Integrirana zaštita na kulturnoto nasledstvo: pravni aspekti
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Macedonian |
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Skopje
Nacionalna Ustanova Konzervatorski Centar
2011
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | PST: Integrated conservation of cultural heritage. - In kyrill. Schr., mazedon. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 516 S. |
| ISBN: | 9789989969751 |
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Jovan Ristov
Integrated Conservation of Cultural Heritage
-
Legal Aspects
FOREWORD
This book is a part of the mega-project concerning the Macedonian heritage legislation and
its development that envisages working out and publishing of ten separate publications. It is the
eighth volume in the frames of the project. Dealing with the complex theme of the integrated
conservation of the cultural heritage this edition is the first and only of the kind in our country. It
elaborates the legal aspects of the treatment of the immovable cultural heritage in the special
heritage regulations and in the legal acts regulating other associated domains, particularly the
spheres of spatial and urban planning, environment and nature protection, the regional and rural
development, tourism and other kinds of economic and social development, construction in
protected heritage areas, exploitation of mineral resources within their frames and other domains
that involve activities affecting the integrity of protected heritage. For the purpose of better
understanding the specificity of the theme, the issues of the direct protection and use of the
immovable cultural heritage have also been elaborated.
I
-
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING INTEGRATED CONSERVATION OF
CULTURAL HERITAGE
1.
Basic Notions and Terminology
The subject matters in this point are the issues of the notion and term of integrated
conservation
(1.1),
as well as synonyms and other related notions
(1.2)
elaborated by analysis in
minor thematic units.
The issue of the notion of integrated conservation
(1.1.
1) has been considered in the
context of the actual legal definition (as stated in the Law on Cultural Heritage Protection),
according to which this term denotes the entirety of measures for protection and active integration
of immovable cultural heritage in the life of community as factor in sustainable development of
society particularly in the domain of planning and designing of space, investment construction,
environment and nature protection, etc. The analysis of the term in question also includes the
definition as stated in the Resolution
76/28
of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of
Europe, with a notion that there is no essential difference between the two definitions. According to
both definitions, the notion of integrated conservation actually refers to a strategy for protection,
which ensures long age of immovable heritage and its sustainable use.
As to the very term of integrated conservation, it is emphasized that its emergence was
associated with a specifically designed European campaign aimed at invoking the sensibility of the
public, which started in
1973
under the motto: "The Future of Our Past" and particularly with the
478
Summary
central manifestation within that campaign
-
"European year of Architectural Heritage" organized
in
1975.
In that, the expression was first introduced officially as new terminology standard in the
European Charter on Architectural Heritage and then in the Declaration Amsterdam also in
1975.
It
was used for the first time as legal term in the Convention of Granada in
1985.
The term active conservation
(1.2.1)
has been referred to as a synonym preceding the
expression integrated conservation, with stating minor differences regarding its etymology. The
genesis of this term has been presented through a short survey of its official and unofficial use,
including a few more outstanding standpoints of some authors whether its use is sustained as term
in professional and legal aspect.
The expression integral conservation
(1.2.2)
has been elaborated as term bearing meaning
different from the concept of integrated conservation. It is a terminological standard inherent to the
of protection concept and conservation practices of the former joint state (SFRY), having resulted
from incorrect translation and inappropriate interpretation of the crucial act of the Council of
Europe. In that sense, the differences in the etymological meaning of terms integrated conservation
and integral conservation have also been presented.
The terms revitalization,
reanimation
and rehabilitation
(1.2.3)
have been conceived and
presented as related terms with minimum difference regarding their etymology. As far as their legal
meaning is concerned, these expressions denote the same legislative concept in a sense narrower
than the term integrated conservation, having in mind that they refer to the same kind of measures
and procedures for implementing integrated conservation.
2.
Subject of the Integrated Conservation
Subject of the integrated conservation are, above all, protected properties
(2.1),
a notion
including the monumental heritage
(2.1.1),
reserved archaeological zones
(2.1.2)
and properties
under temporary protection
(2.1.3).
These are the three different legal categories that are involved
in the new national model of protection, the notion monumental heritage being used as generic
term for the kinds of immovable heritage {monument, site and cultural landscape).
The notion
οι
unprotected properties
(2.2)
in this case refers to immovable properties of
cultural, historic, artistic, scientific and associated significance that arc part of the cultural heritage
and could become protected as cultural heritage.
The contact zone and protected area
(2.3)
are two different terms, the contact zone
(2.3.1)
denoting the area outside the borders of the immovable heritage to a certain distance, and the two
spaces together composing the protected area
(2.3.2).
3.
Objectives and Principles of the Integrated Conservation
The objectives of the integrated conservation
(3.1)
have been dealt with in the context of
the basic, operational and ultimate goals of protection of cultural heritage in general terms, as based
on the legal definition of the term. In brief, they are cumulatively presented objectives manifested
as safeguarding of immovable heritage by means of its active involvement in the life of
community.
Separately from the objectives, the principles of the integrated conservation
(3.2)
have
been elaborated as special thematic unit, comprising the principle of mandatory inclusion of
cultural heritage in spatial and
urbanism
plans
(3.2.1),
the principle of coherence
(3.2.2)
the
479
Jovan Ristov
Integrated Conservation of Cultural Heritage
-
Legal Aspects
principle of sustainable use
(3.2.3),
the principle of democratic participation
(3.2.4),
the principle
of shared responsibility of public authorities
(3.2.5)
and the principle of mandatory cooperation
(3.2.6).
Each of the principle has been presented in the corresponding context by emphasizing its
significance for the accomplishing the very strategy of the integrated conservation
4.
Normative Framework of the Integrated Conservation
The normative framework of the integrated conservation is composed of the applicable
national regulations
(4.1)
and the relevant international acts
(4.2).
The review of national
legislation encompasses eight thematic units, including the constitutional framework
(4.1.1),
legal
acts regulating the cultural heritage protection
(4.1.2),
spatial and urban planning
(4.1.3),
environment protection
(4.1.4)
and nature protection
(4.1.5),
regional and rural development
(4.1.6),
culture
(4.1.7)
and other associated fields
(4.1.8),
whereas two units have been elaborated
focusing on the international acts: international treaties
(4.2.1)
and other international acts
(4.2.2).
The constitutional framework is composed by provisions in the
1991
Constitution of the
Republic of Macedonia referring to cultural heritage, environment and nature protection,
managing the space, economic development, limitations to rights of properties of public interest,
usage of properties of general interest for the Republic and other relevant provisions. On the
whole, these provisions represent a solid constitutional ground for integrated conservation of
cultural heritage.
The group of legal acts regulating the domain of protection of cultural heritage, herewith
also referred to as main legislation, include particularly the
2004
Law on Cultural Heritage
Protection with its annexes and amendments from
2007
(here also referred to as main law), the
Law on the Old Skopje Bazaar of
2008
and five Books of Regulations (arising from the total
number of sixteen enacted by-laws). Among the other relevant laws regulating the affiliated
domains are the Law on the Implementation of the Spatial Plan of the Republic of Macedonia
(2004)
the Law on Spatial and Urban Planning
(2005
and the amendments of
2006, 2007
and
2008),
Law on Environment of
2005
(and the amendments of
2007, 2008
and
2009),
Law on Waste
Management of
2004
(and the amendments of
2007
and
2008),
Law on Protection of Nature
2004
(and the amendments of
2006,
and
2007),
Law on Balanced Regional Development
(2007),
Law on
Agriculture and Rural Development
(2007),
Law on Culture of
1998
(and its amendments of
2003,
2005, 2007
and
2008),
Law on Memorial Monuments and Historic markings
(2004
with its
amendments of
2008),
Law on Construction of
2005
(and the amendments of
2008)
and the new
Law on Constaiction of
2009,
Law on Mineral Resources of
2007
(and the amendments of
2008,
2009),
Law on Local Administration
(2002),
the Criminal Law of
1996
(and the ten amendments up
to
2009)
and other laws, as well as over fifty decrees, books of regulations and other applicable by¬
laws arising from them as legislation relevant to the integrated conservation of cultural heritage.
With reference to the international acts the subjects taken into consideration are the
ratified international treaties related with the integrated conservation, particularly the Convention
Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage of
1972
(ratified in
1974),
the Convention on the Protection of the European Architectural Heritage of
1985
(also called the
Granada Convention) ratified in
1991,
the Revised Convention on the Protection of the European
Archaeological Heritage of
1992
(also called the Malta Convention) ratified in
2005,
the
European Landscape Convention of
2000
(ratified in
2003)
and the Framework Convention on the
Importance of Cultural Heritage to Society of the Council of Europe from
2005
(ratification in
progress). Beside that, there is adequate emphasis on the position of other international acts
(recommendations, declarations, resolutions, etc.) that hold the status of international treaties.
480
Summary
II
-
DEVELOPMENT OF THE LEGISLATION REGULATING THE INTEGRATED
CONSERVATION OF THE CULTURAL HERITAGE
1.
Development of the International Legislation on the Integrated Conservation
The development of the international legislation on the integrated conservation of the
cultural heritage has been presented through a survey of five chronological units, which consider
the crucial international acts in every respective period specifically.
In the frames of the first evolution period the beginnings of integrated conservation
(1.1)
have been dealt with, including the
Sarraz Vaud
Castle Declaration of
1928 (1.1.1),
the Athens
Charter of
1931 (1.1.2)
and the Charter on
Urbanism
of
1933 (1.1.3).
From the period of the so-called profiling of the integrated conservation
(1.2)
some more
distinctive acts have been considered, such as the
1962
UNESCO Recommendation concerning the
Safeguarding of the Beauty and Character of Landscapes and Sites
(1.2.1),
the
1964
International
Charter for Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites, better known as the Venetian
Charter
(1.2.2),
the First Acts of the Council of Europe, particularly the Resolution
66/20
on the
reviving of monuments and the Resolution
68/12
on the active maintenance of monuments, groups
and areas of buildings of historical or artistic interest within the context of regional planning
(1.2.3),
the UNESCO Recommendation concerning the Preservation of Cultural Property
Endangered by Public and Private Works of
1968 ( 1.2.4),
the Acts adopted at the First Conference
of European Ministers in
1969 (1.2.5),
the Split Declaration of
1971
and other earlier acts of the
Council of Europe
(1.2.6),
the UNESCO Recommendation on Protection of Cultural and Natural
Heritage on National Level of
1972 (1.2.7)
and the first more important Acts oflCOMOS of
1972
and
1973(1.2.8).
The promotion of the integrated conservation elaborated as a separate thematic and
chronological unit includes the
1975
European Charter for Architectural Heritage
(1.3.1)
and the
Amsterdam Declaration of the same year
(1.3.2).
The period of the enhancement of the integrated conservation
(1.4)
has been considered
through elaboration of the Resolution
76/28
adopted by the Council of Europe concerning the
adaptation of laws and regulations to the requirements of integrated conservation of the
architectural heritage in
1976 (1.4.1),
the UNESCO Recommendation on the protection of the
historic and traditional sites and their role in contemporary life of
1976 (1.4.2),
the Special Acts of
the Council of Europe concerning the education in the domain of protection of the architectural
heritage of
1980
and
1981 (1.4.3),
the Revised Venetian Charter of
1981 (1.4.4),
the Granada Acts
of
1985 (1.4.5),
the Recommendation
86/11
on urban open space adopted by the Committee of
Ministers of the Council of Europe in
1986 (1.4.6),
the Washington Charter of ICOMOS from
1987
(1.4.7),
the Recommendation 88/Z5 on control of physical deterioration of the architectural
heritage accelerated by pollution of
1988 (1.4.8),
the Recommendation
89/5
concerning the
protection and enhancement of the archaeological heritage in the context of town and country
planning operations of
1989 (1.4.9),
the Recommendation
89/6
on the protection and enhancement
of the rural architectural heritage of
1989 (1.4.10),
the Recommendation
90/20
on the protection
and conservation of the industrial, technical and civil engineering heritage in Europe of
1990
(1.4.11),
the Recommendation
91/13
on the protection of the twentieth-century architectural
heritage of
1991 (1.4.12),
the Recommendation
91/6
on the measures likely to promote the funding
of the conservation of the architectural heritage of
1991 (1.4.13),
the Acts adopted at Malta in
1992 (1.4.14),
the Recommendation
93/9
on the protection of the architectural heritage against
481
Jovan Ristov
Integrated Conservation of Cultural Heritage
-
Legal Aspects
natural disasters of
1993 (1.4.15),
the Recommendation
95/9
on the integrated conservation of
cultural landscape areas as part of landscape policies of
1995 (1.4.16)
and the Acts adopted in
Helsinkim
1996(1.4.17).
The period of repositioning the integrated conservation
(1.5)
embraces the acts adopted
after
1996.
The crucial acts from this period have not, however, been elaborated but merely listed
by their names, mentioning only the main features that exert certain influence upon the new
position of the integrated conservation of cultural heritage.
2.
Development of the National Legislation Concerning Integrated conservation
This point of the Second Chapter of the book gives short survey of earlier national laws
and regulations regarding different domains relevant to the integrated conservation of the cultural
heritage, systematized in eight thematic units and also composed in accordance with the
corresponding chronology.
In that sense the development of the constitutional framework
(2.1)
has been considered
through presentation of crucial norms from several generations of constitutions (federal and
republic ones) that were in effect in the period of
1946-1990.
The first constitutional norms
(2.1.1)
refer to the span of
1946-1962,
when the Constitution of the Federal People's Republic of
Yugoslavia of
1946
and the Constitution of the People's Republic of Macedonia of
1947
were in
effect, as well as the Federal Constitutional Law of
1953.
