ... [et al.] -- In silico methods for toxicity prediction / Robert D. Combes -- Luminescent quantum dots for molecular toxicology / Shivang R. Dave -- Engineering quasi-vivo, in-vitro organ models / Tommaso Sbrana and Arti Ahluwalia -- ECVAM and new technologies for toxicity testing / Susanne Bremer ... [et al.] -- Medium to high throughput screening: microfabrication and chip-based technology / Yuan Wen, Xudong Zhang, and Shang-Tian Yang -- The use of genomics in model in vitro sy | ||
650 | 2 | |a Toxicity Tests |a methods | |
650 | 0 | 7 | |a Toxizitätstest |0 (DE-588)4060540-1 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
655 | 7 | |0 (DE-588)4143413-4 |a Aufsatzsammlung |2 gnd-content | |
689 | 0 | 0 | |a Toxizitätstest |0 (DE-588)4060540-1 |D s |
689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
700 | 1 | |a Balls, Michael |e Sonstige |0 (DE-588)140923632 |4 oth | |
700 | 1 | |a Ahluwalia, Arti |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
830 | 0 | |a Advances in experimental medicine and biology |v 745 |w (DE-604)BV000003102 |9 745 | |
856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung UB Regensburg |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024888820&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024888820 |
Datensatz im Suchindex
_version_ | 1804149029252104192 |
---|---|
adam_text | CONTENTS
1.
CURRENT
DEVELOPMENTS IN
CELL CULTURE
TECHNOLOGY...........1
Glyn Stacey
Abstract.......;........;........................».
.............................................................................................1
Introduction.·..·.....··.·
.......................·.··........·.....·...................·...·.«·.........................·.....................2
New Technologies
for Cell Delivery
............................................................................................
З
New Cell Cultures for Toxicology
...............................................................................................7
The Importance of Good Cell Culture Practice
......................................................................10
Regulation.......······«.........·.·....·..·...·····.....
...........····......··..............·..........................·................... 11
Conclusion
...·..·.·...·..·.·....·.........................·.·.,·.·..................................········.........·.........·............ 11
2.
EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS IN SAFETY PHARMACOLOGY
AND TOXICOLOGY
.....................................................................................14
Tina C.
Stummann
and
Susanne Bremer ~
Abstract......
......···.··......·.·...·..·.........................·..·.···.........................................·■···......................14
Introduction·.........
.............·..·····.............................*·····...............·..............................................14
Major Progress in the Use of Embryonic Stem Cells in Safety Pharmacology
and Toxicology..............·...·.·.......
.........................···...................*.......·.......·.·......·................16
The Use of Embryonic Stem Cells in Embryotoxicity Tests
...................................................18
Further Considerations
.............................................................................................................21
Conclusion
.........····......·.....
•..•....••.............•.............•..••••••....л.................·.··.··..···
........................22
3.
TRENDS IN CELL CULTURE TECHNOLOGY
.............................·.................26
Uwe Marx
Abstract.........................
..............................................................................;...............................26
Introduction: The 21st Century Test Dilemma
.......................................................................26
Do Cell Culture Technologies Provide Meaningful Solutions?
..............................................27
Overcoming the Gap in In Vitro Testing
..................................................................................34
Conclusion
......·.·......·......·.···,·.·...·......·..·..··..··..·.·■···········.......·..·......·...···..............................*.....44
xxvi CONTENTS
4.
TISSUE
ENGINEERING IN THE DEVELOPMENT
OF REPLACEMENT
TECHNOLOGIES...................................................47
Kevin M. Shakesheffand
Felicity
IL
A. J.
Rose
Abstract
.......................................................................................................................................47
Introduction
................................................................................................................................47
Overview of Tissue Engineering Strategies
.............................................................................48
Review of Specific Tissue Engineering Advances by Tissue
...................................................49
Conclusion
..................................................................................................................................54
5.
TOXICITY
TESTING OF NANOMATERIALS
.................................................58
Amanda M. Schrand, Liming Dai, John J.
Schlager
and Saber M. Hussain
Abstract
.......................................................................................................................................58
Introduction
................................................................................................................................59
In Vitro
Toxicity
Assessment
.....................................................................................................62
Mechanisms of Nanomaterial
Toxicity
.....................................................................................69
Conclusion
..................................................................................................................................70
6.
