The principle of legality in international and comparative criminal law:
"This book fills a major gap in the scholarly literature concerning international criminal law, comparative criminal law, and human rights law. The principle of legality (non-retroactivity of crimes and punishments and related doctrines) is fundamental to criminal law and human rights law. Yet...
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Cambridge [u.a.]
Cambridge Univ. Press
2010
|
| Edition: | 1. paperback ed. |
| Series: | Cambridge studies in international and comparative law
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Summary: | "This book fills a major gap in the scholarly literature concerning international criminal law, comparative criminal law, and human rights law. The principle of legality (non-retroactivity of crimes and punishments and related doctrines) is fundamental to criminal law and human rights law. Yet this is the first book-length study of the status of legality in international law - in international criminal law, international human rights law, and international humanitarian law. This is also the first book to survey legality/non-retroactivity in all national constitutions, developing the patterns of implementation of legality in the various legal systems such as Common Law, Civil Law, Islamic Law, and Asian Law around the world. This is a necessary book for any scholar, practitioner, and library in the area of international, criminal, comparative, human rights, or international humanitarian law."--BOOK JACKET. |
| Physical Description: | XX. 603 S. |
| ISBN: | 9780521187602 9780521886482 |
Staff View
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| 520 | 1 | |a "This book fills a major gap in the scholarly literature concerning international criminal law, comparative criminal law, and human rights law. The principle of legality (non-retroactivity of crimes and punishments and related doctrines) is fundamental to criminal law and human rights law. Yet this is the first book-length study of the status of legality in international law - in international criminal law, international human rights law, and international humanitarian law. This is also the first book to survey legality/non-retroactivity in all national constitutions, developing the patterns of implementation of legality in the various legal systems such as Common Law, Civil Law, Islamic Law, and Asian Law around the world. This is a necessary book for any scholar, practitioner, and library in the area of international, criminal, comparative, human rights, or international humanitarian law."--BOOK JACKET. | |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804148963508486144 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Explanatory
Note
on Spelling page
xix
Acknowledgments
xxi
Introduction
ι
o.a.
Retroactivity, Justice, and Sovereignty
ι
o.b. Plan of This Book
4
o.b.i. Outline of Chapters
4
o.b.ii. Principles and Rules: Two Key Definitions
6
o.e.
The Arguments of This Book
8
o.c.i. The Argument: Non-retroactivity of Crimes
and Punishments
8
o.cii. Some Sub-arguments
9
o.c.iii. The Meta-argument: Law as Created by
International Criminal Courts and
International Organizations in Light of
Claims Made by Individuals
ю
ι
Legality in Criminal Law, Its Purposes, and Its Competitors n
1.a.
Legality in Criminal Law and the Rule of Law Generally
14
l.b. Purposes of Legality in Criminal Law
19
l.b.i. Human Rights Protective Purposes
20
l.b.ii. Legality and Legitimacy
23
l.b.iii. Separation of Powers, Democracy, and
Legality in National and International Law
24
l.b.iv. Legality and the Purposes of Criminalization
26
l.b.iv.A. Accountability, Restorative Justice, and
Reconciliation: Purposes of Criminal
Law Applying Specifically, but Not
ix
Exclusively, to International Criminal
Law and Post-conflict Societies
30
i.e. Competitors to Strict Legality as a Principle of Law
31
i.e.i. Indeterminacy of Language and
Impossibility of Pure Non-retroactivity
31
l.c.i.A. Statutory Interpretation as Eroding Legality
33
l.c.i.B. Common Law Development
of Criminal Law
35
i.e.ii. Crime Creation by Analogy in Civil Law
36
i.e.iii. Legality as an Optional Principle of Law or Justice
38
i.e.iv. Legality as a Principle with Limited or No
Binding Effect in International Criminal Law
38
i.e.v. Legality as Binding in Normal
Circumstances, with Exceptions in
Extraordinary or Transitional Times
39
i.e.vi. Defenses That Do Not Go to Whether an
Act Is Criminal
39
i.e.vii. Legality and Prior Establishment of Court Systems
40
i.e.viii. Change of Name, Character, or Jurisdiction
of Offenses
40
i.e.viii.A. In International Courts
41
i.e.viii.B. In National Courts: Domesticating
International Crimes and the Problem
of Representation Jurisdiction
42
i.e.ix. Collective Punishment or Punishment of Hostages
42
i.e.x. Authoritarianism and Anti-Legality
44
A Partial History to World War II
46
2.a. Overview
47
2.a.i. Civil Law and Common Law
47
2.a.ii. Islamic Law
51
2.a.iii. A Note on Japan and China
54
2.b. Literacy and Accessibility of Criminal Law
55
2.C. Between the Two World Wars
56
2.С.І.
