Judicial review handbook:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Oxford [u.a.]
Hart
2012
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| Ausgabe: | 6. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XX, 869 S. |
| ISBN: | 9781849461597 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804148912798302208 |
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| adam_text | Titel: Judicial review handbook
Autor: Fordham, Michael
Jahr: 2012
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword by Lord Woolf vn
Preface jx
A. THE NATURE OF JUDICIAL REVIEW:
keys to understanding what the Court is doing 3
PI A constitutional guarantee. Judicial review is the rule of law in action:
a fundamental and inalienable constitutional protection. 5
1.1 Constitutional supervision of public authorities 5
1.2 Judicial review and the rule of law 7
1.3 Judicial review s constitutional inalienability 12
P2 Supervisory jurisdiction. Judicial review is a well-established supervisory
role by the Court over public bodies. 15
2.1 A supervisory jurisdiction 15
2.2 Importance and range of subject-matter 17
2.3 Judicial review in other Courts and Tribunals 18
2.4 The Administrative Court in action: some special features 19
2.5 Procedural discipline and firm case-management 26
2.6 Basic steps in a judicial review case 27
P3 Impact. A successful claim does not necessarily guarantee a favourable
ultimate outcome, nor a wider knock-on effect. 29
3.1 Remittal and repeatability 29
3.2 Hollow/counterproductive victories 32
3.3 Judicial review as a monetary springboard 33
3.4 Securing assurances/provoking comment 33
3.5 Wider impact/knock-on effect 35
P4 Materiahty. A claim may fail if lacking substance, as where
non-material, non-prejudicial, futile, academic or premature. 37
4.1 Practical substance and judicial review 37
4.2 Materiality/material flaw 39
4.3 Lack of prejudice 41
4.4 Futility 43
4.5 Dangers of materiality, prejudice and futility 44
4.6 Hypothetical/academic issues: utility 47
4.7 Prematurity 52
P5 Targets. A wide range of measures, acts, decisions, policies and omissions
can be the subject of a judicial review challenge. 56
5.1 Judicial review and decisions 56
5.2 Spectrum of possible targets 58
5.3 Multiple targets/target-selection 61
TABLE OF CONTENTS
P6 Power sources. Public bodies powers and duties can arise under or by
reference to EU and domestic legislation, common law or prerogative,
policy guidance or international law. 64
6.1 Powers/duties: basic sources 64
6.2 Policy guidance 67
6.3 International law 73
P7 Constitutional fundamentals. Core common law principles can constitute
fundamentals of the UK s unwritten constitution. 82
7.1 Legislative supremacy 82
7.2 Rule of law/separation of powers 86
7.3 Access to justice 86
7.4 Constitutional/common law rights/duties 88
7.5 Basic fairness/natural justice 95
7.6 Basic reasonableness 97
P8 EU law. Domestic statutes, rules and decisions must be compatible with
applicable EU legislation and legal principle. 99
8.1 EU law supremacy 99
8.2 EU Treaty rights 100
8.3 Judicial review for EU-incompatibility 101
8.4 Reference to the CJEU 102
8.5 EU law damages/reparation 103
8.6 EU Charter of Fundamental Rights 103
P9 The HRA. Domestic legislation must be read, and public authorities must
act, compatibly with HRA-.ECHR rights. 105
9.1 HRA: key features and themes 105
9.2 Codified Convention rights 109
9.3 HRA s.2: relationship with Strasbourg 110
9.4 HRA s.3: compatible interpretation 113
9.5 HRA s.6: compatible public authority action 116
9.6 HRA just satisfaction 118
P10 Cooperation candour. The Court will expect from all parties
cooperative behaviour and candid disclosure. 120
10.1 A cooperative enterprise 120
10.2 ADR/mediation 122
10.3 Claimant s duty of candour 124
10.4 Defendant/interested party s duty of candour 125
Pll Precedent authority. Judicial precedent can bind or guide the court;
academic and comparative analysis may be persuasive. 129
11.1 Use of case-law 129
11.2 Academic commentary/comparative case-law 135
TABLE OF CONTENTS
P12 Reviewing primary legislation. Courts have restricted functions of
assessing legal compatibility of Acts of Parliament. 138
12.1 Primary legislation: disapplication under EU law 138
12.2 HRA s.4: declaration of incompatibility 138
12.3 Judicial review of primary legislation at common law 141
P13 Restraint. Courts adopt a primary self-restraint, preserving for public
bodies a latitude for judgment and discretion. 143
13.1 Soft review: reasonableness 143
13.2 Restraint and factual questions 145
13.3 Restraint and discretion/judgment 147
13.4 Restraint and expertise