At that time monuments were not singled
out as separate constitutional category. In other words, there were no specific constitutional norms
regulating the protection of cultural heritage. On the other hand, the second generation of
constitutions
(2.1.2)
already introduced corresponding provisions. The Constitution of the Socialist
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia of
1963
made official the limitation to the right of property
concerning objects of special importance for culture and the
Constitution
of the Socialist Republic
of Macedonia of
1963
raised cultural monuments to the level of specific constitutional category for
the first time, regulating that they were under special protection of the community and they could
be used in the way determined by the law. The
1971
Amendments to the Constitution abolished the
jurisdiction of the Federation over the domain of protection of cultural monuments, and the federal
units, including SR Macedonia, acquired the right to independently regulate the relations in that
domain. Among others, with the Constitutional Amendments to the Constitution of SRM of
1971
the Republic acquired the right to take part in the procedure for regulating the relations within
many domains of relevance for the protection of cultural monuments. The third generation of
constitutions
(2.1.3)
comprised the
1974
Constitution of SFRY and the
1989
Constitutional
Amendments to it, as well as the
1974
Constitution of SRM and the Constitutional Amendments to it
adopted in
1989
and
1990,
which were in effect until the proclaiming of the actual Constitution of
the Republic of Macedonia in
1991.
In that evolution phase the constitutional regulative was
enhanced with several relevant provisions on federal and republic level, according to which cultural
monuments were treated as integral part of human environment and properties of common interest
enjoying special protection, the safeguarding
ornature
and its goods, natural attractions and rarities
and cultural monuments being the constitutional responsibility of every citizen.
The development of the legislation concerning the protection of cultural monuments
(2.2)
has been considered though a review of corresponding laws elaborated in four phases. In that sense,
this matter was regulated with the legal acts of the First Development Phase
(2.2.1)
in the span of
1945-1959,
including the Law on Protection of Cultural Monuments and Natural Rarities of the
Democratic Federal Yugoslavia,
1945
and its respective Executive Book of Regulations,
1945,
as
well as the Law on
Reaffirmation
and Amendments to the Law on Protection of Cultural
Monuments and Natural Rarities ofDFY, by which the
1945
Law was renamed into General Law
482
Summary
on Protection of Cultural Monuments and Natural Rarities of
1946
and the first Macedonian main
law
-
the Law on Protection of Cultural Monuments and Natural Rarities of
1948.
Those laws did
not comprise special provisions regarding the treatment of cultural monuments in the spatial and
urban planning, yet they included strict provisions on protection of immediate surrounding and
authorization of varied actions affecting the integrity of protected properties and areas. In addition,
significant steps forward regarding the integrated conservation were made in the span of
1959-1971
with the regulations of the Second Development Phase
(2.2.2).
This refers to two federal laws
-
the
General Law on Protection of Cultural Monuments of
1959
and the Basic Law on Protection of
Cultural Monuments of
1965,
as well as two Macedonian laws
-
the Law on Protection of Cultural
Monuments of
1960
and the Law on Protection of Cultural Monuments of
1965.
Firstly, based on
the main federal law of
1959
and secondly on the Macedonian main law of
1960,
the institutes for
protection of cultural monuments acquired the right to participate in the procedure for designing
and enacting the projects of urban planning by presenting their opinion and by submitting
objection, in the event that their opinion would not have been respected. In that, the right to opinion
and the right to objection were limited merely to
urbanism
plans and the decisions that used to
substitute those plans in which registered urban sites were taken into consideration or were
supposed to be considered. In the Macedonian main law of
1965
the influence of institutes for
protection of cultural monuments was additionally expanded, thus referring to regional spatial
plans. This influence regarded not only registered urban sites, but also any other kind of
immovable monument of culture, with the only difference that the right to objection was limited to
urban plans, whereas submitting objections to regional spatial plans was not allowed. In the
following development phase
(1972-1991),
which encompasses the period till the disintegration of
the common state, when the Republic had full jurisdiction in the domain of protection of cultural
monuments, the only legislation treating this matter
(2.2.3)
was the Law on Protection of Cultural
Monuments enacted in
1973.
In this Law the implementation of the right to opinion was expanded
to any kind of spatial and
urbanism
plans and to all kinds of cultural monuments, while the right to
objection did not apply only to the Spatial Plan of the Republic of Macedonia. According to this
law, institutes for protection of cultural monuments not only preserved the right ofgranting a prior
permission for issuing a decision for location (established in
1959/60),
but also acquired the right
of prior approval for granting
urbanism
permission. As in the legislations from former development
phases, institutes for protection of cultural monuments retained the right for issuing a prior
approval for obtaining permission for construction. However, in the fourth development phase
(1991-2004)
while the Law of
1973
was still in effect, some other regulations
{2.2
A) resulted in
interference of the system of cultural monuments protection. In
1999
some laws regulating spatial-
urban planning and investment construction abolished the competence of institutes for protection
of cultural monuments in that domain. In other words, institutes were completely excluded from the
procedure of designing and enacting spatial and urban plans, as well as from the procedures of
implementing these plans, particularly concerning issuance of construction lot conditions,
urbanism
permission and permission for construction. On the whole, the main legislation
applicable in the period of
1945-2004
marked evolutionary paces regarding integrated
conservation of cultural heritage, despite the opposing tendencies in favour of
urbanism
authorities.
The development of the legislation regulating the domain of spatial and urban planning
(2.3)
has been considered through seven evolution stages. In that sense the first stage embraces the
pre-war acts on
urbanism
(2.3.1),
which used to be implemented as special legal rules. They
include the Law on Construction of
1931,
the Regulations concerning Designing of Regulation
Plans of
1932
and the General Instructions for Working out the Decree on the Regulation Plan and
the Book of Construction Regulations of
1932.
The second stage involves the Federal Decree
concerning the General
Urbanism
Plan of
1949 (2.3.2),
which did not include special provisions
regarding the treatment of cultural monuments. The third development stage in the period of
1958-
483
Jovan Ristov
Integrated Conservation of Cultural Heritage
-
Legal Aspects
1965
refers to the first Macedonian legislation on
urbanism
(2.3.3),
including the Law on Urban
Planning of
1958
and the two by-laws
-
the Instructions on the Contents of the
Urbanism
Study,
the Basic
Urbanism
Planning and Plans for Realization of
1960
and the Book of Regulations for
the elements that should include the decisions that substitute the
Urbanism
Plan, which was
enacted in
1961.
At the time the inclusion of cultural monuments in urban planning was neither
considered, nor treated as matter to be regulated in the legislation. In that sense the first relevant
provisions on the treatment of cultural monuments were included in corresponding by-law acts.
The fourth evolution stage encompasses the second generation of Macedonian laws on planning
and designing the space
(2.3.4),
which were in effect in the period of
1965-1972.
They include the
Law on Regional Spatial and Urban Planning of
1965
(with amendments of
1967),
the Instructions
on the Contents of the Regional Spatial Study and the Basic Regional Spatial Plan of
1966
and the
Book of Regulations on the Elements in the Decisions that Substitute the
Urbanism
Plan of
1966.
An important novelty in this stage was the introduction of the category regional spatial plan,
although there was not any essential change in the treatment of cultural monuments. Their
protection was still regulated merely in the by-laws, rather than in the applicable law itself. The
changes in the legislation passed in
1967
introduced the
urbanism
inspection and the category
-
urbanism
permission, although they did not have immediate effect on cultural monuments. The
fifth stage spanned the period of
1973-1985,
when this matter was regulated in the
1973
Law on
Spatial and Urban Planning, including its amendments of
1973
and
1977 (2.3.5).
This law brought
about establishing of three kinds of spatial plans referring to municipality, region and the Spatial
Plan of the Republic. As regards the urban planning, the two kinds having been applied by that
time were retained
{urbanism
plan of a populated place and of an area of special interest)
comprehended as a single unit composed of three parts, i.e., cumulatively listed phases including
urbanism
study, basic
urbanism
plan and operational plans. It was then that the principle of
mandatory cooperation in designing spatial and
urbanism
plans was proclaimed for the first time.
Besides, it was the first time that the law itself regulated the obligation for inclusion of cultural
monuments in certain kinds of plans. It was also the first time that the law included a provision for
a body for cultural monuments protection to take part in the procedure of issuing a decision for
construction location by prior granting an opinion. In that, the competences of institutes for
protection of cultural monuments in respect of their right to opinion and right to objection
remained unchanged. In the following sixth stage of evolution
(1985-1996),
which embraced the
fourth generation of Macedonian legal acts regulating the planning and designing of space
(2.3.6),
the following legislation came into effect: the Law on the System of Spatial and Urban Planning of
1985
and its annexes and amendments from
1989, 1990
and
1993,
the Law on the Register of
Spatial Units of
1990,
as well as the Book of Regulations on Documentation of Space of
1987.
In
that period five kinds of spatial plans were distinguished, referring to the Republic, district,
municipality, town community and area of special interest, as well as four kinds of
urbanism
plans
(including the basic and detailed plans,
urbanism
projects and
urbanism
plan for minor populated
place). The
1990
amendments of the legislation provided that measures for protection and
revitalization of architectural heritage were included in all spatial and
urbanism
plans as
mandatory provisions. In the seventh stage
(1996-2005)
coinciding with the fifth generation of
Macedonian legal acts regulating the planning and designing of space
(2.3.7)
the following laws
and regulations were distinguished: the
1996
Law on Spatial and Urban Planning with the annexes
and amendments to it from
1997, 1999
and
2002,
the Book of Regulations on the Standards and
Norms concerning Planning of
1997,
the
1999
Regulations on Standards and Norms for Planning
with amendments to it from
2000,
the
2002
Regulations on Standards and Norms for Designing of
Space with the amendments to it from
2003,
the
1997
Book of Regulations on detailed contents and
the way of graphic design of plans and the mode and procedure for enacting spatial and
urbanism
plans, as well as the
2002
Book of Regulations on the detailed contents and the way of graphic
design of plans and the mode and procedure for enacting
urbanism
plans. New classification of
plans was introduced in that period and the inappropriate treatment of cultural heritage as
484
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mandatory contents of every kind of plans was compensated by varied by-lays enacted in
1997.
As
has already been stated, the
1999
changes in legislation abolished the competences of the institutes
for protection of cultural monuments regarding their participation in the procedure of designing and
enacting plans and in issuing the location. In
2001,
with the changes in the legislation, the
architectural heritage was no longer a mandatory content of general and detailed
urbanism
plans.
In few words, the
1999
and
2001
amendments in the legislation were utterly decadent and
inconsistent with the basic principles of the integrated conservation of cultural heritage. On the
whole, Macedonian legislative bodies had rather variable standpoints concerning the crucial issues
related with the integrated conservation of cultural heritage.
The development of the legislation regulating the domain of construction
(2.4)
has been
considered through the crucial law of four development phases. The first phase involves the pre¬
war legislation regarding the construction
(2.4.1).
It was, actually, the
1931
Law on Construction
comprising provisions on protection of historic and art structures and towns, which were
implemented as legal rules. The first post-war legal acts regarding construction
(2.4.2)
enacted in
the span of
1945-1960
did not include any special provisions associated with cultural monuments.
They involved the federal regulations concerning construction and architectural design passed in
1948, 1952
and
1958,
as well as the Macedonian laws regulating this domain
-
the Law on
Approving and Carrying out Construction Works of
1956,
the Law on Basic Conditions for
Construction of Buildings of
1957,
the Law on Construction of Superstructures of
1960,
as well as
many other by-lays and regulations enacted in that period. The third development phase evolving in
the period of
1961-1971,
when the federation and federal units had shared legal jurisdiction over
the domain of construction and the legislation referred to investment construction
(2.4.3).
The
legislation applied in that period included the
1961
Basic Law on Construction of Investment
Structures (with numerous annexes and amendments enacted by
1971)
and the Macedonian laws
-
the Law on Construction of Investment Structures of
1962
and the Law on Construction of
Investment Structures of
1967,
as well four Books of Regulations which were enacted based on the
above laws. At that time the laws and applicable regulations did not provide any particular concern
about cultural monuments. The only provision that can actually be singled out is from the federal
law of
1961,
according to which the investor was obliged to acquire permission by the interested
body, provided that it was prescribed by a special law, and to submit it together with the request
for issuing a construction approval. The fourth development phase in the span of
1972-2004 (2.4.4)
was distinguished with three laws on construction of investment structures passed in
1973, 1983
and
1990.
The first major steps forward regarding integrated conservation of cultural heritage were
made with the Law of
1990.
Nevertheless, the amendment of the legislation made in
1999
marked a
major digression and obstruction in regard to integrated conservation of cultural heritage, having in
mind that the institutes for protection of cultural monuments were excluded form the procedure of
issuing the construction approval and investors were released from the obligation of financing the
activities of preventive archaeology and undertaking salvage and corrective measures for
protection of endangered cultural monuments. The actual development phase encompasses the
period of
2005-2009,
when the
2005
Law on Construction (with annexes and amendments enacted
on two occasions in
2008)
and the by-laws based on it were in effect, as well as the new Law on
Construction of
2009,
which has already been referred to.
The development of the legislation concerning the domain of mining
(2.5)
is impressive in
regard to integrated conservation of cultural heritage, above all, due to the unchanged approach of
the state. This refers to federal laws in this domain
-
the
1959
Law on Mining, the
1964
Basic Law
on Mining, the
1977
Law on the Unified Way of Determining, Documenting and Compiling Data
on the Reserves of Mineral Resource and Underground Waters and the Balance of Those Reserves,
as well as
1990
Law on the Basics of Geological Activities of Interest for the Entire State. The
Macedonian laws applied in that period were the Law on Research and Exploitation of Specific
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Mineral Resources of
1973,
the Law on Geological Research and Exploitation of Mineral
Resources of
1988
and the Law on Mineral Resources of
1999.