The Versailles Settlement and Criminal Law
Legality
56
2.С.ІІ.
Fascist and Communist Attacks on Legality
between the Wars
59
2.C.Ü.
A. The End of Legality in the Weimar
Republic s Laws
59
2.C.Ü.B.
Danzig s Abandonment of Legality and
the Permanent Court of International
Justice Response
62
2.c.ii.C. Other Dictatorships: The Soviet Union
and Italy
64
Nuremberg, Tokyo, and Other Postwar Cases
67
3.a.
Violations of the Laws and Customs of War as Criminal
before Nuremberg: Atrocities and Other Crimes
69
З.а.і.
Beyond Traditional War-Crime Atrocities
72
3.b. Nuremberg: Searching for Consensus
73
3-b.i. Anti-legality: Churchill and Morgenthau
Favor Summary Executions
73
3-b.ii. The London Conference: The French
Oppose Ex Post Facto Crime Creation; the
Americans, Soviets, and British Favor
Plenary Power to Define Crimes
76
З.Ь.іі.А.
Negotiating the Ex Post Facto Issue
at London
87
З.Ь.ііі.
The Major Nuremberg Trial: Ex Post Facto in
the Indictment and Arguments
91
З.Ь.ііі.А.
The Indictment and Preliminary
Defense Motion
91
З.Ь.ііі.В.
Arguments of the Prosecutors
93
3-b.iii.C. The Defense Arguments
99
З.Ь.ііі.С.І.
Authority of the Charter versus
the Principle of Legality
100
З.Ь.ііі.С.П.
Crimes against Peace
(Aggressive War) and
Conspiracy
102
З.Ь.ііі.С.Ш.
War Crimes and Crimes
against Humanity
104
3.b.iv. The Nuremberg Judgment no
3.b.iv.A.
The Crime against Peace (Aggressive War
and War in Breach of Treaties) and
Conspiracy
115
3.b.iv.B. War Crimes
117
3.b.iv.C. Crimes against Humanity
119
Summary of the Main Nuremberg
Judgment
125
З.Ь.іу.Е.
Divisions
within the Nuremberg
Tribunal? Judges Nikitchenko and
Donnedieu
de Vabres
126
3-е.
Legality in Other Postwar Cases (Mostly from Europe)
129
3.C.1 Recognition That an Act Is Criminal under
Some Applicable Law When Committed as
the Key to Legality of Crimes
130
З.с.іі.
Against Legality: Retroactive
Criminalization of Moral Wrongs and
Non-criminal Legal Violations
134
З.с.ііі.
Retrospective Expansion of Jurisdiction in
the Post-World War II National Courts
135
3.C.1V. Members of Criminal Organizations in the
Nuremberg Charter and Control Council
Law No.
10:
Retroactivity and Collective
Punishment
136
3.d. Legality in the IMTFE (Tokyo Tribunal): Dissensus Revealed
139
3.d.i. The IMTFE Charter
139
3.d.ii. The Majority IMTFE Judgment: Based in
Existing International Law?
142
3.d.iii. The Separate IMTFE Opinions
14З
З.алііА.
Justice Jaranilla (Philippines):
Retroactivity Permissible in International
Criminal Law
14З
3.d.iii.B. President Webb (Australia): Retroactivity
May Be Permissible
144
зЛ.ііі.С.
Justice
Röling
(Netherlands):
Retroactivity Permissible in International
Criminal Law as Alternative to Political
Disposition; Nullum
Crimen
Not a
Principle of Justice
144
3.d.iii.D. Justice Bernard (France): Natural Law Is
Not Retroactive Law
47
3.d.iii.E. Justice Pal (India): Against Retroactive
Creation of Crimes; Admitting
Retrospective Creation of Tribunals
150
3-е.
If the Nuremberg and Tokyo Judgments Violated the
Principle of Legality, Can They Nonetheless Form the
Basis of Legitimate Law? Justice Pal Answers
152
3-f. Conclusion
155
Modern
Development
of International Human Rights Law:
Practice Involving Multilateral Treaties and the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights
156
4.
a. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
158
4.a.i. The Text
158
4.a.ii. History and
Travaux Préparatoires
of the
UDHR Non-retroactivity Provision (and
Beginnings of the ICCPR Provision)
160
4.b. The ICCPR
175
4.b.i. The Text
175
4.b.ii. History and
Travaux Préparatoires
of the
ICCPR Non-Retroactivity Provision
178
4.b.ii.A. Beginnings, through Spring
1950
(Sixth
Session of the Commission on Human
Rights)
178
4.b.ii.B.