148
13.5 Judicial restraint in action 149
13.6 Protecting public authorities 153
13.7 Review from the decision-maker s point of view 153
P14 Balancing. Judicial review principles are a careful evolving equilibrium
serving the dual imperatives of vigilance and restraint. 155
14.1 Judicial review and striking a balance 155
14.2 Striking a balance: grounds for judicial review 156
14.3 Striking a balance: nothing personal 157
14.4 Convenience and floodgates 158
P15 The forbidden method. Judges will not intervene as if matters for the
public body s judgment were for the Court s judgment. 161
15.1 Soft review: the forbidden substitutionary approach 161
15.2 Not an appeal 162
15.3 Legality not correctness 164
15.4 Not the merits 164
15.5 Court does not substitute its own judgment 166
PI 6 Hard-edged questions. There are certain matters which the Court
considers afresh for itself, imposing its own judgment. 167
16.1 Hard-edged review: correctness 167
16.2 Precedent fact 167
16.3 Error of law as hard-edged review 168
16.4 Interpretation as a hard-edged question 169
16.5 Procedural fairness as hard-edged review 171
16.6 Hard-edged review: further matters 172
P17 Evidence and fact. Judicial review is generally conducted on written
evidence and regarded as an unsuitable forum for resolving factual
disputes, though this can be appropriate and necessary. 175
17.1 Judicial review evidence 175
17.2 Fresh evidence in judicial review 179
17.3 Judicial review and factual disputes 184
17.4 Disclosure, further information and cross-examination 190
TABLE OF CONTENTS
P18 Costs. Generally, the loser must pay the winner s costs 197
18.1 Costs: general matters 197
18.2 Costs and the permission stage 206
18.3 Costs and the public interest 208
18.4 Costs and discontinuance/early disposal 210
18.5 Special costs responses 212
P19 Making the claim. Where pre-claim correspondence fails, claims are to
be made and acknowledged in the prescribed way. 214
19.1 Pre-claim steps 214
19.2 Making the claim 215
19.3 Acknowledging the claim 217
P20 Interim remedies. The Court can make orders securing a particular state
of affairs pending final resolution of the claim. 220
20.1 Interim remedies 220
20.2 The balance of convenience 225
P21 Permission. The claimant must obtain permission for judicial review, by
prompt and candid papers disclosing an arguable case. 228
21.1 Granting or refusing permission 228
21.2 Case-management at the permission stage 234
P22 Substantive hearing. At the hearing the Court decides whether there are
grounds for intervening and whether to grant a remedy. 240
22.1 Post-permission/pre-hearing steps 240
22.2 Third party participation 244
22.3 Disposal without a hearing 250
22.4 The substantive hearing 251
P23 Appeal. An appeal lies from the Administrative Court s decisions
(except the grant of permission). 257
23.1 Permission-stage appeals 257
23.2 Substantive appeals 260
23.3 Nature of the Court of Appeal s approach 263
P24 Remedies. The Court has discretionary power to quash, mandate,
prevent and clarify. 266
24.1 The remedial toolkit 266
24.2 The declaration 266
24.3 Remedy as a discretionary matter 271
24.4 The remedies in action 274
P25 Monetary remedies. Judicial review embraces damages, debt and
restitution, HRA just satisfaction and EU reparation; but a broader
financial response to maladministration awaits development. 282
25.1 Availability of debt, restitution and damages 282
25.2 Recognised species of monetary claim 284
xiv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
25.3 Public law reparation: no damages for maladministration 288
B. PARAMETERS OF JUDICIAL REVIEW:
further dominant themes shaping the law and practice 293
P26 Delay. Claims must be prompt (3 months in an EU case); undue delay can
be fatal to permission or (if prejudicial) a remedy. 295
26.1 The approach to delay 295
26.2 Promptness and the running of time 300
26.3 Good reason to extend time 304
26.4 Hardship, prejudice and detriment 310
P27 Public/private. Judicial review is the (normally non-exclusive) application
of public law principles to public functions. 313
27.1 The public/private distinction 313
27.2 Public law principles outside CPR 54 314
27.3 Procedural exclusivity/abuse of process 316
P28 Ouster. Head-on statutory exclusion of judicial review is theoretically
possible but constitutionally dubious. 320
28.1 Ousting judicial review: a hostile climate 320
28.2 Time-limit ousters 322
P29 Interpretation. Discerning the true meaning of legislative and other
relevant sources is vital to effective judicial review. 324
29.1 The purposive approach to interpretation 324