According to the stated laws,
research and exploitation of mineral resources within the limits of protected heritage areas were, in
general terms, excluded. Only by exception, in justified instances, allowing of this kind of activities
was possible, if the mineral resources in question were of higher interest and for greater good.
The legislation in the domain of protection of environment and nature
(2.6)
goes back to
1948
and the Law on the Protection of Cultural Monuments and Natural Rarities regulating jointly
both domains. The development can then be followed through the laws on protection of natural
rarities passed in
1960, 1965
and
1973,
the Law on the Protection of Lakes
Ohrid, Prespa
and
Dojran of
1977,
Law on the Protection of National Parks of
1980,
and the Law on the Protection
and Advancement of Environment and Nature of
1996.
It is noteworthy that these laws did not
include specific provisions regarding cultural monuments or treatment of protected heritage in view
of environment and nature protection. The first paces forward in that sphere, as regards integrated
conservation of cultural heritage, are associated with actual laws of
2004
and
2005.
The development of the legislation regulating the domain of Societal Planning
(2.7)
has
been considered through a brief review of corresponding federal and republic laws that were in
effect in the period of
1946-1990.
In the viewpoint of integrated conservation of cultural heritage
the only relevant legislation includes the laws on the basics of the system of societal planning and
societal plan of Yugoslavia from
1976
and
1985,
as well as the laws on the basics of the system of
societal planning and societal plan of SR Macedonia from
1979
and
1980.
In that sense it is
characteristic that the
1985
federal law emphasized cultural property as matter in the scope of
societal plans through the contents of spatial planning, whereas in Macedonian relevant laws from
1979
and
1989
the concept of protection of cultural monuments was treated within the environment
protection and as integral part of the development of societal activities, in the segment of culture.
The development of the legislation regulating the domain of culture
(2.8),
which is
relevant to the integrated conservation of cultural monuments, has been dealt with through a review
of several special laws. They include, above all, the Law on the Republic Fund for Enhancement of
Cultural Activities of
1961
(amended in
1965),
the Law on the Self-Governing Interest
Communities in
Culture
of
1974,
the Law on the Public Monuments of
1972
and the Law on
Monuments and Historic Markings of
1982.
In this case it is interesting that in the period of
1972-
1982,
based on the law itself (ex
lege),
monuments as kind of public monuments have been
recognized the status of cultural monuments. The current phase refers to the development after
enacting the Law on Culture in
1998.
Ill
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PLANNING INSTRUMENTS FOR INTEGRATED CONSERVATION OF
CULTURAL HERITAGE
1.
National Strategies
National strategy is a kind of instrument for determining the long-term objectives and
priorities for development of the domain they refer to. In this case, integrated conservation of
cultural heritage is related with several national strategies concerning different domains. Eleven of
them have been selected here as more significant and classified in groups of domains, including
culture and cultural heritage
(1.1),
environment and nature
(1.2),
regional, rural and sustainable
development
(1.3)
and other national strategies
(1.4).
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Summary
The National Strategy for Development of Culture
(1.1.1)
is a new planning instrument
prescribed in the Law on Achievements in Culture, the Parliament having the jurisdiction for its
approval. The national strategy is designed for a period often years.
The National Strategy for Protection and Use of Cultural Heritage
(1.1.2)
has been
prescribed in the relevant Law on Protection of Cultural Heritage of
2004
and is being enacted by
the Government for a period of fifteen years.
The National Strategy for Protection of Nature
(1.2.1)
has been prescribed by the Law on
Protection of Nature of
2004
and is being enacted by the Government for a period often years.
The Strategy on Waste Management of the Republic of Macedonia
(1.2.2)
has been
prescribed by the Law on Waste Management of
2004
and is being enacted by the Government for
a period of twelve years. The first strategy was passed in
2008
for the period of
2008-2020
and it
includes, among others, the immovable cultural heritage, that is, protected heritage areas.
The Strategy for Monitoring the Environment
(1.2.3)
is regulated in the
2007
Law on
Annexes and Amendments of the Law on Environment and is being enacted by the Ministry of
Environment and Spatial Planning for a period that has not been defined in the law itself.
The Strategy for Regional Development of the Republic of Macedonia
(1.3.1)
has been
prescribed by the Law on Balanced Regional Development of
2007
and is being approved by the
Parliament for a period of ten years. The first strategy was passed in
2009
for the period of
2009-
2019
and it treats cultural heritage in corresponding manner.
The National Strategy for Development of Agriculture and Rural Development
(1.3.2)
has
been regulated in the Law on Agriculture and Rural Development of
2007
and is being enforced by
the Government for a period of seven years.
The National Strategy for Sustainable Development
(1.3.3)
is based on the Law on
Environment from
2005
and is being enforced by the Government when necessary, for the purpose
of harmonization with the economic development, social progress and protection of environment.
The Strategy for Geological Researches, Sustainable Utilization and Exploitation of
Mineral Resources
(1.4.1)
is regulated in the Law on Mineral Resources of
2007
and is being
enforced by the Government for a period of twenty years.
The Strategy for Development of Tourism in the Republic of Macedonia
(1.4.2)
has not
been regulated in the applicable laws, but the Government has worked it out and enacted it upon its
own appraisal. In this strategy cultural heritage has been treated in an appropriate way.
The National Strategy for Protection and Salvage
(1.4.3)
was designed and put into effect
by the Law on Protection and Salvage of
2004.
It is being passed by the Parliament for the period
of five years. The first strategy was passed in
2009
for the period of
2009-2013
and it treats cultural
heritage in an adequate way.
On the whole, it can be inferred that the state does not have equal approach and attitude to
the issue of the jurisdiction concerning the enacting of national strategies. The same applies to the
period of time for which they are being designed and implemented. On the other hand, major part
of the designed and enacted strategies (around
2/3)
have not yet been implemented, although the
deadline for some of them has already passed due. As to the ones that have come into effect, no
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sustained objections could be iterated concerning the way cultural heritage has been treated in
them.
2.
Spatial and
Urbanism
Plans and Programs for Their Designing
This point treats specific kinds of planning instruments for protection of cultural heritage,
including spatial plans
(2.1),
urbanism
plans
(2.2),
programs for designing spatial plans and for
implementation of the Spatial Plan of the Republic
(2.3),
as well as the programs for designing of
urbanism
plans
(2.4).
Since
1996
in the Macedonian legal system the only kind of spatial plan has been the
Spatial Plan of the Republic of Macedonia, which is being approved by the Parliament for the
period of fifteen years. The planning instruments of lower rank prescribed by the law for their
detailed implementation that were in effect until
2009
were the spatial plan of region
(2.1.2)
and
spatial plan of area of special interest for the Republic
(2.1.3).
The
2009
amendments regulated
several more plans, including the spatial plans of local communities
(2.1.4),
more precisely, spatial
plan of municipality, spatial plan of municipalities in the capital Skopje and the Spatial Plan of
Skopje. In that, all listed spatial plans are considered as integral parts of the Spatial Plan of the
Republic of Macedonia and, as such, they are being approved by the Parliament. The mandatory
elements of their contents are immovable cultural heritage and measures for its protection. The
actual Spatial Plan of the Republic of Macedonia was approved in
2004
for the period till
2020.
Among other issues, it also treats in an adequate way the cultural heritage. In
2004
a special law
was passed for the implementation of the Plan
-
the Law on Implementation of the Spatial Plan of
the Republic of Macedonia.
According to the current legislation there are four kinds of
urbanism
plans in the Republic
of Macedonia, including general
urbanism
plan
(2.2.1),
detailed
urbanism
plan
(2.2.2),
urbanism
plan of village
(2.2.3)
and
urbanism
plan of space outside populated areas.
(2.2.4)
Their approval
arc in the jurisdiction of local authorities and are being designed in accordance with the Book of
Regulations on the Standards and Norms Regarding Urban Planning of
2006
and the Book of
Regulations on the Detailed Contents, Scale and Way of Graphic Design of
Urbanism
Plans of
2006.
According to the current laws and the stated books of regulations, cultural heritage and
measures for its protection arc part of
urbanism
plans. Nevertheless, the state has variable approach
to this issue, particularly concerning the obligation for implementing measures for protection
contained in the basic documentation of plans.
Spatial plans are being designed on the basis of annual program
-
the Program for
Designing Spatial Plans
(2.3.1),
which is elaborated and put into force by the Government.
Unrelated with this, the Government also enacts a Program for Implementation of the Spatial Plan
of the Republic of Macedonia for a period of two years.
Urbanism
plans are being designed on the grounds of several kinds of programs, such as
the Program of Priority Designing of
Urbanism
Plans
(2.4.1)
introduced in
2007
and implemented
till the end of
2009
with a legal effect in the phases of designing of plans. This Program has been
approved in the Government of the Republic of Macedonia and the plans within it were enacted in
short procedures of only one phase in strictly specified terms. Other programs include the Program
for Designing of
Urbanism
Plans of Importance for the Republic of Macedonia
(2.4.2),
which was
in
2009
renamed into Annual Program for Designing of
Urbanism
Plans having been approved by
the Government for every calendar year in particular; Local Programs for Designing of
Urbanism
Plans
(2.4.3),
brought into effect for a period of one year by the municipality councils and by the
Council of the City of Skopje, depending on the jurisdiction; Planned Program for Designing of
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Summary
Urbanism
Plans
(2.4.4) ,
a new kind of instrument established with the amendments of
2009,
for
the enacting of which the jurisdiction is shared by the central and local governments, the central
one being responsible for the program regarding detailed
urbanism
plans of areas important for
defense and for the new kind of documentation entitled
-
State
Urbanism
Planning Documentation.
3.
Basics of Protection and Conservation
The Basics of Protection and Conservation represent documentation grounds for treatment
of cultural heritage in spatial and
urbanism
plans. They compose a kind of standard documentation
in the domain of cultural heritage protection facilitating the process of spatial and urban planning in
the aspect of the cultural heritage and its adequate treatment. They are designed according to the
kind of plan and the scope of area they refer to. They are subject to authorization by the responsible
body. Adherence to them in designing plans is mandatory and eventual deviation from them would
result in certain legal consequences.
The issues concerning the Basics of Protection and Conservation were regulated in the Law
on Cultural Heritage Protection and the Book of Regulations on the Contents and Methodology of
Working out Basics of Protection and Conservation
οι
Cultural Heritage from
2005.
4.
Urbanism
Planning Documentation,
Urbanism
Projects and Programs
Urbanism
planning documentation
(4.1)
is a new terminological standard and generic term
established by the Law on Nomination and Amendment of the Law on Spatial and Urban Planning
in June
2009,
which was a substitute for the generic notion
-
urbanism
project applied by that time.
This term refers to two kinds of documentation, including state
urbanism
planning documentation
(4.1.1),
which is worked out for structures of first and second categories, that is, for realization of
investment projects of major significance for the Republic, and local
urbanism
planning
documentation
(4.1.2),
which is worked out for structures of third, fourth and fifth categories, i.e.,
for realization of investment projects of importance for the municipality.
Urbanism
and architectural-urbanism projects
(4.2)
were till
2005
implied with the sole
notion
-
urbanism
project
(4.2.1)
and later the expression architectural-urbanism project
(4.2.2)
was distinguished as separate legal term. Today, after the amendments of
2009
the term
urbanism
project has remained in use merely in the frames of the transitional legal regime and the term
architectural-urbanism project has remained a relevant legal category, different from the notion of
state and local
urbanism
planning documentation. In the main law
-
the Law on Cultural Heritage
Protection the only term still applied is
-
urbanism
project, which indicates that it has not been
harmonized with the Law on Spatial and
Urbanism
Planning.
The group of long-term planning instruments called program for designing space
(4.3)
includes some programs relevant to the integrated conservation of cultural heritage: the Program
for Arranging Construction Areas
(4.3.1)
regulated by the Law on Construction Lands of
2008
(and before that by the Law of
2001),
the approval of which is in jurisdiction of municipalities, the
Annual Program for Setting Temporary Structures
(4.3.2)
introduced by the Law on Amendments
to the Law on Construction of
2008
and also regulated in the Law on Construction of
2009,
which
is being designed and enacted by the local authorities, as well as the Program for the Appearance
of Buildings
(4.3.3),
which was introduced by the Law on Construction of
2009
as an option, in
case that it is important to the local community.
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5.
Plans and Programs Regarding Human Environment and Nature
Ecology plans and programs
(5.1)
that are considered to be relevant to the integrated
conservation of cultural heritage are: the National Action Plan for Environment
(5.1.1),
local
action plans for environment
(5.1.2),
plans and programs for waste management
(5.1.3)
and the
Program for the Monitoring of the Human Environment
(5.1.4).
The group of plans and programs for protection
ornature
(5.2.)
include particularly: the
plans for protection of nature
(5.2.1),
programs for realization of plans for protection of nature
(5.2.2),
plans for managing of the protected areas in nature
(5.2.3)
and the annual programs for
protection of nature
-
for the purpose of implementing the plans for managing protected areas
(5.2.4).
6.
Plans and Programs for Regional, Rural and Tourism Development
The programs and action plans for balanced regional development
(6.1.)
that are
considered to be important for the integrated conservation of cultural heritage are the following:
programs for development of planned regions
(6.1.1),
the Action Plan for Implementing the
Strategy for Regional Development of the Republic of Macedonia
(6.1.2),
the Annual Program for
Balanced Regional Development
(6.1.3)
and the Annual Action Plan for Implementing the Program
for Development of Planned Regions
(6.1.4).
Programs for rural development and tourism development
(6.2)
are the following: the
National Program for Rural Development
(6.2.1),
the Annual Program for Financial Support of the
Rural Development
(6.2.2),
the Annual Program for the Revitalization of Villages
(6.2.3)
and the
Annual Program for the Development of Tourism
(6.2.4).