1952
and Beyond
188
4.b.ii.C. General Principles of Law: No Exception
to Legality Intended
191
4.C. The Convention on the Rights of the Child: Universality
of Nullum
crimen
and Prohibiting Even Accusations of
Retroactive Crime
201
4.d. The Regional Human Rights Treaties: European,
American, African, Arab
202
4-d.i. European Convention for the Protection of
Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
203
4.d.ii. American Convention on Human Rights:
Broadening of Procedural Protections
203
4-d.iii. African Charter of Human and Peoples
Rights: Against Collective Punishment
205
4.d.iv. Revised Arab Charter on Human Rights
205
4.d.v. Charter of Fundamental Rights of the
European Union: Legality Controlling an
International Organization?
206
4-е.
Non-Derogability of Legality in the Treaties
206
4-f- Legality in the International Humanitarian Law System:
Application to International and Internal Conflicts and
Occupation
207
4.f.i. Non-retroactivity
207
4-f-ii. Against Collective Punishments and Hostage
Taking to Ensure Good Behavior
211
4-g. Reservations to Provisions on Legality by Parties to the
Worldwide Treaties
213
4.g.i. Lack of Reservations in the Treaties for
Ta azir Crimes in Islamic Law and Lack of
Persistent Objection
214
4.h. Limits to Rule of Legality in Modern Treaties: Statutory
Interpretation, Common Law Case Development, and
Civil Law Analogy
217
4.1.
Patterns of Treaty Nonparticipation
224
a.). Individual, State, and International Organization Ability
to Raise Legality in Criminal Proceedings as an
International Law Claim under the Treaties
225
4.k. Status of Actions Discussed in This Chapter under
International Law
228
Modern Comparative Law Development: National Provisions
Concerning Legality
231
5.a.
Content and Limitations of the Material in This Chapter
and the Appendices on National Law
231
5.b. Legality in Constitutions of the World in
1946-47 237
5.
с
Non-Retroactivity of Crimes and Punishments in
National Legal Systems Today: At Least a General
Principle of Law
241
5.
ci.
Sources of the Requirement of
Non-retroactivity of Crimes and
Punishments in National Law
243
S.c.ii. Non-retroactivity in the Constitutional
Texts: Act Focus and Law Focus
251
5.С.ІІІ.
Crimes According to International Law and
General Principles of Law in the
Constitutional Non-retroactivity Provisions
and in National Judicial Practice
261
5.C.ÍV.
Modern Adoption or
Readoption
of Legality
by Major States That Had Rejected It
265
5.cv.
Other Legality Issues in the Constitutional Texts
271
S.c.v.A. Lex minor, and the Issue of Mixing
Nullutn
crimen,
Nulla
poena
and
Lex mitior
271
S.c.v.B. Legality and Freedom in the Modern
Constitutions
274
5.
c.v.C. Lex
certa in
the Constitutions
274
S.c.v.D.
Narrow Interpretation
and Analogy in
the Constitutions
275
5.C.V.E. Retroactive Expansion of National
Jurisdiction: Domestic Incorporation of
Crimes under the Law of Another State
or Crimes under International Law
-
A
Current Version of Retroactive
Re-characterization?
276
S.c.vi. Exceptions and Possible Exceptions to
Non-retroactivity of Crimes and Punishments
278
S.c.vii. Representation (or Vicarious) Jurisdiction: A
Challenge for Legality
282
5.c.viii.What Is Punishment for Purposes of
Invoking the Non-retroactivity Rules of
Criminal Law? A Brief Note
287
5.d. Non-retroactivity of Court Creation and Prohibitions of
Special Courts
290
5.e. Personal Punishment and Rejection of Collective
Punishment: Also General Principles of Law
293
5.f. The Status of National Constitutions and Other Internal
Legal Acts of States as State Practice for Constituting
Customary International Human Rights Law
299
5.g. The Transformation of Legality in National Law since
World War II
301
Legality in the Modern International and Internationalized
Criminal Courts and in the UN Trust Territories
303
6.a. Legality in the ICTY, ICTR, and SCSL (and the Nascent
Lebanon Tribunal)
304
б.а.і.
