Židovská komunita v okrese Medzilaborce v rokoch 1938-1945:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Slovak |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Bratislava
Ústav Pamäti Národa
2007
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Edícia Monografie
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 281 Seiten Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 9788096929689 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Židovská komunita v okrese Medzilaborce v rokoch 1938-1945 |c Ján Hlavinka |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1806055482362691584 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
Obsah
Poďakovanie
. 9
Úvod
. 11
1.
Dejiny Židov v oblasti Medzilaboriec do roku
1938. 17
1.1.
Oblasť Medzilaboriec pred príchodom Židov
. 17
1. 2.
Najstaršie dejiny Židov v Medzilaborciach
. 19
1.2. 1.
Medzilaborce alebo „Miž'laborec"
-
chasidi,
ich kultúra a tradícia
. 24
1.3.
Obdobie rokov
1918-1938. 27
1. 3.
L „Machlokes" alebo spor v náboženskej obci
v Medzilaborciach
. 30
1. 3.2.
Spolužitie Židov a Rusínov do roku
1938. 33
2.
Na počiatku tragédie
. 35
2.
L V období autonómie Slovenskej
krajiny
(6. 10. 1938-14. 3. 1939). 35
2. 1. 2.
Nástup autoritárskej vlády ľudákov a vysídľovanie
Židov
. 39
2. 2.
Po vzniku slovenského štátu
. 45
2. 2. 1.
Prepúšťanie Židov z verejných služieb a ďalšie
protižidovské
opatrenia
. 47
2. 2. 2.
Spolok na umožnenie vysťahovania Židov
zo Slovenska v Medzilaborciach
. 51
2. 2. 3.
Židovská komunita v Medzilaborciach
a začiatok
2.
svetovej vojny
. 52
3.
Arizácie, likvidácie a ďalšie opatrenia v oblasti majetku
. 55
3. 1.
Židovský problém a problém židovského majetku
. 55
3. 2.
Zásahy do živnostenských oprávnení Židov
. 56
3. 3.
Arizácia podnikového majetku Židov
. 58
3. 3. 1
„Ako Slováka Gardista."
-
arizácia veľkoskladu
Meilicha Kíausnera
. 66
3. 3. 2.
Arizácia „z dôvodov národnostných"
-
veľkoobchod Mojzesa
Schönfelda. 78
3.3.3.
Arizácia
veľkoobchodu
Barucha Grünfelda
. 89
3. 3. 4.
Arizácia drevárskej firmy bratov Mendlovičovcov
nemeckým kapitálom
. 97
3.3.5.
Arizácia drevárskej firmy bratov Dillerovcov
. . 108
3. 3. 6.
Záverečné poznámky k arizácii podnikov v okrese
Medzilaborce
. 112
3. 4.
Likvidácia podnikov vo vlastníctve Židov
. 113
3.5.
Domový a bytový majetok Židov
. 117
3.6.
Poľnohospodársky majetok Židov
. 123
3.7.
Dôsledky arizácii a likvidácií v okrese Medzilaborce
. . 127
4.
Vyradenie z verejného života
. 131
4. 1.
Ústredňa Židov a Odbočka Ústredne Židov
v Medzilaborciach
. 131
4. 2.
Domové prehliadky v židovských domácnostiach
. . . 132
4. 3.
Žandárstvo a otvorené násilie
. 135
4. 4.
Zavedenie povinného označovania Židov v Šarišsko-
-zemplínskej župe
. 137
4. 5.
Vystupňovanie
protižidovských
opatrení v júni
a júli
1941. 139
4. 6.
Prijatie tzv. židovského kódexu a ďalšie opatrenia proti
Židom
. 145
5.
Deportácie Židov a ich dôsledky
. 149
5.1.
Cesta k deportáciám
. 149
5. 2.
Začiatok deportácií v okrese Medzilaborce
. 157
5. 3.
Transport z
19.
mája
1942 . 165
5. 4.