PHYSIOLOGICALLY-BASED PHARMACOKINETIC (PBPK)
MODELS IN
TOXICITY
TESTING AND RISK ASSESSMENT
.............76
John C. Lipscomb,
Sami
Haddad,
Torka
Poet and
Kannan
Krishnan
Abstract
.................................·............·........................................................................................ 76
Introduction
..........·..................................................................................................................... 76
Model Development
...................................................................................................................77
Model Evaluation....
...................................................................................................................85
Model Application...
................................................................................................................... 85
Conclusion
.................................................................................................................................. 90
7.
IN SILICO METHODS FOR
TOXICITY
PREDICTION
.................................96
Robert D. Combes
Abstract
.......................................................................................................................................96
Introduction
............................................................................................................................···· 96
QSAR Modeling
.........................................................................................................................97
Expert Systems
.........................................................................................................................100
The Applicability Domain (AD)
..............................................................................................101
Validation and Regulatory Acceptance
..................................................................................101
Applications of QSAR Modeling and Expert Systems
.........................................................104
Discussion...
...............................................................................................................................109
Conclusion
·■···■·······■·······················■·■■·..■..............···················■····■··■.■■■■.................................... 112
CONTENTS xxvü
8. LUMINESCENT QUANTUM
DOTS
FOR MOLECULAR TOXICOLOGY..
.......„.............................................117
Shivang
R.
Dave, Collin
С.
White,
Terranee
J. Kavanagh and Xiaohu
Gao
Abstract
.....................................................................................................................................117
Introduction..;.·...
................·..··..·;.·...............................·...·.....·.................................................117
Biomarkers Relevant
to Molecular Toxicology.
.............................................. .;.........;..........118
Regulatory Cell Death Genes and Apoptotic
Biomarkers.....
......................... ......................119
Fluorescence-Based Techniques in Molecular Toxicology....
___....................................__120
Dye-Based Fluorescent Probes
____..................._____...............................;..........................121
Quantum Dot-Based Fluorescent Probes
...............................................................................123
Homogenized Specimen-Based Assays
...................................................................................128
Cellular Labeling with Quantum Dots......
.....:.........„................................................__........131
Conclusion
...............................................................................................·.......·........................ 133
9.
ENGINEERING QUASI-VIVO® IN VITRO ORGAN MODELS
...................138
Tommaso Sbrana
and
Arti
Ahluwalia
Abstract.........
.............................................................;;....;........................................................138
Introduction........... .
.................... ;...»...............;........................................................................138
Defining the Cell Arena
..................................................................................... .......................139
The Edge of Microfluidics
.......................................................................................................143
Quasi-Vivo* Design...
...............................................................................................................143
Allometric Scaling...:
__..............................._____..................................................................146
Translating Quasi-Vivo· Data to Predictive Testing
.............................................................151
Conclusion
........................................,.....................................................
t
.................................152
10.
ECVAM AND NEW TECHNOLOGIES FOR
TOXICITY
TESTING
.........154
Michel
Bouvier
d Yvoire,
Susanne
Bremer,
Silvia
Casati,
Mara Ceridono,
Sandra Coecke, Rafiaella
Corvi,
Chantra Eskes, Laura Gribaldo,
Claudius Griesinger,
Holger
Knaut, Jens P.
Linge,
Annett
Roi
and
Valérie
Zuang
Abstract
.....................................................................................................................................154
Introduction........
.........··.···.····.············.............................................··········.............................. 155
Reproductive and Developmental
Toxicity
___......................................................................156
Carcinogenicity and Genotoxicity
............----------------------------........................................158
Sensitization....·.....··.····.·.·..··.····················..········........