29.2 Legislative purpose and judicial review 326
29.3 Statutory interpretation 327
29.4 Using Hansard 335
29.5 Interpreting other sources 340
P30 Function. It is essential to understand the role and responsibilities of the
decision-maker under review. 345
30.1 Understanding the defendant s function 345
30.2 Traditional functional labels 346
30.3 The judicial/administrative distinction 347
30.4 Other aspects of function 348
P31 Context. Context being everything, the Court will always respond to the
nature and circumstances of the individual case. 351
31.1 Contextualism 351
31.2 Circumstances 353
31.3 Characteristics and conduct of the claimant 354
31.4 Claimant s failure to complain/raise the concern at the time 356
31.5 Flexi-principles 359
TABLE OF CONTENTS
P32 Modified review. Matters may involve part-availability of judicial review;
or restricted or enhanced grounds. 362
32.1 Part-reviewability of Crown Courts 362
32.2 Judicial review of decisions regarding legal process 364
32.3 Anxious scrutiny 368
32.4 Other modified review situations 371
P33 Flux. Judicial review is dynamic: new faiths emerge, old ones decay;
the general trend being towards empowering the Court. 376
33.1 The developing law 376
33.2 Lessons from the past 379
33.3 Two-stage approaches to legal development 381
33.4 Next steps in public law: forecasting 383
P34 Reviewability/non-reviewability. Judicial review applies to the exercise of
public functions, with few forbidden areas. 385
34.1 Surveying the field 385
34.2 Principles of reviewability 387
34.3 Conquests of reviewability 391
34.4 Special functions and immunity from review 393
34.5 Private law matters 397
P35 Principle of legality. Public power may not be exercised to abrogate
fundamental common law values, at least unless abrogation is required or
empowered by clear primary legislation. 402
35.1 The principle of legality 402
35.2 Protected values under the principle of legality 404
35.3 International law and the principle of legality 406
35.4 The principle of legality and statutorily-endorsed abrogation 408
P36 Alternative remedy. Judicial review is a last resort and generally
inappropriate where suitable alternative safeguards exist. 411
36.1 General effect of other safeguards 411
36.2 Exclusive alternative remedy 412
36.3 Alternative remedy and discretion/case-management 413
36.4 Whether action/avenue curative of public law wrong 422
P37 Proportionality template. Proportionality requires State-proven
appropriateness and necessity to achieve a legitimate aim. 427
37.1 Proportionality analysis 427
P38 Standing. The claimant must have a sufficient interest in the subject-matter,
and be a victim if relying directly on the HRA. 432
38.1 The requirement of sufficient interest 432
38.2 The approach to sufficient interest 433
38.3 Standing at the permission/substantive stages 439
38.4 Standing under the HRA: the victim test 441
TABLE OF CONTENTS
P39 Discretion/duty. Judicial review supervises discretionary powers entrusted
to, and duties imposed on, public bodies. 443
39.1 No unfettered powers 443
39.2 Discretion/power: the essential duties 444
39.3 Discretion and duty in action 448
P40 Inalienability. Public bodies basic powers and duties are to be respected,
preserved and not compromised. 453
40.1 Preservation of powers and duties 453
40.2 Inalienability and estoppel/legitimate expectation 455
P4l Legitimate expectation. Promises or practices may raise expectations
incapable of unfair or unreasonable dishonour. 459
41.1 The role of legitimate expectation 459
41.2 Basic anatomy of a legitimate expectation 464
P42 Onus. It is for the judicial review claimant to establish grounds for
intervention, but on many issues the public body bears the onus. 471
42.1 Onus generally on the claimant 471
42.2 Onus on the defendant 472
P43 Severance. A measure may be partially upheld if, shorn of vitiated parts,
the substantial purpose and effect remain intact. 476
43.1 Severability 476
P44 Nullity. In principle, any material public law wrong will vitiate the
impugned act of the public body so that it is a nullity . 479
44.1 Invalidity labels 479
44.2 Flaws constituting nullity 480
44.3 Purpose/effect of nullity 481
C. GROUNDS FOR JUDICIAL REVIEW:
public law wrongs justifying the Court s intervention 485
P45 Classifying grounds. Inapt for rigid categorisation, grounds fit broadly
within unlawfulness, unreasonableness and unfairness. 487
45.1 The conventional threefold division 487
45.2 Root concepts and unifying themes 489
45.3 Reviewing discretion: Wednesbury and abuse of power 490
45.4 Overlapping grounds and interchangeable labels 492