Posledný transport Židov z okresu Medzilaborce
. . . 170
5.5.
Osudy deportovaných
-
oblasť
Lublin
. 171
5. 6.
Osudy deportovaných
-
Osvienčim
. 176
6.
Hľadanie útočiska
. 181
6. 1.
Odchod Kornela Reinhardta
. 181
6. 2.
Organizované úteky do Švajčiarska vo vlakoch
s dreveným uhlím
. 183
6.3.
„Pokojný" rok
1943. 193
6. 4.
Vyhnanie z východného Slovenska, Povstanie
a zima
1944. 197
6. 5.
Zavraždenie rodiny Pavla Dillera
. 202
6. 6.
Po oslobodení
. 205
Summary
. 209
Zoznam skratiek
. 215
Pramene a literatúra
. 217
Menný register
. 223
Tabuľky
. 229
Fotografie
. 263
Summary
The town and district of Medzilaborce is situated on the northeastern
edge of Slovakia, only a few kilometers from the Polish border. The
majority of the population of the town and its neighborhood
-
the
Laborecko region
-
is of
Ruthenian
nationality.
Ruthenians
have
their characteristic language and their religion is Eastern Christi¬
anity (Greek Catholic Church and the Orthodoxy). The economi¬
cally weak area had been home to Jews since the 18th century. They
came from Polish
Galicia,
which had become part of the
Habsburg
monarchy since
1772.
The Jews formed a number of orthodox communities in
Laborecko. The villages of
Čertižné,
Habura,
Ňagov, Krásny Brod
etc. and last, but not least, the town of Medzilaborce was home to
such communities. The Jews of Laborecko were the tradesmen of the
region, employing their sense of commerce to the fullest. From the
19th century onward, small Jewish shops and workshops flourished
on the Main Street of Medzilaborce. All of the adjacent villages had
their own mixed stores and small inns, run by Jewish owners. For
a few generations, Laborecko had been home to the two ethnic
groups
-
the
Ruthenians
and the Jews.
Proof of the coexistence of the Jews with the non-Jewish popula¬
tion lies in the location and the position of Jewish buildings in the
town, as well as in the large number of members of the Community
that thrived there. In the very center of Medzilaborce there were
two large brick synagogues
(Alte Schul
and
Neue Schul),
as well as
three wooden ones on the edge of the town. In the
1920s
and
1930s,
an independent Jewish Elementary School existed there. Two Rabbis
and tens of businessmen lived there as well. The Jewish Community
spoke Yiddish and had its own name for the city
-
"Mizhlabo-
rets." Undoubtedly, the name is a shortened form of the Ruthenian
"Mezhilabirci."
During the period of the existence of Czechoslovakia
(1918-1938)
Jewish Community experienced the „golden age", Practically in
every walk of life.
209
The situation changed after September
1938,
when the Munich
agreement was signed. Czechoslovakia had been dissrupted and the
Jews living in the district of
Medzilaborce
wittnessed a rise of
anti¬
semitism
after Slovakia claimed authonomy on October 6th
1938.
The regime of the
Hlinka
Slovak People's Party
(HSĽS)
attacked the
Jews living on the territory of Slovakia, not only verbally, but it also
expelled thousands of them over the newly-established border with
the Kingdom of Hunagary.
On March
14, 1939,
an independent Slovak state was founded,
bearing from its inception the heavy burden of dominance by the
Nazi Third Reich. The formation of the independent state in March
1939
enabled the representatives of the Hlinkas Slovak People's
Party to turn their anti-Jewish stance into a state policy. However,
after March
14, 1939,
the new state officials began to perform their
duties and implement the new policies of Bratislava in
Medzilaborce,
too. Living in the district town, the Jews of the town were to see
hard times, just like the other Jews in all of Slovakia.
The community was to experience the violence soon again after
September
1, 1939,
when World War II began, and contingents of
the German
Wehrmacht
and the Slovak Army were marching across
the city heading north for Poland.