7.
Plans and Programs in the Domain of Culture and Heritage
The plans and programs in the domain of culture
(7.1)
regulated by the Law on Culture are
as follows: the National Program for Culture
(7.1.1),
which is being approved by the Parliament
for a period of four years and would remain in effect until the National Strategy for Development
of Culture is enacted (the first Program was worked out and approved in
2004
to be implemented
till
2008);
the Annual Program for Achieving National Goals in the Culture
(7.1.2).
The Law on
Achievements in the Culture (currently in the procedure of enacting) has prescribed the Annual
Plans for Achieving National Goals in Culture
(7.1.3)
and the Annual Programs for the Activities
of the National Institutions
(7.1.4).
The plans and programs in the domain of heritage
(7.2)
relevant to the integrated
conservation are: the plans for managing immovable cultural heritage
(7.2.1),
the National Action
Plan for Preventing Crimes Against Heritage
(7.2.2),
plans for physical security of cultural
heritage
(7.2.3),
the Program for
Réévaluation
of Cultural Monuments
(7.2.4),
the Program for
Designing the Basics of Protection and Conservation Heritage
(7.2.5)
and the Program for
Revitalization of Monumental Heritage
(7.2.6).
In general terms, the system of planning instruments of the integrated conservation of
cultural heritage embraces over sixty types of planning instruments of different kind and in diverse
domains.
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Summary
IV
-
CULTURAL HERITAGE AND THE PROCESS OF PLANNING, ARRANGING THE
SPACE AND ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION
1.
Relation between Spatial and Urban Plans, on One Hand,
and the Acts for Protection, on the Other
The new national model of cultural heritage protection in the Republic of Macedonia,
unlike the former one, encompasses five ways, i.e., legal techniques for establishing the protection,
including actually, protection ex
lege,
temporary protection, proclaiming cultural heritage,
determining reserved archaeological zone and determining national treasure. The first four ways
are relevant to the protection of the immovable property, with a notion that the protection ex
lege
does not require issuing any act for protection. Consequently, according to the
2004
Law on
Cultural Heritage Protection today there exist the following kinds of acts for protection: decision
for temporary protection (issued by the Cultural Heritage Protection Office), decision for
proclaiming important cultural heritage (issued by the Office) and decree for proclaiming cultural
heritage of special importance enacted by the Government, law on proclaiming cultural heritage of
special importance (which can be passed by the Parliament by exception, in certain cases) and
decree for determining reserved archaeological zone (which is in the jurisdiction of the
Government).
According to the main law, the relation between the acts for protection on one hand, and
the spatial and
urbanism
plans, on the other, is distinguished by adherence to the principle of
prevalence of acts for protection: they have to be abided as such, regardless of the kind, rank or
issuing authority, and the properties protected by them have to be included and treated adequately
in respective spatial and
urbanism
plans. The same applies to properties for which procedure for
issuing corresponding act for protection has started, with an obligation that such an act should be
issued not later than a year after the plan has come into force. Likewise, if during the designing of
such plan it has been inferred that some immovable properties deserve to be protected, they arc
being treated as potential cultural heritage, with an obligation that the act for protection any such
property should be issued not later than a year after the plan has come into effect. The act for
protection can be issued after enacting of the plan, though only
ifit
does not hinder the realization
of the plan, with the exception of archaeological sites, for which this constraint does not apply.
2.
Creating Planned Solutions Concerning Cultural Heritage
The process of creating planned solutions in regard to cultural heritage has been elaborated
in two thematic units: the first one entitled Creating Documentation Basis of Cultural Heritage
(2.1)
and the second one is Harmonization, Forms of Influence and Control over the
Harmonization of Planned Solutions
(2.2).
For the needs of spatial and
urbanism
plans, the documentation basis of cultural heritage is
being worked out separately for every kind of spatial and
urbanism
plan, including their
amendments, and it refers only to the scope of the respective plan. Protection-conservation basics
of cultural heritage
(2.1.1)
are being worked out mainly by the responsible professional institutions
-
conservation centres and, by exception, especially in justified instances, they can be worked out
by other entity appointed by the Cultural Heritage Protection Office. The documentation basis itself
is being prepared according to specific methodology of working out of protection-conservation
basics
(2.1.2).
The prepared documentation basis is subject to verification procedure, that is,
approval and validation of protection-conservation basics
(2.1.3)
by the responsible body
-
the
Cultural Heritage Protection Office.
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Introduction of the basics into the planning documentation
(2.2.1)
has been solved in a way
that only approved and validated protection-conservation basics can be utilized in designing of the
draft of spatial and
urbanism
plans. In that sense eventual disregard, i.e., deviation can be corrected
in the following stages, especially through control mechanisms. Namely, every designed spatial
and
urbanism
plan is subject to expert auditing
(2.2.2)
carried out by commission of the responsible
ministry (regarding spatial and
urbanism
plans financed by the state), whereas for
urbanism
plans
financed by local authorities the auditing is done by authorized legal entity (holding a license for
urban planning), which is appointed by the major of a municipality or of the city of Skopje. After
the expert auditing and prior to determining the draft of the
urbanism
plan, the body enacting it
needs to obtain preliminary opinion of the draft-urbanism plan
(2.2.3)
from the responsible
ministry. Depending on the kind of plan either expert debate
(2.2.4)
or public presentation and
public survey
(2.2.5)
need to be carried out. Expert debate regarding spatial plans is actually
organized before determining the draft-plan and concerning the general
urbanism
plans after
determining the draft-plan. Public presentation and public survey are carried out for other kinds of
urbanism
plans. As to
urbanism
plans put into effect by the municipalities in the city of Skopje,
opinion needs to be granted by the Major of Skopje
(2.2.6).
At the stage of proposed plan and prior
to its enacting, an approval for the proposed
urbanism
plan should be acquired from the
responsible ministry for all
urbanism
plans
(2.2.7),
after which the plans and their changes are
being enacted
(2.2.8).
In the frames of the stated procedures the cultural heritage protection services can take part
and exert influence upon the planned solutions regarding cultural heritage.
3.
Challenging an Adopted Spatial and
Urbanism
Plan
Adopted spatial and
urbanism
plans can be challenged if they infringe the constitution or
legislation in any aspect, including in regard to the cultural heritage protection. These plans are
being challenged by means of submitting an initiative to the Constitutional Court of the Republic of
Macedonia, which should start a corresponding procedure.
4.
Implementation of Plans and Observation of the Changes of Space
The theme of Implementation of Plans
(4.1)
has been treated through elaboration of five
operational instruments in the domain of spatial and urban planning. In that sense, the first
instrument comprises extracts from plans
(4.1.1)
with detailed account of their position,
importance, form and the way of issuing. Furthermore, the second instrument refers to the
protection-conservation conditions
(4.1.2),
which are determined by the Cultural Heritage
Protection Office prior to issuing the location conditions. Separately from them are elaborated the
issues of the verification of the state and local urban planning documentation
(4.1.3)
and the issue
of verification of the
urbanism
and architectural-urbanism projects
((4.1.4).
The decision on
location conditions
(4.1.5)
is the crucial legal instrument for practical implementation of plans,
taking into consideration that it determines the conditions under which construction works can be
undertaken at certain construction plot. The jurisdiction over issuance of this kind of decisions is
shared by the central and local authorities: regarding structures of first and second categories the
decision on location conditions is issued by the responsible ministry and for structures of third,
fourth and fifth category
-
by the major of municipality.
Observation of the changes of space
(4.2)
has been elaborated as obligation arising from
the Law on Implementation of the Spatial Plan of the Republic of Macedonia, which is being put
into effect through special instruments for observation of the changes of space
(4.2.1)
and through
analyses regarding the accomplishing of plans
(4.2.2)
492
Summary
5.
Urbanism
Inspecting and Control over the Legality of the Work
of Local
Urbanism
Authorities
The
urbanism
inspection
(5.1),
i.e., inspection control over the implementation of the Law on
Spatial and Urban Planning and the regulation arising from it have been organized in central and
local level. In that sense, in the central level there is the
urbanism
inspector from the State
Inspectorate for Construction and
Urbanism
(shortly
—
the state
urbanism
inspector) and in the
local level
-
the municipal
urbanism
inspector. Conducting of the inspection supervision in the
domain of
urbanism
is mandatory, consequently, every municipality has to have such an inspector,
if not, the responsibilities in his jurisdiction are carried out by the state
urbanism
inspector.
The control over the legality of the work of local
urbanism
authorities
(5.2)
is conducted by
the responsible ministry (the Ministry of Transport and Communications), which has the
authorization for suspending the jurisdiction of the local authorities for a period of one year, in
which case the Ministry takes over the conducting of these activities throughout the stated period.
6.
Evaluation of the Influence upon the Human Environment,
Nature and Cultural Heritage
The subject matter of the evaluation of the influence on the human environment, nature and
cultural heritage has been treated in three thematic units, depending on the kind of evaluation. In
that sense, we distinguish: the strategic evaluation of influence
(6.1),
the evaluation of the influence
upon certain projects
(6.2)
and the evaluation of the influence upon certain domains and activities
(6.3).
The term strategic evaluation
(6.1.1)
implies the evaluation of possible influences of certain
strategies, plans and programs on the environment. This kind of evaluation is mandatory for the
planned documents specified in the special decree by the Government of
2007,
while regarding
some kinds of such documents regulated by other decree of the Government of
2007
the evaluation
is optional. In that respect, the mandatory strategic evaluation is canned out obligatorily, whereas
the optional is based on a decision made by the body issuing the planned document. This kind of
evaluation can be carried out merely by persons listed in the List of Experts concerning Strategic
Evaluation
(6.1.2).
The results of the evaluation are presented in the Report on the Strategic
Evaluation of the Environment
(6.1.3),
which is subject to evaluation by the responsible ministry.
The evaluation of the influence on the project
(6.2.
1) is a special kind of evaluation different
from the strategic evaluation and it refers to certain projects that exert or could exert some
influence on the human environment. In that sense, we distinguish: obligatory, optional and
alternative evaluation of the influence of a project. Projects that are subject to obligatory evaluation
have been regulated in a special decree of the Government of
2005
(amended in
2009),
whereas
evaluation is optional regarding projects in the group of generally regulated projects, for which the
need for conducting evaluation of the influence on the environment is decided separately. The
evaluation is conducted by persons from the List of Experts concerning the Evaluation of the
Influence of Projects
(6.2.2).
Anyway, determining the need for the evaluation of the influence of
projects
(6.2.3)
is done in a special procedure run by the responsible ministry, in the frames of
which corresponding decision is made. In this kind of evaluation a Study on the Evaluation of the
Influence of Projects is carried out and it is subject to validation in a Report on the Adequacy of the
Study
(6.2.4).
This is followed by issuing decision for granting permission or rejecting the request
for implementation of the project
(6.2.5).
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The third kind of evaluation
-
estimate of the influence by certain actions or activities
(6.3.1)
requires working out an Elaborate for Protection of Human Environment
(6.3.2),
which is subject
to verification: the Office for Human Environment within the respective ministry issues a decision
for adoption of the elaborate.
7.
Conservation Monitoring and Improvement of the Quality of the
Environment in the Protected Areas
Conservation monitoring
(7.1)
is being conducted in the Cultural Heritage Protection Office.
Improvement of the quality of the environment in the protected areas
(7.2)
is the obligation
of more than one entity, including the Cultural Heritage Protection Office, which can also prescribe
special measures.
8.
Periodical Reports on the State of the Environment and the Cultural Heritage
This refers to periodical reports submitted to the Parliament for a period of four years,
which includes mandatory information on the state of cultural heritage.
V
-
ENCROACHING ON THE INTEGRITY OF THE PROTECTED AREAS
1.
Prohibited Actions and Exceptions from Bans
In the main law of
2004
several categories of forbidden actions have been determined, such
as: general bans
(1.1)
from which there are no any exceptions; specific, i.e., special bans for
particular protected areas
( 1.2)
and relative bans meaning actions allowed by exception
(1.3).
The category of general bans includes particularly: the ban concerning damaging and
destruction of protected properties
(1.1.1),
ban on usurpation of protected immovable properties
(1.1.2),
ban on illegal construction in protected areas
(1.1.3),
ban on illegal interventions on
protected properties
(1.1.4),
ban on repression, attack, requisition and use of cultural heritage in
warfare purposes
(1.1.5),
ma mall-using and unauthorized use of international marks of cultural
heritage
(1.1.6),
ban on using of equipment for detection for the purpose of carrying out,
supporting or fostering illegal excavations and for unauthorized use in archaeological researches
(1.1.7),
ban on the transfer of right to ownership of state-owned cultural heritage of special
importance
(1.1.8)
and bans related with cultural heritage distinguished by the purpose
-
preemption, covering-up, concealing, export and collecting
{ХЛ.
9)
The category of special bans concerning specific protected areas includes: ban on
construction
(1.2.1),
moratorium of archaeological researches
(1.2.2)
and other special bans, such
as, deep plowing, planting of perennial plants, afforesting, movement of motor vehicles, lighting
fire in open-air space, camping, locating garbage disposal heaps, disturbing of the area diversity,
changing the configuration of the terrain, etc.
(1.2.3).
The category of relative bans includes actions permitted by exception, particularly:
relocation of protected structures
(1.3.1),
which is under the regime of permission by the
Government (concerning cultural heritage of special importance), or approval by the Cultural
Heritage Protection Office (for other categories of protected properties); abandoning of protected
properties
(1.3.2)
in cases when they are endangered by carrying out of priority projects and when
they can not be relocated or protected on their very location, this ban being under the regime of
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Summary
prior approval by the body issuing the act for protection; removal of protected properties or parts
of them when they present some kind of peril
(1.3.3),
which can be done on the grounds of approval
for removal issued after a prior consent by the body that has adopted the act for protection;
geological researches and exploitation of mineral resources
(1.3.4)
which are under the regime of
permission by exception; placing company signs, advertisements, billboards, posters and other
information
(1.3.5),
which requires prior approval by exception issued by the Cultural Heritage
Protection Office.