........»..·..·.··...........................................159
Topical
Toxicity
........................................................................................................................161
Alternative Approaches to In Vivo Toxicokinetics: Prediction of Kinetics
r ~ Integrating Information Generated In
Silice
and In Vitro
..........................................169
Hematopoiesis..·.·.*··············.··············.·.·······*.·····.··········
............................................··.···.·..·.... 171
Neurotoxicity
............................................................................................................................172
ECVAM DataBase Service on Alternative Methods (DB-ALM)
.........................................174
Conclusion
.·.·.··...·.·.........·.........................·.·.·..··........·...............................·..............................174
«viii
CONTENTS
11. MEDIUM
TO HIGH THROUGHPUT SCREENING:
MICROFABRICATION AND CHIP-BASED TECHNOLOGY
.............181
Yuan Wen, Xudong Zhang and Shang-Tian Yang
Abstract
.....................................................................................................................................181
Introduction
..............................................................................................................................181
Microfabrication
Techniques
.................................................................................................. 182
Detection Methods
...................................................................................................................187
Cell-Based
HTS
for
Toxicity
Testing
......................................................................................193
Future Perspectives
..................................................................................................................202
Conclusion
.............................................................................................................·..·.··............ 203
12.
THE USE OF GENOMICS IN MODEL IN VITRO SYSTEMS
...................210
Daniel A. Casciano
Abstract
.....................................................................................................................................210
Introduction
..............................................................................................................................210
In Vitro Models to Study Chemical-Induced Liver Injury
..................................................212
Gene Expression in Model In Vitro Hepatic Systems
...........................................................213
Gene Expression Comparisons in Cultured Primary Human Hepatocytes
and HepG2 Cells
..............................................................................................................215
Conclusion
................................................................................................................................218
13.
THE USE OF INTEGRATED AND INTELLIGENT TESTING
STRATEGIES IN THE PREDICTION OF TOXIC HAZARD
AND IN RISK ASSESSMENT
....................................................................221
Michael Balls, Robert D. Combes and
Ninnala
Bhogal
Abstract
.....................................................................................................................................221
Introduction: Recognising the Problems
...............................................................................221
Chemicals
..................................................................................................................................222
Pharmaceuticals
......................................................................................................................· 224
Other Products
.........................................................................................................................226
The Promise of the New Technologies
....................................................................................228
The Development and Use of Testing Strategies
...................................................................236
The Intelligent Use of ITS
.......................................................................................................245
A Specific Example: Drug-Induced Liver Injury
..................................................................246
Conclusion
................................................................................................................................248
INDEX
........................................................................................................................255
|
any_adam_object | 1 |
author_GND | (DE-588)140923632 |
building | Verbundindex |
bvnumber | BV040031943 |
classification_rvk | XI 2500 |
ctrlnum | (OCoLC)781370454 (DE-599)HBZHT017175876 |
discipline | Medizin |
format | Book |
fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>02670nam a2200409 cb4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV040031943</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20120713 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">120404s2012 ad|| |||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="010" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">2011048668</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9781461430544</subfield><subfield code="9">978-1-4614-3054-4</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)781370454</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)HBZHT017175876</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rakwb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-355</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-91</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">XI 2500</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)152987:12905</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">New technologies for toxicity testing</subfield><subfield code="c">[participants: Arti Ahluwalia ...]. Ed. by Michael Balls ...</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">New York, NY</subfield><subfield code="b">Springer [u.a.]</subfield><subfield code="c">2012</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">XXVIII, 258 S.</subfield><subfield code="b">Ill., graph. Darst.