Frightened by the first anti-Jewish legislation, which cut down
on the civil and human rights of the Jews in Slovakia, a group of
the Jews from
Medzilaborce
attempted to establish a Society for the
Facilitation of Moving Out the Jews from Slovakia, with its seat in
Medzilaborce.
This was an exceptional deed, even from the perspec¬
tive of the whole of Slovakia.
First measures of the Slovak government, represented by the
County office of the
Šariš-Zemplín
County
(Župný úrad Šarišsko-
-zemplínskej župy) in Prešov
and the District office in
Medzilaborce
had as its aim to "eliminate the Jews from the economy." At first,
the business licenses of the inn-keepers and tapsters were revoked
in the whole district of
Medzilaborce.
A total of
28
licenses
were cancelled before October
1940.
This intervention into the
economic freedom especially harmed the Jews in the villages of
the district of
Medzilaborce.
Later, based on the Aryanization Act
(Act. No.
113/1940)
and Ruling No.
303/1940
the liquidation
210
and forced transfer, i.d., "aryanization" of other businesses was
conducted.
All over Slovakia, and in the
Medzilaborce
district, too, the "elimi¬
nation of Jews from the economy" as the official title of the organized
plunder(ing) of the Jewish property ran, had disastrous conse¬
quences. The liquidation and aryanization process was hasty. The
local and central authorities sometimes had to remind each other of
the decisions they had made and the resulting consequences.
The aryanization was carried out under the aegis of personal
contacts of the aryanizators with the representatives of the Hlinka's
Guard and Hlinka's Slovak People's Party at both local and central
levels. For instance, the shop with mixed wares, run by Baruch
Grunfeld, which had been the only source
oí
income for his family,
was aryanized in the fall of
1941.
Veronika Kucejová
of
Humenné
was named as the new owner of the shop. However, there was an
intervention by the General Secretary of the governing
Hlinka
Slovak People's Party.
Augustin
Moravek,
the Chair of the Central
Economy Office
(Ústredný hospodársky úrad),
revoked the deci¬
sion. The shop was then assigned to
Michal Krútila
of
Voliča,
and
Mrs.
Kucejová
was "recompensed" by the aryanization of the firm
of
Izak Srulovič.
More than
146
Jewish enterpises were liquidated
in district of
Medzilaborce
till the end of
1941.
Sixteen enterprises
were aryanizated.
The houses and apartments of some Jews were put under "tempo¬
rary administration" and,
de
facto, became the property of the new
owners. The former owners had to flee to often-overcrowded places.
The sense of power over the Jews was limitless among the state offi¬
cials.
Not only details of how to strip a person of his property, but also
the limitation of the civic rights and the humiliation of Jews were
parts of the agenda of the local representatives of power. The local
headquarters of the
Hlinka
Guard, accompanied by the Gendar¬
merie regularly conducted house raids and searches. A few of the
Hlinka
guardists and the gendarmerie members remain in the bad
memories of the witnesses.
In March
1941,
the Regulation of
Andrej
Dudáš,
head of the
County office of
Šariš-Zemplín
County, ordered the Jews living
211
in the county, and thereby also in Medzilaborce, to wear a visible
sign in the form of a 3cm wide yellow band on their left arms. The
county authority even preceded the government of the Slovak
Republic by a few months. The obligation to wear the sign of the Star
of David was imposed upon all Slovak Jews in September
1941.
The
Hlinka
Guard organized itself to ensure that the Jews of
Medzilaborce adhered to the compulsory self-labeling. Children,
too, were checked to ascertain that the bands they wore were sewn
on tightly enough. Under the influence of the adults, control of the
Jewish children was performed by their non-Jewish peers.
By that time, the majority of the Jewish community in
Medzilaborce had already been living on the social care resources
raised by the Social Committee of the Jewish Religious Community.
The state had robbed the Jews of their sources of income, and the list
of the people in need numbered
822
people.