2.
Construction in Protected Areas
The subject matter of construction in protected areas of cultural and historic importance
has been elaborated in six thematic units, including the basics of construction regime
(2.1),
participants in construction and their accreditation
(2.2),
kinds of permissions and other acts for
accreditation in the process of construction
(2.3),
preliminary consents and permissions for
construction in protected areas and their revocation
(2.4),
special cases of construction in
protected areas in exceptional circumstances
(2.5),
as well as construction inspection and control
over the legality of activities performed by local authorities
(2.6).
The basics of the construction regime have been elaborated in seven points. In that respect,
the basic notions concerning construction
(2.1.1)
have been listed, including: construction,
preliminary worL·, preparation works, enlargement, construction of a superstructure, adaptation,
reconstruction and maintenance, with their legal meaning in the aspect of the construction
regulations and some of them in view of the conservation legislation, as well. The issue of the
relation between the construction and the conservation regulations
(2.1.2)
has also been dealt with
in a sublime form, through analysis of legal cases when these regulations are suspended or have
cumulative effect. The categorization of structures
(2.1.3)
refers to five categories of structures and
protected immovable properties can belong to any of them, meaning that such categorization
according to construction regulations has no reflection over the classification or categorization of
the cultural heritage based on conservation legislation. In regard to the basic requirements for
construction
(2.1.4),
it is noteworthy that the same apply to protected properties and the allowed
exceptions concern merely the adjustment for disabled persons. These requirements refer to
mechanic resistance, stability and seismic protection; fire protection; hygiene, health and
environment protection; safety in use; noise protection, energy efficiency and accessibility and
movement to and inside structures for everyone. Furthermore, a sublimed account has been given
of activities under the regime of accreditation, authorization and other forms of control over the
process of construction
(2.1.5),
as well as sharing of competences in construction
(2.1.6)
based on
the categorization of structures (the ones of the first and second category being in the jurisdiction of
the central authorities and the structures of third, fourth and fifth category
-
of local authorities).
Organization of the construction lot
(2.1.7)
as obligation also refers to protected structures, in
which a mark has to be placed informing that it is cultural heritage.
Participants in construction are the following entities: investor
(2.2.1)
and on his behalf
-
manager of construction
(2.2.2),
project designer
(2.2.3),
reviser
(2.2.4),
contractor
(2.2.5),
supervising engineer
(2.2.6),
in which special category is the maintenance manager
(2.2.7).
The
participants in construction engaged by the investor (legal entity exclusively) have to have
accreditation and acquired corresponding license (to be issued by the responsible ministry for a
period of seven years, with a possibility of being prolonged and also temporarily or permanently
taken away), and for its obtaining the entity needs to have employed certain number of engineers
with corresponding authorization (authorization "A" or authorization "B"), issued by the Chamber
of Authorized Architects and Engineers". Individuals can be participants in construction (project
designer, reviser, operational engineer, supervising engineer and maintenance engineer) only if
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they have acquired corresponding authorization and are employed in a legal entity registered for the
respective kind of activities. The authorizations are being issued for a period of five years, with a
possibility of being prolonged and also temporarily or permanently revoked. Participants in
construction can also be foreign legal entities or physical persons
(2.2.8),
only under specified
conditions (registered company in the Republic of Macedonia, validation of the project
documentation and of the required kind of authorization).
In the process of construction the following kinds of acts for authorization are being issued:
approval of preparatory worL·
(2.3.1),
construction permission
(2.3.2),
decision for approval of
change during construction
(2.3.3),
decision for construction of buildings for which no
construction permission is needed
(2.3.4),
permission for setting a temporary structure
(2.3.5),
permission for installation of urban design elements
(2.3.6),
decision for approval of adaptation
project
(2.3.7),
approval for change of use or adaptation with change of use
(2.3.8),
permission for
reconstruction or reconstruction with change of use
(2.3.9),
permission for use
(2.3.10)
and
permission for removal
(2.3.11).
Issuing of the respective authorizations and other acts for construction is related with
obtaining preliminary permission and approval by responsible bodies as determined by the Law on
Protection of Cultural Heritage. It concerns particularly the protection-conservation permission or
approval
(2.4.1)
issued by the Cultural Heritage Protection Office and other kinds of preliminary
permissions and approvals
(2.4.2),
which can, in certain cases, be revoked
(2.4.3)
by the issuing
body.
Special cases of construction in protected areas are the following: construction of special
protection structures
(2.5.1),
which are intended for preventing dangers against national disasters
or destructions resulting from warfare, and for diminishing the consequences of such events or
damages, as well as restoration of damaged or destroyed structures
(2.5.2)
after the end of
hostilities or natural catastrophes.
Inspection in the domain of construction is conducted by construction inspection
(2.6.1)
organized in central and local level by adherence to the principle of obligation. In that sense, if the
municipality does not appoint municipal construction inspector, the works in his domain are taken
over by the state construction inspector, more precisely, the State Inspectorate for Construction
and
Urbanism.
In addition, if the local inspector does not fulfill the responsibilities in his
competence, the respective minister can issue, upon suggestion by the State Inspectorate, a decision
for taking away the jurisdiction from the municipal construction inspector for a period of one year.
Anyway, the orders of construction inspectors concerning protected structures
(2.6.2)
basically
refer to stopping the construction activities, removal of the structure, closing the construction lot,
prohibition for selling, mortgaging or other ways of transferring rights to property, as well as
prohibition for construction and use of the structure. On the other hand, the control over the
legality of activities carried out by local construction authorities
(2.6.3)
is the responsibility of the
respective ministry
-
the Ministry of Transport and Communications.
VI
-
DIRECT PROTECTION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE
1.
Basics of the Direct Protection
The basics of the direct protection have been considered within four thematic units,
including: general remarks
(1.1),
conservation researches
(1.2),
designing conservation projects
(1.3)
and carrying out direct protection
(1.4).
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Summary
The expression direct protection
(1.1.1)
is a generic term encompassing all kinds of direct
interventions over protected properties. It refers to varied methods of direct protection
(1.1.2),
particularly to prevention, conservation, re-composition, anastylosis, adaptation, relocation,
interpolation and working out replicas. In general terms direct protection is a special form of
protection differing from the other kinds of protection activities that precede or follow it. As such,
it is distinguished by the specific procedure, herewith referred to as conservation procedure. It
involves certain characteristics
(1.1.3)
related with its legality, flexibility, gradual stages, i.e.,
phases of activities, etc.
Conservation researches indicate the initial phase of conservation procedure and they can
be carried out as integral part of specific conservation project or as separate subject matter. In that,
subject of the regime for obtaining preliminary approval from the Cultural Heritage Protection
Office are conservation researches that could inflict damage or lead to destruction, i.e., disturb the
integrity of the protected properties. Researches of this kind are being carried out, above all, by
protection institutions and they can only be run by a professional of the rank
-
authorized
conservator.
The expression conservation project
(1.3.1)
is a generic term implying all kinds of project
documentation regarding measures taken for direct protection. The kinds of conservation projects
are classified according to three criteria: the kind of protection interventions (based on which seven
kinds of conservation projects are distinguished, including: projects for prevention, conservation,
consolidation, adaptation, restoration, reconstruction and for other measures of protection); the
intention of the project (based on which eighteen kinds of conservation projects are distinguished,
including: architectural, construction projects, projects for wall painting, mosaics, stone
monuments, wooden plastic art, icons, metal, bone, leather, paper, clay, etc.) and the level of
realization (based on which five kinds of conservation projects are distinguished, including: for-
project, basic project, main operational project, plan of the situation after the construction, as well
as use and maintenance project). Conservation projects are being designed
(1.3.2)
mainly by
conservation centers, which do not need special license for designing conservation projects. There
is an option for projects to be designed by other legal entities or by private persons, provided that
they answer the prescribed requirements. Conservation projects are being worked out by adherence
to special standards and norms for designing out conservation projects
(1.3.3)
and specific
methodology for designing conservation projects
(1.3.4)
as regulated by the Book of Regulations
on Conservation Projects of
2006.
Worked out conservation projects are subject to expert control
(1.3.5),
meaning that the project is being evaluated by commission from the responsible public
institution, which is positioned above it in the hierarchy. The expert control regarding the projects
designed by the competent institution (the National Conservation Centre), is earned out by the
Cultural Heritage Protection Office.
Activities of direct conservation can only be conducted on the basis of conservation permit
(1.4.1)
issued by the Cultural Heritage Protection Office. If carrying out of the works requires
construction permission or other kind of permission by the authorized body in accordance with
construction legislation, it cannot be issued unless a conservation permit has already been issued.
Conservation activities are regularly performed
(1 .4.2)
by conservation institutions, for which they
do not need any licenses or authorizations. Anyway, if these activities are carried out by other
entities, they need to have employed an authorized conservator and fulfill other requirements
prescribed in the conservation regulations, beside the general conditions provided in the
construction legislation (license, authorization). Managing of construction works
(1.4.3)
can only
be entrusted to authorized conservator, a professional that has acquired a scholarly or expert title in
the domain of cultural heritage protection (Senior Conservator or Advisory Conservator) or
possesses a license acquired after passing the expert examination run by the commission within the
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Ministry of Culture. Conservation supervision
(1.4.4)
is organized according to the principle of
external control, having been conducted by authorized person from the directly responsible body,
whereas the supervision over the conservation works of the National Centre for Conservation is
carried out within the Cultural Heritage Protection Office. In the course of activities the Cultural
Heritage Protection Office can take corresponding legal measures
(1.4.5)
if they find it necessary,
particularly temporary ceasing of activities, prohibition for performing the activities, restoration of
the previous state and taking away the conservation permission. The conducted works of direct
protection are subjected to the final expert control
(1.4.6)
carried out by the Cultural Heritage
Protection Office through special commissions or by appointing a relevant institution for that
purpose. If a special permission for use is needed regarding some structure, it cannot be issued
neither could the structure be subjected to the procedure of technical approval, unless the final
expert control has already been carried out.
2.
Pronouncing Cultural Heritage in Danger
Pronouncing cultural heritage in danger is a measure undertaken in cases when there is
direct or indirect peril to any protected property having the status of cultural heritage. It is done by
the Cultural Heritage Protection Office, either
ex officio or
upon suggestion by the responsible
body, through issuing a corresponding decision. In such an instance, the protected property for
which a decision for pronouncing cultural heritage in danger has been issued takes the priority in
regard to performing of activities
3.
Inspection over the Direct Protection of Cultural Heritage
Inspection control over the direct protection of cultural heritage, as well as over the
protection in general, is carried out within the Cultural Heritage Protection Office through
authorized persons
-
cultural heritage inspectors. Subject to this kind of inspection are all kinds of
protected properties, as well as the implementation of all heritage-related regulations. Cultural
heritage inspectors basically have the same rights and responsibilities as inspectors in other related
domains. They make decisions for imposing certain legal measures, including order for ceasing of
activities, prohibition for performing the activities, correcting of irregularities, restoration of the
previous state, and to suggest revoking of the conservation permit, taking away the issued consent,
revoking the license for conservation, etc.
VII
-
USE OF THE CULTURAL HERITAGE
1.
Basics of the Using Regime
The basics of the using regime have been presented through the elaboration of three
specific thematic units, including ownership of cultural heritage (1
.1),
properties of special status
categories
(1.2)
and management of cultural heritage
(1.3).
The right of ownership of cultural heritage
(1.1.1)
has been considered in historic and
actual context, by stating the basic ways of acquiring it and the termination of the right. Due to
numerous peculiar features, the state owned cultural heritage
(1.1.2)
has been elaborated as special
thematic unit, as well as the right of using cultural heritage
(1.1.3).
The special status categories of high importance concerning use of cultural heritage are
properties for common use
(1.2.1)
and properties ofgeneral interest for the Republic of Macedonia
(X.I.I).
498
Summary
Managing of cultural heritage has been treated in the aspect of implementing the right to
ownership, that is, the right of using state owned cultural heritage and managing certain processes
in the domain of cultural heritage protection. Anyway, when considering the expression
management of cultural heritage in broader context, it should be emphasized that the national
model of protection still has major gaps in the legislation.
2.
Proper Use of Cultural Heritage
Proper use of cultural heritage is based on several basic principles of using it
(2.1),
particularly: the use in accordance with the nature of properties
(2.1.1),
use in accordance with the
intention of properties
(2.1.2),
use in accordance with the general interest
(2.1.3)
and use by
abiding the rights of other entities
(2.1.4).
Special forms of use have been emphasized in the main law
(2.2),
especially: the use upon
concession
(2.2.1),
carrying out economic activities within protected properties
(2.2.2)
and the use
of a name or shape of cultural heritage for profitable purposes
(2.2.3).
These forms of using
heritage are subject to authorization regime, in which the concession is in the jurisdiction of the
Government and the two other forms of use require prior approval by the Cultural Heritage
Protection Office.
3.
Public Access to Cultural Heritage, the Documentation and Information
concerning Heritage and Its Protection
This thematic block deals with the accessibility of unprotected properties
(3.1),
accessibility
of protected properties
(3.2),
accessibility to the documentation and information
(3.3)
and
limitations of accessibility for the public
(3.4).