Non-retroactivity (Nullum
crimen,
nulla
poena
sine
lege) in
These Courts Generally
305
6.a.i. A. The Special Case of Contempt in the ICTY
309
б.а.іі.
Legality as a Jurisdictional and Substantive
Issue, Right of the Individual to Complain,
and the International Legal Personality of
the Individual
311
б.а.іі.А.
Claim of Violation of Non-retroactivity
as Issue Individuals May Raise and Court
Must Consider
312
б.а.іі.В.
Argument That Court Created by an
International Organization Should Not
Examine
Whether a Prosecution Is
Prohibited by Rule
oîNullum
crimen, so
Long as the Crime Is Named in the
Organic Documents of the Court
314
б.а.ііі.
Legality of Courts
316
б.а.ііі.А.
Claims That These Courts Are Not
Established by Law: Powers of
International Organizations, the
International Legal Personality of
Individuals, and the Issue of Special Courts
316
б.а.ііі.В.
Creating New Jurisdictions Retrospectively
318
6.a.iv. Retroactive Re-characterization of Crime in
These Tribunals?
320
6.a.v. Note on Legality in the Special Tribunal for Lebanon
324
6.b. Legality in the Internationalized Tribunals and a Note on
Legality in Internationally Supervised Trust Territories
325
б.Ь.і.
The Internationalized Tribunals
325
б.Ь.іі.
A Note on Legality in UN Trust Territories as
Another Example of International
Organization and National Practice
ЗЗО
6.C. The ICC and the Principle of Legality
331
6.С.І.
Situations Involving Only States Parties to
the ICC Statute at All Relevant Times
333
б.с.іі.
Security Council Referrals of Situations
Involving
Nonparty
States and Retroactive
Acceptances of Jurisdiction by States
337
б.с.ііі.
Legality as a Jurisdictional Issue in the ICC
343
6.d. Status of Actions of the Security Council, Other UN
Bodies, and the Recent International Criminal Courts and
Tribunals under International Law
344
6.d.i. Practice and
Opinio
juris of International
Organizations, Including International
Tribunals, as Contributing to Customary
International Law and General Principles of Law
347
Legality in Customary International Law Today
352
7.a.
The Core Rules of Legality in Customary International Law
352
7.b. Elaboration of the Core Rules: Nullum
crimen
357
7.b.i. Foreseeability
359
7.b.i.A. Indeterminacy of Language and the
Necessity of a Foreseeability Doctrine
359
7-b.i.B. Foreseeability
and the Development of
Criminal Law by Judicial Decision,
Statutory Interpretation, and Analogy
360
7.b.i.C. Foreseeability, Lex
certa,
and the
Void-for-Vagueness Doctrine
362
7.b.i.D. Foreseeability and Accessibility
363
7.b.i.E. Dangers of the Foreseeability Doctrine
and Limitations on the Doctrine
364
7_b.ii. Re-characterization in International and
National Courts
367
7.b.ii.A. Retroactive Re-characterization of a
Crime as International, or as a Different
Type of International Crime, in National
or International Courts
367
7.b.ii.B. Legality and the Debate over Direct
Application of International Criminal
Law in National Courts
369
7.b.ii.C. Universal Jurisdiction over International
Law Crimes
370
7.b.ii.D. Representation (Vicarious) Jurisdiction
and Legality
371
7.b.ii.E. Purely National Re-characterization
372
7.b.iii. General Principles of Law as a Source of
Applicable Criminal Law
373
7.b.iv. Criticism of International Criminal Law as
Generally Violating Principles of Legality
374
7.b.v. Defenses
375
7.b.vi. The Right Not to Be Prosecuted
376
7-е.
Elaboration and Discussion of the Core Rules:
Nulla
poena
378
7.
ci. Nulla
poena
as Applicable to Crimes under
International Law
379
7.C.Ü.
Criticism of
Nulla
poena
as Inapplicable to
International Criminal Law
383
7.С.ІІІ.
Nulla
poena
and Re-characterization
389
7.С.ІІІ.А.
Nulla
poena
Where There Has Been a
Retroactive Re-Characterization of a
National Crime into an International Crime
389
7.СІІІ.В.
Nulla
poena
and Re-characterization of
Crimes in National Courts: Universal
Jurisdiction over International Law Crimes
390
/.civ.
Nulla
poena
and Representation (Vicarious)
Jurisdiction
391
j.c.v.
Nulla
poena
and General Principles of Law
391
7.c.vi.
Nulla
poena
as Applying to Punishments
Only, and Not to Other Sanctions
392
7.d.