As the Slovak government decided to „solve" the Jewish question
by deportations of twenty thousand young Jews to General Gouver-
nament in beginning of
1942,
the government had been ordered to
create a list of Jews living in the territory of the Slovak Republic.
In Medzilaborce alone, on the 26th and 27th of February
1942,
829
persons were listed. At that time, this was a third of the town's
population. Only a few of these persons were declared "economi¬
cally important" or held a so-called temporary presidential exemp¬
tion from the anti-Jewish legislation.
On March
25, 1942,
the deportations of the Jews from Slovakia
were launched. Young people in the district of Medzilaborce, whose
turn was first, were apprehended by the Gendarmerie in the city
and the neighboring villages. Under the pretext of "departure for
work" they were gathered in Medzilaborce, and then carried to
the district town on cars and held together there. Then, they were
transported to camps in
Poprad
and
Žilina.
From there, together
with thousands of Jews from other districts, they were deported to
the death camps in what is today Poland. A few were lucky enough
to have hidden themselves. Until April
1, 1942,
in
Medzilaborce,
68
girls were brought together from the whole district, but
80
others
were proclaimed to have 'deserted.'
212
ïn
reality, the chance to escape was small. The Jewish community
was in terror. By the end of April
1942,
District Commander
Kornel
Reinhardt
reported: "The Jews are especially curious, about where the
transports are going, if the Jews are alive, if they have to work, and
similar questions. The securing of their movable property has been
performed, and, as to the incoming reports,
J
find that the Jewish
households had had only a few precious items. Some had certainly
been hidden, some sold secretly, and only this can explain that alto¬
gether hardly any precious things have been secured."
The largest transport left
Medzilaborce
on May
19, 1942.
It was
destined for the little town of
Puławy
in the Lublin region and
carried
880
Jews from
Medzilaborce
and the neighborhood. This
was the thirty-second transport from Slovakia. The oldest person
deported on the train was the
95
-year-old
Markus (Mordchai)
Schwindler
of Certizne whom the gendarmerie, as witnesses
remember, carried out on his bed into the yard of his house and
transported to
Medzilaborce
from there. There they threw him onto
a car of the freight train. Based on the documents we have gathered,
the three months old Menhard
Moškovič
died in the transport
during the first night and his corpse was taken out in Concentration
camp for Jews in
Žilina.
The transport followed to
Puławy
and the
Jews from Medzilaboce and its neighborhood were transfered from
there to „durchgangsghetto" in Konskowola.
Based on the testimony of one survivor of the transport we know
that many of them died from diseases and starvation, hundreds of
them, including the Rabbi Yitzchak Zev
Goldmann,
were murdered
by
SS
during the liquidation of the ghetto in October
1942.
In the fall of
1942,
none of the Jews who were still alive, or rather
surviving, in
Medzilaborce
and in the neighborhood, realized that
the government in Bratislava would be unable to help them. In
Medzilaborce,
two distinct groups of Jewish people could be found
at this time: the first were those who had the license to stay in the
territory of the city legally, as they were protected from the deporta¬
tion by working permits received from the Ministries or by exemp¬
tions from the anti-Jewish regulations. The second group were those
who had been threatened by deportation and had been in hiding.
213
Neither the first nor the second knew what the next day would
bring. About the time when the first wave of transports from
Slovakia was coming to an end (in the fall of
1942),
a group of Jews
working in the railway station, loading charcoal onto the train
found out that the sealed cars of the freight train, destined for Swit¬
zerland, could be used to flee Slovakia. The covered cars were never
filled up to the roof and offered the opportunity of a place to hide.
From September
1942
at least
15
people managed to escape to
Switzerland this way with the help of Jews and non-Jews from
Medzilaborce
and surrounding areas. However, in the beginning of
1943,
the Germans uncovered one of the trains in
Feldkirch,
only
a few kilometers from the Swiss border and arrested all the refugees
found inside the train.
For those, who succeeded in fleeing to neutral Switzerland, the
nation spared from World War II, became a place of liberation.