The legal obligation for providing accessibility of unprotected properties refers to owners of
potential cultural heritage only in regard to specific entities (bodies responsible for protection) and
merely for precisely defined purposes. On the other hand, the obligation for providing accessibility
of protected properties has several levels: accessibility for professionals and scholars
(3.2.1),
accessibility for culture circles
(3.2.2),
accessibility for disabled persons
(3.2.3)
and accessibility
for the public at large
(3.2.4).
The accessibility to the documentation concerning cultural heritage and its protection
(3.3.1)
and the accessibility of information about it
(3.3.2)
have been elaborated not only in the aspect of
de lege
lata,
but also in view of
de lege fereitda,
having in mind that this matter requires enacting
additional, more refined normative regulation.
The limitations of accessibility for the public are of factual and legal nature. It is noteworthy
that in the legislation the legal constraints have not been sufficiently clarified, as they should be,
with the exception of the limitation for the public based on the right to scientific property.
4.
Associated Measures Regarding the Use of Cultural Heritage
The associated measures in the use of cultural heritage have been classified in two groups,
that is, existing measures
(4.1)
and recommendable measures and policies
(4.2).
The set of existing measures include reimbursement of contingencies
(4.1.1),
forced
execution
(4.1.2)
in cases when the owner refuses to act upon the imposed measure, right to
reimbursement of invested public funds
(4.1.3),
mortgaging of protected immovable property
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(4.1.4),
right to priority in purchasing
(4.1.5),
expropriation
(4.1.6),
as well as privatization and
denationalization
(4.1.7).
The group of recommendable measures include especially: tax and custom duties exemption
and other reductions for owners of protected properties
(4.2.1),
donations and sponsorship in
heritage domain (A.l.T), low-interest credits
(4.2.3),
heritage rents
(4.2.4)
and other
recommendable measures and policies
(4.2.5),
particularly harmonization of the legislation and its
stabilization, financial decentralization of the cultural heritage protection, establishing of cultural
heritage national fund, rehabilitation of the old urban and vernacular architecture through residence
policy, etc.
On the whole, the national model of cultural heritage protection in the Republic of
Macedonia needs corresponding enhancement, specifically in regard to the integrated conservation,
that should be achieved in due time.
500
СОДРЖИНА
стр.
Предговор
. 19
Глава
I
ОПШТИ
РАЗГЛЕДУВАЊА
ЗА ИНТЕГРИРАНАТА ЗАШТИТА
НА КУЛТУРНОТО НАСЛЕДСТВО
1.
ОСНОВНИ
ПОЙМИ И
ТЕРМИНОЛОГИЈА
. 21
1.1
ПОИМ И НАЗИВ НА ИНТЕГРИРАНАТА ЗАШТИТА
. 21
1.1.1
Поим на интегрираната заштита
. 21
1.1.2
Назив на интегрираната заштита
. 23
1.2
СИНОНИМИ И ДРУГИ СРОДНИ ПОИМИ
. 25
1
.2.1
Активна заштита
. 25
1.2.2
Интегрална заштита
. 27
1.2.3
Ревитализација, реанимација, рехабилитација
. 29
2.
ПРЕДМЕТ НА ИНТЕГРИРАНАТА ЗАШТИТА
. 33
2.1
ЗАШТИТЕНИ ДОБРА
. 35
2.1.1
Споменичко наследство
. 35
2.1.2
Резервирана археолошка зона
. 38
2.1.3
Добра под привремена заштита
. 39
2.2
НЕЗАШТИТЕНИ ДОБРА
. 39
2.3
КОНТАКТНА ЗОНА И ЗАШТИТЕНО ПО
ДРАЧЈЕ
. 40
2.3.1
Контактна зона
. 40
2.3.2
Заштитено
подрачје
. 41
3.
ЦЕЛИ И НАЧЕЛА НА ИНТЕГРИРАНАТА ЗАШТИТА
. 42
3.1
ЦЕЛИ НА ИНТЕГРИРАНАТА ЗАШТИТА
. 42
3.2
НАЧЕЛА НА ИНТЕГРИРАНАТА ЗАШТИТА
. 44
3.2.1
Начело на задолжително
вклучување
во
просторните
и урбанистичките
планови.
44
3
.2.2
Начело
на конхерентност
. 46
3.2.3
Начело на одржливо
користење
. 47
3.2.4
Начело на демократско учество
. 48
3.2.5
Начело на заемна одговорност на
јавните
власти
. 50
3.2.6
Начело на задолжителна соработка
. 51
4.
НОРМАТИВНА РАМКА НА ИНТЕГРИРАНАТА ЗАШТИТА
. 52
4.1
НАЦИОНАЛНИ
ПРОПИСИ
. 52
4.1.1
Уставна рамка
. 52
4.1.2
Прописи од областа на
заштитатана културното наследство
. 53
4.1.3
Прописи од
областа на просторното и урбанистичкото
планирање
. 57
4.1.4
Прописи од
областа на заштитата на животната средина
. 59
4.1.5
Прописи од областа на заштитата на
природата
. 60
4.1.6
Прописи од областа на
регионалниот и
руралниот
развој
. 61
4.1.7
Прописи од областа на
културата
. 62
4.1.8
Прописи од
други допирни области.
63
4.2
МЕЃУНАРО
ДНИ
АКТИ
. 65
4.2.1
Меѓународни
договори
. 65
4.2.2
Други
меѓународни
акти
. 74
Глава
II
РАЗВОЈ
НА РЕГУЛАТИВАТА ЗА
ИНТЕГРИРАНАТА
ЗАШТИТА НА
КУЛТУРНОТО
НАСЛЕДСТВО
1.
РАЗВОЈ
НА
МЕЃУНАРОДНАТА
РЕГУЛАТИВА ЗА
ИНТЕГРИРАНАТА
ЗАШТИТА
. 75
1.1
ЗАЧЕТОЦИ НА
ИНТЕГРИРАНАТА
ЗАШТИТА
. 75
1.1.1
Сарашка
декларација
. 75
1.1.2
Атинска
повелба
. 76
1.1.3
Урбанистичка повелба
. 78
1.2
ПРОФИЛИРАЊЕ
НА
ИНТЕГРИРАНАТА
ЗАШТИТА
. 79
1.2.1
Препорака на УНЕСКО за
пејзажите
и
пределите
. 79
1.2.2
Венецијанска
повелба
. 81
1.2.3
Првите
акти на
Советот на Европа
. 82
1.2.4
Препорака на УНЕСКО за
загрозените
добра
. 83
1.2.5
Акти
на Првата
министерска
конференција
на Советот на Европа
. 84
1.2.6
Клучни претходни
акти на
Советот на Европа
. 85
1.2.7
Препорака на УНЕСКО од
1972
година
. 86
1.2.8
Први
позначајни
акти
на ИКОМОС
. 87
1.3
ПРОМОВИРАЊЕ
НА
ИНТЕГРИРАНАТА
ЗАШТИТА
. 87
1.3.1
Европска повелба за архитектонското наследство
. 87
1.3.2
Амстердамска
декларација
. 89
1.4
УНАПРЕДУВ
АЊЕ
НА
ИНТЕГРИРАНАТА
ЗАШТИТА
. 90
1.4.1
Резолуција
(76) 28
на Советот на Европа
. 90
1.4.2
Препорака од
Најроби
. 91
1.4.3
Посебни
акти за
едукацијата
. 92
1.4.4
Ревидирана
венецијанска повелба
. 93
1.4.5
Акти од
Гранада
. 94
1.4.6
Препорака за
отворените
градски
простори
. 95
1.4.7
Вашингтонска
повелба
. 95
1.4.8
Препорака за заштита од
загадувањето
. 96
1.4.9
Препорака за археолошкото наследство и
планирањето
. 96
1.4.10
Препорака за руралното наследство
. 97
1.4.11
Препорака за техничкото, индустриското и градежното наследство.
. 97
1.4.12
Препорака за
објектите
од
XX
век
. 97
1.4.13
Препорака за
стимулираше
на
финансирањето
. 97
1.4.14
Малтешки
акти
. 98
1.4.15
Препорака за заштита од
природни катастрофи.
99
1.4.16
Препорака за
културните предели.
99
1.4.17
Хелсиншки
акти.
100
1.5
РЕПОЗИЦИОНИРАЊЕ
НА
ИНТЕГРИРАНАТА
ЗАШТИТА
. 100
2.
РАЗВОЈ
НА
НАЦИОНАЛНАТА РЕГУЛАТИВА
ЗА
ИНТЕГРИРАНАТА
ЗАШТИТА
. 102
2.1
РАЗВОЈ
НА
УСТАВНАТА
РЕГУЛАТИВА
. 102
2.1.1
Првите
уставни
норми.
102
2.1.2
Втората
генерација
устави и нивни
измени
. 103
2.1.3
Третата
генерација
устави
и нивни измени
. 105
2.2
РАЗВОЈ
НА ЗАКОНСКАТА РЕГУЛАТИВА ОД ОБЛАСТА НА
ЗАШТИТАТА НА СПОМЕНИЦИТЕ НА
КУЛТУРАТА
. 106
2.2.1
Прописи од првата
развојна
етапа
(1945-1959). 106
2.2.2
Прописи од
втората
развојна
етапа
(1959-1971). 107
2.2.3
Прописи од
третата
развојна
етапа
(1972-1991). 114
2.2.4
Прописи од четвртата
развојна
етапа
(1991-2004). 119
2.3
РАЗВОЈ
НА ЗАКОНСКАТА РЕГУЛАТИВА ОД ОБЛАСТА НА
ПРОСТОРНОТО
И УРБАНИСТИЧКОТО
ПЛАНИРАЊЕ
. 122
2.3.1
Предвоени
акти за
урбанизмот
. 122
2.3.2
Сојузна
уредба
за
ГУП.
122
2.3.3
Првите македонски прописи за урбанизмот
(1958-1965). 123
2.3.4
Втора
генерација
прописи за
планирање
и
уредување
на
просторот(
1965-1972). 126
2.3.5
Трета
генерација
прописи за
планирање
и
уредување
на
просторот(
1973-1985). 128
2.3.6
Четврта
генерација
прописи за
планирање
и
уредување
на просторот
(1985-1996). 130
2.3.7
Петта
генерација
прописи за
планираше
и
уредување
на просторот
(1996-2005). 131
2.4
РАЗВОЈ
НА ЗАКОНСКАТА РЕГУЛАТИВА ОД ОБЛАСТА
НА ГРАДЕЖНИШТВОТО
. 134
9
2.4.1
Предвоени прописи за градежништвото
. 135
2.4.2
Првите повоени прописи за градежништвото
(1945-1960). 135
2.4.3
Прописи за инвестиционата изградба
(1961-1971). 137
2.4.4
Прописи за инвестиционата изградба
(1972-2004). 138
2.5
PA3BOJ
НА ЗАКОНСКАТА РЕГУЛАТИВА ОД ОБЛАСТА
НА РУДАРСТВОТО
. 140
2.6
PA3BOJ
НА ЗАКОНСКАТА РЕГУЛАТИВА ОД ОБЛАСТА
НА ЗАШТИТАТА НА ЖИВОТНАТА
СРЕДИНА И ПРИРОДАТА
. 142
2.7
PA3BOJ
НА ЗАКОНСКАТА РЕГУЛАТИВА ОД ОБЛАСТА
НА ОПШТЕСТВЕНОТО
ПЛАНИРАЊЕ
. 143
2.8
РАЗВОЈ
НА ЗАКОНСКАТА РЕГУЛАТИВА ОД ОБЛАСТА
НА
КУЛТУРАТА
. 145
2.9
РАЗВОЈ
НА ЗАКОНСКАТА РЕГУЛАТИВА
ОД
ДРУГИТЕ ДОПИРНИ
ОБЛАСТИ
. 147
Глава
III
ПЛАНСКИ
ИНСТРУМЕНТИ
НА
ИНТЕГРИРАНАТА ЗАШТИТА
НА
КУЛТУРНОТО
НАСЛЕДСТВО
1.
НАЦИОНАЛНИ
СТРАТЕГИИ
. 149
1.1
НАЦИОНАЛНИ
СТРАТЕГИИ ЗА
КУЛТУРАТА
И
КУЛТУРНОТО
НАСЛЕДСТВО
. 149
1.1.1
Национална
стратегија
за
развој
на
културата
. 149
1.1.2
Национална
стратегија
за
заштита
и
користење
на културното наследство
. 150
1.2
НАЦИОНАЛНИ СТРАТЕГИИ ЗА ЖИВОТНАТА СРЕДИНА И
ПРИРОДАТА
. 154
1.2.1
Национална
стратегија
за заштита на природата
. 154
1.2.2
Стратегија
за
управување
со отпад
на Република
Македонија
. 155
1.2.3
Стратегија
за мониторинг на животната средина
. 157
1.3
НАЦИОНАЛНИ
СТРАТЕГИИ ЗА РЕГИОНАЛЕН, РУР АЛЕН И
ОДРЖЛИВ
РАЗВОЈ
. 158
1.3.1
Стратегијаза
регионален
развој
на
Република
Македонија.
158
1.3.2
Национална
стратегија
за
земјоделството
и
руралниот развој
. 159
1.3.3
Национална
стратегија
за
одржлив развој
. 160
1.4
ДРУГИ НАЦИОНАЛНИ СТРАТЕГИИ
. 160
1.4.1
Стратегија
за
геолошки истражувања, одржливо користење
и
експлоатација
на минерални суровини
. 160
1.4.2
Стратегија
за
развој
на туризмот во
Република
Македонија
. 162
1.4.3
Национална
стратегија
за заштита и
спасување
. 162
10
2.