Nullum
crimen,
Nulla
poena
as Binding International
Organizations and International Courts
393
7.Є.
Legality and Jurisdiction of Courts
394
7.Є.І.
Creation of New Courts or Expansion of
Jurisdiction of Existing Courts
394
7.Є.ІІ.
Requirement that Court Be Established by Law
395
7.f. Personality of Punishment and Prohibition of Collective
Punishments
395
7.g. Right of the Individual to Raise Claim of Violation of
Legality as a Matter of International Law, and the
International Legal Personality of Individuals
397
7.h. International Law Legality, National Law Legality, and the
Prosecution of Core International Law Crimes in
National Courts
398
7.1.
Jus cogens Status for Non-retroactivity of Crimes and
Punishments?
399
j.j. International Organizations as Participants
in the Process of Creating Customary and Other Binding
International Law
402
Conclusion: The Endurance of Legality in National and
International Criminal Law
404
Appendix A: Chart of Non-retroactivity Provisions in Criminal Law
by Nations
411
Appendix B: Legality and Non-retroactivity Provisions as of
1946-47 425
Appendix C: Constitutional and Other National Provisions
Implementing the Principle of Legality Today
438
Bibliography
541
Table of Authorities
553
Index
579
Afterword and Update
599
|
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| author | Gallant, Kenneth S. 1951- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)137580401 |
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| building | Verbundindex |
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| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
| edition | 1. paperback ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV039980695 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:15:29Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780521187602 9780521886482 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024838043 |
| oclc_num | 785858117 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-739 |
| owner_facet | DE-739 |
| physical | XX. 603 S. |
| publishDate | 2010 |
| publishDateSearch | 2010 |
| publishDateSort | 2010 |
| publisher | Cambridge Univ. Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Cambridge studies in international and comparative law |
| spelling | Gallant, Kenneth S. 1951- Verfasser (DE-588)137580401 aut The principle of legality in international and comparative criminal law Kenneth S. Gallant 1. paperback ed. Cambridge [u.a.] Cambridge Univ. Press 2010 XX. 603 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Cambridge studies in international and comparative law "This book fills a major gap in the scholarly literature concerning international criminal law, comparative criminal law, and human rights law. The principle of legality (non-retroactivity of crimes and punishments and related doctrines) is fundamental to criminal law and human rights law. Yet this is the first book-length study of the status of legality in international law - in international criminal law, international human rights law, and international humanitarian law. This is also the first book to survey legality/non-retroactivity in all national constitutions, developing the patterns of implementation of legality in the various legal systems such as Common Law, Civil Law, Islamic Law, and Asian Law around the world. This is a necessary book for any scholar, practitioner, and library in the area of international, criminal, comparative, human rights, or international humanitarian law."--BOOK JACKET. Menschenrecht Criminal jurisdiction International offenses Human rights International criminal courts Criminal law Nullum crimen sine lege (DE-588)4042789-4 gnd rswk-swf Völkerstrafrecht (DE-588)4188481-4 gnd rswk-swf Nullum crimen sine lege (DE-588)4042789-4 s Völkerstrafrecht (DE-588)4188481-4 s DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Passau application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024838043&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Gallant, Kenneth S. 1951- The principle of legality in international and comparative criminal law Menschenrecht Criminal jurisdiction International offenses Human rights International criminal courts Criminal law Nullum crimen sine lege (DE-588)4042789-4 gnd Völkerstrafrecht (DE-588)4188481-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4042789-4 (DE-588)4188481-4 |
| title | The principle of legality in international and comparative criminal law |
| title_auth | The principle of legality in international and comparative criminal law |
| title_exact_search | The principle of legality in international and comparative criminal law |
| title_full | The principle of legality in international and comparative criminal law Kenneth S. Gallant |
| title_fullStr | The principle of legality in international and comparative criminal law Kenneth S. Gallant |
| title_full_unstemmed | The principle of legality in international and comparative criminal law Kenneth S. Gallant |
| title_short | The principle of legality in international and comparative criminal law |
| title_sort | the principle of legality in international and comparative criminal law |
| topic | Menschenrecht Criminal jurisdiction International offenses Human rights International criminal courts Criminal law Nullum crimen sine lege (DE-588)4042789-4 gnd Völkerstrafrecht (DE-588)4188481-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Menschenrecht Criminal jurisdiction International offenses Human rights International criminal courts Criminal law Nullum crimen sine lege Völkerstrafrecht |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024838043&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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