Indeed, the refugees had to pass interrogations and were justifiably
afraid of being expatriated and returned to the hands of the Nazis.
About
150
Jews, who were still living in
Medzilaborce
and the
surrounding area in
1943,
had to leave the area of
Šariš-Zemplin
County in the Aril
1944,
based on the order of the county authori¬
ties. They left for various places and lived there until the Slovak
National Uprising broke out in the August of
1944.
Few of them
fought the Nazis in the Uprising, most of them trying to survive.
The winter of
1944/1945
was especially difficult and some of the
Jews from
Medzilaborce
did not survive the persecutions by the
Germans and the Slovak Nazis. Such was the case of Diller family
arrested on the territory of Central Slovakia and killed by the
members of
Sicherheitsdienst (SD)
on the field of
„Krtičná"
in the
vicinity of
Brezno nad Hronom
on December 2nd,
1944.
Although some Jews survived and came back to
Medzilaborce
after the liberation at end of the WWII, the attempt to revive the
community did not last for long. Around
66
people were still living
in
Medzilaborce
after
1945;
most of them would leave the area and
emigrate from Czechoslovakia.
214 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Hlavinka, Ján 1979- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)134053389 |
| author_facet | Hlavinka, Ján 1979- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Hlavinka, Ján 1979- |
| author_variant | j h jh |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV039979991 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)254291532 (DE-599)HEB195088530 |
| dewey-full | 943.7033004924 |
| dewey-hundreds | 900 - History & geography |
| dewey-ones | 943 - Germany & central Europe |
| dewey-raw | 943.7033004924 |
| dewey-search | 943.7033004924 |
| dewey-sort | 3943.7033004924 |
| dewey-tens | 940 - History of Europe |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1938-1945 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1938-1945 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Kreis Medzilaborce (DE-588)7582136-9 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Kreis Medzilaborce |
| id | DE-604.BV039979991 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-31T01:18:47Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788096929689 |
| language | Slovak |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024837348 |
| oclc_num | 254291532 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-M457 DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-M457 DE-12 |
| physical | 281 Seiten Illustrationen |
| psigel | DHB_JDG_ISBN_1 |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
| publishDateSort | 2007 |
| publisher | Ústav Pamäti Národa |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Edícia Monografie |
| spelling | Hlavinka, Ján 1979- Verfasser (DE-588)134053389 aut Židovská komunita v okrese Medzilaborce v rokoch 1938-1945 Ján Hlavinka Bratislava Ústav Pamäti Národa 2007 281 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Edícia Monografie Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geschichte 1938-1945 gnd rswk-swf Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd rswk-swf Kreis Medzilaborce (DE-588)7582136-9 gnd rswk-swf Kreis Medzilaborce (DE-588)7582136-9 g Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 s Geschichte 1938-1945 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024837348&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024837348&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Hlavinka, Ján 1979- Židovská komunita v okrese Medzilaborce v rokoch 1938-1945 Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4028808-0 (DE-588)7582136-9 |
| title | Židovská komunita v okrese Medzilaborce v rokoch 1938-1945 |
| title_auth | Židovská komunita v okrese Medzilaborce v rokoch 1938-1945 |
| title_exact_search | Židovská komunita v okrese Medzilaborce v rokoch 1938-1945 |
| title_full | Židovská komunita v okrese Medzilaborce v rokoch 1938-1945 Ján Hlavinka |
| title_fullStr | Židovská komunita v okrese Medzilaborce v rokoch 1938-1945 Ján Hlavinka |
| title_full_unstemmed | Židovská komunita v okrese Medzilaborce v rokoch 1938-1945 Ján Hlavinka |
| title_short | Židovská komunita v okrese Medzilaborce v rokoch 1938-1945 |
| title_sort | zidovska komunita v okrese medzilaborce v rokoch 1938 1945 |
| topic | Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Juden Kreis Medzilaborce |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024837348&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024837348&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT hlavinkajan zidovskakomunitavokresemedzilaborcevrokoch19381945 |