ПРОСТОРНИ И УРБАНИСТИЧКИ ПЛАНОВИ И ПРОГРАМИ
ЗА НИВНА ИЗРАБОТКА
. 163
2.1
ПРОСТОРНИ ПЛАНОВИ
. 163
2.1.1
Просторен план на Република
Македонија
. 163
2.1.2
Просторен план за регион
. 166
2.1.3
Просторен план за
подрачје
од
посебен интерес за Републиката
. 167
2.1.4
Просторни планови на локалните единици
. 168
2.2
УРБАНИСТИЧКИ ПЛАНОВИ
. 169
2.2.1
Генерален урбанистички план
. 169
2.2.2
Детален
урбанистички план
. 172
2.2.3
Урбанистички план за село
. 175
2.2.4
Урбанистички
план вон
населено место
. 177
2.3
ПРОГРАМИ ЗА ИЗРАБОТКА НА ПРОСТОРНИ ПЛАНОВИ И ЗА
СПРОВЕДУВ
АЊЕ
НА ПРОСТОРНИОТ ПЛАН НА РЕПУБЛИКАТА.
í
78
2.3.1
Програма за изработка на просторни планови
. 178
2.3.2
Програма за
спроведување
на Просторниот план на Републиката
. 179
2.4
ПРОГРАМИ ЗА ИЗРАБОТКА НА УРБАНИСТИЧКИ ПЛАНОВИ
. 179
2.4.1
Програма за приоритетна изработка на урбанистички планови
. 179
2.4.2
Програма за изработка на урбанистички планови
од
значење
за Републиката (Годишна програма)
. 180
2.4.3
Локални програми за изработка на урбанистички планови
. 181
2.4.4
Планска програма за изработка на урбанистички планови
. 182
3.
ЗАШТИТНО-КОНЗЕРВАТОРСКИ ОСНОВИ
. 183
4.
УРБАНИСТИЧКА ПЛАНСКА
ДОКУМЕНТАЦИИ,
УРБАНИСТИЧКИ
ПРОЕКТИ И ПРОГРАМИ ЗА У
РЕДУВАЊЕ
.
1
88
4.1
УРБАНИСТИЧКА ПЛАНСКА
ДОКУМЕНТАЦИЈА
. 188
4.1.1
Државна урбанистичка планска
документација
. 188
4.1.2
Локална урбанистичка планска
документација
.
1
89
4.2
УРБАНИСТИЧКИ И АРХИТЕКТОНСКО-УРБАНИСТИЧКИ
ПРОЕКТИ
. 190
4.2.1
Урбанистички проект
. 190
4.2.2
Архитектонско-урбанистички проект
. 193
4.3
ПРОГРАМИ ЗА
УРЕДУВАЊЕ
. 194
4.3.1
Програма за
уредување
на градежно
земјиште
. 194
4.3.2
Годишна програма за
поставување
на времени
објекти.
195
4.3.3
Програма за изгледот на градбите
. 196
5.
ПЛАНОВИ И ПРОГРАМИ ЗА ЖИВОТНАТА СРЕДИНА
И ПРИРОДАТА
. 196
5.1
ЕКОЛОШКИ ПЛАНОВИ И ПРОГРАМИ
. 196
5.1.1
Национален акционен план за животната средина
. 196
11
5.1.2
Локални акциони планови за животната средина
. 198
5.1.3
Планови и програми за
управување
со отпадот
. 199
5.1.4
Програма
за мониторинг на
животната средина
. 200
5.2
ПЛАНОВИ И ПРОГРАМИ ЗА ЗАШТИТА НА ПРИРОДАТА
. 200
5.2.1
Планови за заштита на природата
. 200
5.2.2
Програми за
реализација
на плановите за заштита на природата
. 201
5.2.3
Планови за
управување
со
заштитени
подрачја
на природата
. 202
5.2.4
Годишни програми за заштита на природата
. 205
6.
ПЛАНОВИ И ПРОГРАМИ ЗА РЕГИОНАЛЕН, РУРАЛЕН
И
РАЗВОЈ
НА ТУРИЗМОТ
. 206
6.1
ПРОГРАМИ И АКЦИОНИ ПЛАНОВИ ЗА РАМНОМЕРЕН
РЕГИОНАЛЕН
РАЗВОЈ
. 206
6.1.1
Програми за
развој
на плански региони
. 206
6.1.2
Акционен план за
спроведување
на
Стратегијата
за
регионален
развој
на Република
Македонија
. 207
6.1.3
Годишна програма за рамномерен регионален
развој
. 207
6.1.4
Годишен акционен план за
спроведување
на Програмата
за
развој
на планскиот регион
. 208
6.2
ПРОГРАМИ ЗА РУРАЛЕН
РАЗВОЈ
И
РАЗВОЈ
НА ТУРИЗМОТ
. 208
6.2.1
Национална програма за
развој
на
земјоделството
и
рурален
развој
. 208
6.2.2
Годишна програма за финансиска поддршка за руралниот
развој
. 209
6.2.3
Годишна програма за
ревитализација
на селата
. 209
6.2.4
Годишна програма за
развој
на туризмот
. 209
7.
ПЛАНОВИ И ПРОГРАМИ ОД ОБЛАСТА НА КУЛТУРАТА
И СПОМЕНИЧКАТА
ДЕЈНОСТ
. 210
7.1
ПЛАНОВИ И ПРОГРАМИ ОД ОБЛАСТА НА КУЛТУРАТА
. 210
7.1.1
Национална програма за културата
. 210
7.1.2
Годишна програма за
остварување
на националниот интерес
во
културата
. 211
7.1.3
Годишен план за
остварување
на националниот интерес
во
културата
. 214
7.1.4
Годишни програми за работа на националните установи
. 214
7.2
ПЛАНОВИ И ПРОГРАМИ ОД ОБЛАСТА НА
СПОМЕНИЧКАТА
ДЕЈНОСТ
. 215
7.2.1
Планови за
управување
со недвижното
културно наследство
. 215
7.2.2
Национален акционен план за
превенција
на криминалитетот
против културното наследство
. 221
7.2.3
Планови за безбедносна заштита на културното наследство
. 222
7.2.4
Програма за
ревалоризација
на спомениците на културата
. 223
7.2.5
Програма за изработка на заштитно-конзерваторски основи
. 224
7.2.6
Програма за
ревитализација
на споменичкото наследство
. 225
12
Глава
IV
КУЛТУРНОТО НАСЛЕДСТВО И
ПРОЦЕСОТ НА
ПЛАНИРАЊЕ
И
УРЕДУВАЊЕ
НА ПРОСТОРОТ И ЗАШТИТА НА ЖИВОТНАТА
СРЕДИНА
1.
ОДНОС
МЕЃУ
ПРОСТОРНИТЕ
И УРБАНИСТЧКИТЕ
ПЛАНОВИ
И АКТИТЕ ЗА ЗАШТИТА
. 227
2.
СОЗДАВАЊЕ
НА ПЛАНСКИТЕ
РЕШЕНИЈА
ЗА
КУЛТУРНОТО
НАСЛЕДСТВО
. 231
2.1
СОЗДАВ
АЊЕ
НА ДОКУМЕНТАЦИОНА ОСНОВА
ЗА
КУЛТУРНОТО
НАСЛЕДСТВО
. 231
2.1.1
Носители на
изработката
на заштитно-конзерваторските
основи
за
културното
наследство
. 231
2.1.2
Методологија
за
изработка
на заштитно-конзерваторските
основи
. 234
2.1.3
Одобрување
и заверка на заштитно-конзерваторските
основи
. 239
2.2
УСОГЛАСУВАЊЕ,
ОБЛИЦИ
НА
ВЛИЈАНИЕ
И
КОНТРОЛА
НА
УСОГЛАСЕНОСТА НА ПЛАНСКИТЕ
РЕШЕНИЈА
. 240
2.2.1
Вградување
на
основите
во планската
документација
. 240
2.2.2
Стручна
ревизија
на
плановите
. 242
2.2.3
Претходно
мислење
по нацрт урбанистички план
. 243
2.2.4
Стручна расправа по одредени
видови планови.
245
2.2.5
Јавна презенатација и јавна
анкета по одредени
видови
урбанистички
планови.
246
2.2.6
Мислење
на градоначалникот на градот
Скопје
. 247
2.2.7
Согласност на предлог-урбанистичките
планови
. 248
2.2.8
Донесување
на
плановите
и нивно
менување
. 249
3.
ОСПОРУВАЊЕ
НА ДОНЕСЕН ПРОСТОРЕН И
УРБАНИСТИЧКИ ПЛАН
. 250
4.
СПРОВЕДУВАЊЕ
НА
ПЛАНОВИТЕ
И
СЛЕДЕЊЕ
НА
ПРОМЕНИТЕ
ВО ПРОСТОРОТ
. 251
4.1
СПРОВЕДУВАЊЕ
НА
ПЛАНОВИТЕ
. 251
4.1.1
Изводи од
плановите
. 251
4.1.2
Заштитно-конзерваторски
услови
. 253
4.1.3
Верификација
на државна и
локална урбанистичка
планска
документација
. 255
4.1.4
Верификација
на урбанистички и архитектонско-урбанистички
проекти
. 256
4.1.5
Решение за локациски
услови
. 258
4.2
СЛЕДЕЊЕ
НА
ПРОМЕНИТЕ
И АНАЛИЗА НА РЕАЛИЗ
АЦИЈАТА
НА
ПЛАНОВИТЕ
. 260
4.2.1
Следење
на
промените
во просторот
. 260
4.2.2
Анализа на
реализацијата
на
плановите
. 261
5.
УРБАНИСТИЧКА
ИНСПЕКЦИЈА
И НАДЗОР НАД ЗАКОНИТОСТА
НА
РАБОТЕЊЕТО
НА
ЛОКАЛНИТЕ
УРБАНИСТИЧКИ ВЛАСТИ
. 261
13
5.1
УРБАНИСТИЧКА ИНСПЕКЦИЈА
. 261
5.2
НАДЗОР НАД ЗАКОНИТОСТА НА
РАБОТЕЊЕТО
НА
ЛОКАЛНИТЕ УРБАНИСТИЧКИ ВЛАСТИ
. 263
6.
ОЦЕНА НА
ВЛИЈАНИЕТО
ВРЗ ЖИВОТНАТА СРЕДИНА,
ПРИРОДАТА И КУЛТУРНОТО НАСЛЕДСТВО
. 263
6.1
СТРАТЕГИСКА ОЦЕНА НА ВЛШАНИЕТО
. 263
6.1.1
Поим, видови и предмет на стратегиска оцена
. 263
6.1.2
Листа на експерти за стратегиска оцена
. 265
6.1.3
Извештај
за стратегиска оцена на животната средина
и негова
евалуација
. 266
6.2
ОЦЕНА НА
ВЛИЈАНИЈАТА
НА ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИ ПРОЕКТИ
. 267
6.2.1
Поим, видови и предмет на оцената на
влијанието
на проектот
. 267
6.2.2
Листа на експерти за оцена на
влијанието
на проектот
. 269
6.2.3
У
тврдување
на потребата од оцена на
влиј анието
на проектот
. 270
6.2.4
Студија
за оцена на
влијанието
на проектот
и
нејзина евалуација.
271
6.2.5
Решение за
давање
согласност или
одбивање
на
барањето
за
спроведување
на проектот
. 273
6.3
ОЦЕНА НА ВЛШАНИЕТО НА ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИ
ДЕЈНОСТИ
ИЛИ АКТИВНОСТИ
. 274
6.3.1
Поим и предмет на оцената на
влијанието
на
274
дејност
или активност
. 274
6.3.2
Елаборат за заштита на животната средина и
негова
верификација
. 275
7.
КОНЗЕРВАТОРСКИ
МОНИТОРИНГ И
УНАПРЕДУВАЊЕ
НА
КВАЛИТЕТОТ НА ЖИВОТНАТА СРЕДИНА
ВО ЗАШТИТЕНИТЕ
ПОДРАЧЈА
. 275
7.1
КОНЗЕРВАТОРСКИ
МОНИТОРИНГ
. 275
7.2
УНАПРЕДУВАЊЕ
НА КВАЛИТЕТОТ НА ЖИВОТНАТА СРЕДИНА
ВО
ЗАШТИТЕНИТЕ
ПОДРАЧЈА
. 277
8.
ПЕРИОДИЧНИ ИЗВЕШТАИ ЗА
СОСТОЈБАТА
НА ЖИВОТНАТА
СРЕДИНА И КУЛТУРНОТО НАСЛЕДСТВО
. 279
Глава
V
ПОСЕГАЊА
ВО ИНТЕГРИТЕТОТ
НА ЗАШТИТЕНИТЕ
ПОДРАЧЈА
1. 3
АБРАНЕТИ ДЕ
ЈСТВ
А И ИСКЛУЧОЦИ ОД ЗАБРАНИТЕ
. 281
1.1
ОПШТИ ЗАБРАНИ
. 281
1.1.1
Забрана за
оштетување
и
уништување
на заштитени добра
. 281
1.1.2
Забрана за
узурпација
на заштитена недвижност
. 282
1.1.3
Забрана
за бесправно
градење
во
заштитени
подрачја
. 283
14
1.1.4
Забрана за
бесправии
интерванции на заштитени добра
. 284
1.1.5
Забрана за
репресија,
напад,
реквирирање
и
користење
на
културното
наследство
за воени цели
. 285
1.1.6
Забрана за злоупотреба или неовластена употреба на
меѓународни
знаци за културното наследство
. 286
1.1.7
Забрана за употреба на опрема за
детекција
за
вршење, помагање
или
поттикнување
на нелегални
ископувања
и за неовластена
употреба
при археолошки
истражувања
. 287
1.1.8
Забрана за
отуѓување државно
културно
наследство од
особено
значење.