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="490" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Advances in experimental medicine and biology</subfield><subfield code="v">745</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Includes bibliographical references and index</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Current developments in cell culture technology / Glyn Stacey -- Embryonic stem cells in safety pharmacology and toxicology / Tina C. Stummann and Susanne Bremer -- Trends in cell culture technology / Uwe Marx -- Tissue engineering in the development of replacement technologies / Kevin M. Shakesheff and Felicity R.A.J. Rose -- Toxicity testing of nanomaterials / Amanda M. Schrand ... [et al.] -- Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models in toxicity testing and risk assessment / John C. Lipscomb ... [et al.] -- In silico methods for toxicity prediction / Robert D. Combes -- Luminescent quantum dots for molecular toxicology / Shivang R. Dave -- Engineering quasi-vivo, in-vitro organ models / Tommaso Sbrana and Arti Ahluwalia -- ECVAM and new technologies for toxicity testing / Susanne Bremer ... [et al.] -- Medium to high throughput screening: microfabrication and chip-based technology / Yuan Wen, Xudong Zhang, and Shang-Tian Yang -- The use of genomics in model in vitro sy</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Toxicity Tests</subfield><subfield code="a">methods</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Toxizitätstest</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4060540-1</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="655" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4143413-4</subfield><subfield code="a">Aufsatzsammlung</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd-content</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Toxizitätstest</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4060540-1</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Balls, Michael</subfield><subfield code="e">Sonstige</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)140923632</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Ahluwalia, Arti</subfield><subfield code="e">Sonstige</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="830" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Advances in experimental medicine and biology</subfield><subfield code="v">745</subfield><subfield code="w">(DE-604)BV000003102</subfield><subfield code="9">745</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung UB Regensburg</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024888820&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024888820</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
id | DE-604.BV040031943 |
illustrated | Illustrated |
indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:16:32Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 9781461430544 |
language | English |
lccn | 2011048668 |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024888820 |
oclc_num | 781370454 |
open_access_boolean | |
owner | DE-12 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-91 DE-BY-TUM |
owner_facet | DE-12 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-91 DE-BY-TUM |
physical | XXVIII, 258 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
publishDate | 2012 |
publishDateSearch | 2012 |
publishDateSort | 2012 |
publisher | Springer [u.a.] |
record_format | marc |
series | Advances in experimental medicine and biology |
series2 | Advances in experimental medicine and biology |
spelling | New technologies for toxicity testing [participants: Arti Ahluwalia ...]. Ed. by Michael Balls ... New York, NY Springer [u.a.] 2012 XXVIII, 258 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Advances in experimental medicine and biology 745 Includes bibliographical references and index Current developments in cell culture technology / Glyn Stacey -- Embryonic stem cells in safety pharmacology and toxicology / Tina C. Stummann and Susanne Bremer -- Trends in cell culture technology / Uwe Marx -- Tissue engineering in the development of replacement technologies / Kevin M. Shakesheff and Felicity R.A.J. Rose -- Toxicity testing of nanomaterials / Amanda M. Schrand ... [et al.] -- Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models in toxicity testing and risk assessment / John C. Lipscomb ... [et al.] -- In silico methods for toxicity prediction / Robert D. Combes -- Luminescent quantum dots for molecular toxicology / Shivang R. Dave -- Engineering quasi-vivo, in-vitro organ models / Tommaso Sbrana and Arti Ahluwalia -- ECVAM and new technologies for toxicity testing / Susanne Bremer ... [et al.] -- Medium to high throughput screening: microfabrication and chip-based technology / Yuan Wen, Xudong Zhang, and Shang-Tian Yang -- The use of genomics in model in vitro sy Toxicity Tests methods Toxizitätstest (DE-588)4060540-1 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Toxizitätstest (DE-588)4060540-1 s DE-604 Balls, Michael Sonstige (DE-588)140923632 oth Ahluwalia, Arti Sonstige oth Advances in experimental medicine and biology 745 (DE-604)BV000003102 745 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024888820&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
spellingShingle | New technologies for toxicity testing Advances in experimental medicine and biology Toxicity Tests methods Toxizitätstest (DE-588)4060540-1 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4060540-1 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
title | New technologies for toxicity testing |
title_auth | New technologies for toxicity testing |
title_exact_search | New technologies for toxicity testing |
title_full | New technologies for toxicity testing [participants: Arti Ahluwalia ...]. Ed. by Michael Balls ... |
title_fullStr | New technologies for toxicity testing [participants: Arti Ahluwalia ...]. Ed. by Michael Balls ... |
title_full_unstemmed | New technologies for toxicity testing [participants: Arti Ahluwalia ...]. Ed. by Michael Balls ... |
title_short | New technologies for toxicity testing |
title_sort | new technologies for toxicity testing |
topic | Toxicity Tests methods Toxizitätstest (DE-588)4060540-1 gnd |
topic_facet | Toxicity Tests methods Toxizitätstest Aufsatzsammlung |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024888820&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
volume_link | (DE-604)BV000003102 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT ballsmichael newtechnologiesfortoxicitytesting AT ahluwaliaarti newtechnologiesfortoxicitytesting |