287
1.1.9
Забрани за недвижностите по намена
. 288
1.2
СПЕЦИЈАЛНИ
ЗАБРАНИ ЗА ОДДЕЛНИ ЗАШТИТЕНИ
ПОДРАЧЈА
. 289
1.2.1
Забрана за
градење
. 289
1.2.2
Мораториум
на археолошки
истражувања
. 290
1.2.3
Други
специјални
забрани
. 290
1.3
ДОЗВОЛЕНИ
ДЕЈСТВА
ПО ИСКЛУЧОК
. 291
1.3.1
Преместување
на заштитени
објекти
. 291
1.3.2
Напуштање
на заштитени добра
. 292
1.3.3
Отстранување
на заштитени добра
. 293
1.3.4
Геолошки
истражувања
и
експлоатација
на
минерални суровини.
295
1.3.5
Истакнување
фирми, реклами, табли, плакати и други
известувања.
298
2.
ГРАДЕЊЕ
ВО
ЗАШТИТЕНИ
ПОДРАЧЈА
. 299
2.1
ОСНОВИ НА РЕЖИМОТ НА
ГРАДЕЊЕТО
. 299
2.1.1
Основни
пойми за
градењето
. 299
2.1.2
Однос
меѓу
градежните
и
конзерваторските
прописи
. 301
2.1.3
Категоризација
на градбите и
нејзиниот одраз
врз заштитените градби
. 303
2.1.4
Основни
барања
за градбите и
дозволени отстапувања
за заштитените градби
. 305
2.1.5
Дејства
под режим на
акредитација, авторизација
и друга
контрола
во процесот на
градењето
. 307
2.1.6
Поделба на надлежностите за
градењето
. 308
2.1.7
Организирање
на градилиште
. 309
2.2
УЧЕСНИЦИ ВО ИЗГРАДБАТА И НИВНА
АКРЕДИТАЦИЈА
. 310
2.2.
í
Инвеститор
. 310
2.2.2
Управител
на градба
. 312
2.2.3
Проектант
. 313
2.2.4
Ревидент
. 316
2.2.5
Изведувач
. 317
2.2.6
Надзорен
инженер
. 319
2.2.7
Управител
на
одржување
. 321
2.2.8
Странски учесници во изградбата
. 321
2.3
ВИДОВИ
ОДОБРЕНИЈА
И
ДРУГИ
АКТИ
ЗА
АВТОРИЗАЦИЈА
ВО ПРОЦЕСОТ НА
ГРАДЕЊЕТО
. 322
2.3.1
Одобрение за
подготвителни работи.
322
15
2.3.2
Одобрение за
градење.
322
2.3.3
Решение за
одобрување
на измена во текот на изградбата
. 324
2.3.4
Решение за
изведување
на градби за кои не
e
потребно одобрение за
градење
. 325
2.3.5
Одобрение за
поставување
на времен
објект
. 326
2.3.6
Одобрение за
поставување
на урбана опрема
. 326
2.3.7
Решение за
одобрување
на проект за
адаптација
. 327
2.3.8
Одобрение за пренамена или
адаптација
со пренамена
. 327
2.3.9
Одобрение за
реконструкција
или
реконструкција
со пренамена
. 327
2.3.10
Одобрение за
употреба
. 328
2.3.11
Одобрение за
отстранување
. 329
2.4
ПРЕТХОДНИ СОГЛАСНОСТИ И
ОДОБРЕНИЈА
ЗА
ГРАДЕЊЕТО
ВО ЗАШТИТЕНИ
ПОДРАЧЈА
И НИВНО
ПОВЛЕКУВАЊЕ
. 329
2.4.1
Заштитно-конзерваторска согласност или одобрение
. 329
2.4.2
Други видови претходни
согласности и
одобренија
. 332
2.4.3
Повлекување
на
дадената
согласност или одобрение
. 332
2.5
ПОСЕВНИ
СЛУЧАИ НА
ГРАДЕЊЕ
ВО ЗАШТИТЕНИ
ПОДРАЧЈА
ВО ВОНРЕДНИ
ОКОЛНОСТИ
. 333
2.5.1
Изградба на
специјални заштитни објекти
. 333
2.5.2
Обновување
на општетени и уништени градби
. 333
2.6
ГРАДЕЖНА
ИНСПЕКЦИЈА
И НАДЗОР НАД ЗАКОНИТОСТА НА
РАБОТЕЊЕТО
НА
ЛОКАЛНИТЕ ГРАДЕЖНИ
ВЛАСТИ
. 334
2.6.1
Градежна
инспекција
. 334
2.6.2
Налози
на градежните
инспектори
за заштитените градби
. 335
2.6.3
Надзор над законитоста на
работењето
на
локалните
градежни власти
. 336
2.6.4
Постапка за
едукација
. 337
Глава
VI
НЕПОСРЕДНА ЗАШТИТА НА
КУЛТУРНОТО
НАСЛЕДСТВО
1.
ОСНОВИ
НА НЕПОСРЕДНАТА ЗАШТИТА
. 339
1.1
ОПШТИ ЗАБЕЛЕШКИ ЗА НЕПОСРЕДНАТА ЗАШТИТА
. 339
1.1.1
Поим на непосредна заштита
. 339
1.1.2
Методи
на непосредна заштита
. 341
1.1.3
Карактеристики на постапката на непосредна заштита
. 343
1.2
КОНЗЕРВАТОРСКИ
ИСТРАЖУВАЊА
. 346
1.3
КОНЗЕРВАТОРСКО
ПРОЕКТИРАЊЕ
. 350
1.3.1
Поим и
видови конзерваторски проекти
. 350
1.3.2
Носители на
изработката
на конзерваторските
проекти
. 354
1.3.3
Посебни стандарди и
нормативи
за конзерваторското
проектираше.
356
1.3.4
Методологија
за конзерваторско
проектираше
. 359
1.3.5
Стручна
контрола
на конзерваторските
проекти
. 360
16
1.4
ИЗВЕДУВАЊЕ
РАБОТИ
НА НЕПОСРЕДНА ЗАШТИТА
. 363
1.4.1
Конзерваторско одобрение
. 363
1.4.2
Носители на изведбените работи
. 365
1.4.3
Раководење
co
изведбените работи
. 367
1.4.4
Конзерваторски надзор
. 369
1.4.5
Правни мерки при изведбата на работите
. 371
1.4.6
Завршна стручна контрола на изведените работи
. 372
2.
ПРОГЛАСУВАЊЕ
КУЛТУРНО НАСЛЕДСТВО
ВО
ОПАСНОСТ
. 374
3.
ИНСПЕКЦИСКИ НАДЗОР НАД НЕПОСРЕДНАТА ЗАШТИТА НА
КУЛТУРНОТО НАСЛЕДСТВО
. 375
Глава
VII
КОРИСТЕЊЕ
НА КУЛТУРНОТО НАСЛЕДСТВО
1.
ОСНОВИ НА РЕЖИМОТ НА
КОРИСТЕЊЕТО
. 379
1.1
СОПСТВЕНОСТ НА КУЛТУРНОТО НАСЛЕДСТВО
. 379
1.1.1
Право на сопственост на културно наследство
. 379
1.1.2
Државно културно наследство
. 384
1.1.3
Право на
користење
на државно културно наследство
. 387
1.2
ПОСЕВНИ СТАТУСНИ КАТЕГОРИИ ДОБРА
. 390
1.2.1
Добра
во општа
употреба
. 390
1.2.2
Добра од општ интерес за Републиката
. 393
1.3
УПРАВУВАЊЕ
СО КУЛТУРНОТО НАСЛЕДСТВО
. 396
2.
ПРАВИЛНО
КОРИСТЕЊЕ
НА КУЛТУРНОТО НАСЛЕДСТВО
. 401
2.1
ОСНОВНИ НАЧЕЛА НА
КОРИСТЕЊЕТО
. 401
2.1.1
Користење
според природата на добрата
. 401
2.1.2
Користење
според намената на добрата
. 402
2.1.3
Користење
според општиот интерес
. 405
2.1.4
Користење
со
обѕирност
кон правата на други лица
. 406
2.2
ПОСЕВНИ ОБЛИЦИ НА
КОРИСТЕЊЕ
. 408
2.2.1
Користење
по пат на
концесија
. 408
2.2.2
Вршење
стопанска
дејност
во заштитени добра
. 409
2.2.3
Користење
на
име
или облик на
културно
наследство
за
комерцијални
цели
. 410
2.3
ИНТЕРВЕНЦИИ ПРИ НЕСООДВЕТНО
КОРИСТЕЊЕ
. 411
2.3.1
Определување
начин и цел на
користењето
на заштитено добро
. 411
2.3.2
Определување старател
на заштитено добро
. 413
2.3.3
Враќање
во поранешната
состојба
. 414
17
3.
JABEH
ПРИСТАП ДО КУЛТУРНОТО
НАСЛЕДСТВО,
ДОКУМЕНТ
АЦИЈАТА
И
ИНФОРМАЦИИТЕ
ЗА НЕГО
И
НЕГОВАТА
3
АШТИТА И
КОРИСТЕЊЕ
. 416
3.1
ДОСТАПНОСТ НА НЕЗАШТИТЕНИТЕ ДОБРА
. 416
3.2
ДОСТАПНОСТ НА ЗАШТИТЕНИТЕ ДОБРА
. 418
3.2.1
Достапност на
струнната и научната
j
авност
. 418
3.2.2
Достапност на
културната
j
авност
. 420
3.2.3
Достапност на хендикепирани лица
. 421
3.2.4
Достапност на пошироката
јавност
. 422
3.3
ДОСТАПНОСТ НА
ДОКУМЕНТАЦИЈАТА
И
ИНФОРМАЦИИТЕ
. 423
3.3.1
Достапност на
документацијата
. 423
3.3.2
Достапност на
информациите
. 427
3.4
ОГРАНИЧУВАЊА
НА ДОСТАПНОСТА НА
ЈАВНОСТА
. 429
4.
ПРИДРУЖНИ МЕРКИ НА
КОРИСТЕЊЕТО
НА
КУЛТУРНОТО
НАСЛЕДСТВО
. 430
4.1
ПОСТОЈНИ
МЕРКИ
. 430
4.1.1
Надоместување
на вонредните трошоци
. 430
4.1.2
Присилно
извршување
. 432
4.1.3
Враќање
на
вложените
j
авни средства
. 433
4.1.4
Хипотека на заштитена недвижност
. 434
4.1.5
Право на првенствено
купување
. 434
4.1.6
Експропријација.
436
4.1.7
Приватизација
и
денационализација
. 438
4.2
ПОЖЕЛНИ МЕРКИ И ПОЛИТИКИ
. 439
4.2.1
Даночни, царински и
други повластици
за имателите на заштитените
добра
. 439
4.2.2
Донации и спонзорства во споменичката
дејност
. 442
4.2.3
Нискокаматни
заеми
. 444
4.2.4
Споменичка рента
. 445
4.2.5
Други пожелни
мерки и политики
. 446
ЛИТЕРАТУРА
. 449
ПРОПИСИ И
ДРУГИ
АКТИ.
455
SUMMARY
. 477
ИНДЕКС
. 501
18 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Ristov, Jovan 1949- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)14280021X |
| author_facet | Ristov, Jovan 1949- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Ristov, Jovan 1949- |
| author_variant | j r jr |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV040029339 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)796193447 (DE-599)BVBBV040029339 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Nordmazedonien (DE-588)1181214262 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Nordmazedonien |
| id | DE-604.BV040029339 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-03-28T17:02:47Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789989969751 |
| language | Macedonian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024886258 |
| oclc_num | 796193447 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 516 S. |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publishDateSearch | 2011 |
| publishDateSort | 2011 |
| publisher | Nacionalna Ustanova Konzervatorski Centar |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Ristov, Jovan 1949- Verfasser (DE-588)14280021X aut Integrirana zaštita na kulturnoto nasledstvo pravni aspekti Jovan Ristov Skopje Nacionalna Ustanova Konzervatorski Centar 2011 516 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier PST: Integrated conservation of cultural heritage. - In kyrill. Schr., mazedon. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Denkmalschutz (DE-588)4011457-0 gnd rswk-swf Kulturerbe (DE-588)4033560-4 gnd rswk-swf Nordmazedonien (DE-588)1181214262 gnd rswk-swf Nordmazedonien (DE-588)1181214262 g Kulturerbe (DE-588)4033560-4 s Denkmalschutz (DE-588)4011457-0 s DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024886258&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024886258&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Ristov, Jovan 1949- Integrirana zaštita na kulturnoto nasledstvo pravni aspekti Denkmalschutz (DE-588)4011457-0 gnd Kulturerbe (DE-588)4033560-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4011457-0 (DE-588)4033560-4 (DE-588)1181214262 |
| title | Integrirana zaštita na kulturnoto nasledstvo pravni aspekti |
| title_auth | Integrirana zaštita na kulturnoto nasledstvo pravni aspekti |
| title_exact_search | Integrirana zaštita na kulturnoto nasledstvo pravni aspekti |
| title_full | Integrirana zaštita na kulturnoto nasledstvo pravni aspekti Jovan Ristov |
| title_fullStr | Integrirana zaštita na kulturnoto nasledstvo pravni aspekti Jovan Ristov |
| title_full_unstemmed | Integrirana zaštita na kulturnoto nasledstvo pravni aspekti Jovan Ristov |
| title_short | Integrirana zaštita na kulturnoto nasledstvo |
| title_sort | integrirana zastita na kulturnoto nasledstvo pravni aspekti |
| title_sub | pravni aspekti |
| topic | Denkmalschutz (DE-588)4011457-0 gnd Kulturerbe (DE-588)4033560-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Denkmalschutz Kulturerbe Nordmazedonien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024886258&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024886258&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ristovjovan integriranazastitanakulturnotonasledstvopravniaspekti |