P46 Ultra vires. A body must not exceed received powers or breach duties,
from higher authority, as properly interpreted. 495
46.1 Basic meanings of ultra vires 495
46.2 Interpretation securing validity: reading down/reading in 497
TABLE OF CONTENTS
P47 Jurisdictional error. A body must understand the scope and limits of its
jurisdiction. 499
47.1 Jurisdiction/jurisdictional error as a flexi-principle 499
47.2 Jurisdictional error as hard-edged review (correctness) 501
47.3 Error of law and jurisdictional error 502
P48 Error of law. A body must not make a material error of law. 504
48.1 Error of law/misdirection in law 504
48.2 Error of law: restricted categories? 506
P49 Error of fact. A body must not make errors of precedent fact, fundamental
factual errors or findings unsupported by evidence. 508
49.1 Precedent/objective fact 508
49.2 Fundamental/material error of fact 509
P50 Abdication/fetter. A body must not surrender its function, as by: (a) acting
under dictation; (b) improperly delegating its powers; or (c) operating an
inflexible policy. 517
50.1 Basic duty not to abdicate/fetter 517
50.2 Acting under dictation 518
50.3 Improper delegation 519
50.4 Fetter by inflexible policy 522
P51 Insufficient inquiry. A body must sufficiently acquaint itself with relevant
information, fairly presented and properly addressed. 526
51.1 Duty of sufficient inquiry 526
51.2 Whether material fairly presented/properly addressed 528
P52 Bad faith/improper motive. A body must not act in bad faith or have an
improper object or purpose. 530
52.1 Bad faith 530
52.2 Improper motive 531
P53 Frustrating the legislative purpose. A body must act so as to promote the
purpose for which the power was conferred. 534
53.1 Duty to promote the legislative purpose 534
P54 Substantive unfairness. A body must not act conspicuously unfairly, nor
so unfairly as to abuse its power, nor in unjustified breach of a legitimate
expectation. 537
54.1 Substantive unfairness 537
54.2 Unjustified breach of a substantive legitimate expectation 543
P55 Inconsistency. A body should ensure equal treatment, certainty of
approach and no legally relevant unjustified departures. 546
55.1 Equal treatment, non-arbitrariness and certainty 546
55.2 Unjustified departure 552
55.3 Statutory equality duties 555
xviii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
P56 Relevancy/irrelevancy. A body must have regard to all, but to only, legally
relevant considerations. 558
56.1 The relevancy/irrelevancy principle 558
56.2 Obligatory and discretionary relevance 563
56.3 Relevance and weight 565
P57 Unreasonableness. A body must not act unreasonably. 569
57.1 The unreasonableness principle 569
57.2 High threshold epithets 570
57.3 Species of unreasonableness 572
57.4 Unreasonableness in action 573
P58 Proportionality. Certain contexts require a body s response to be
appropriate and necessary to achieve a legitimate aim. 577
58.1 Proportionality 577
58.2 Proportionality as part of reasonableness 577
58.3 Common law proportionality 579
58.4 Proportionality and scrutiny of evidence/reasoning 583
58.5 Latitude and intensity of review 585
P59 HRA-violation. A body must not act incompatibly with Convention rights
protected by the HRA. 591
59.1 Testing for an HRA-violation 591
59.2 Article 2: life 592
59.3 Article 3: cruelty 594
59.4 Article 5: liberty 595
59.5 Article 6: fair-hearing 597
59.6 Article 8: private and family life 604
59.7 Article 10: expression 607
59.8 Article 14: non-discrimination 609
59.9 Article IP: property-interference 612
59.1 0 Further Convention rights and provisions 613
P60 Procedural unfairness. A body must adopt a fair procedure, giving those
affected a fair and informed say. 618
60.1 The basic concept of fairness 618
60.2 Procedural fairness as a flexi-principle 625
60.3 Procedural fairness: supplementing the legislative scheme 627
60.4 Procedural ultra vires 630
60.5 The basic right to be heard 632
60.6 Adequate consultation 636
60.7 The basic right to be informed 640
60.8 Other rights of procedural fairness 647
P61 Bias. A body must not have a direct interest in the outcome of a decision,
or show actual bias or a real possibility of bias. 652
61.1 Automatic disqualification 652
61.2 Actual bias 653
61.3 Apparent bias 654
TABLE OF CONTENTS
P62 Reasons. Public Bodies are often required to give reasons, and always
required to make the reasons they do give adequate. 658
62.1 Importance of reasons 658
62.2 Judicial review for failure to give reasons 661
62.3 Adequacy of reasons 666
62.4 Timing of reasons 671
62.5 Remedy for lack/insufficiency of reasons 675
P63 External wrongs. Judicial review may occasionally lie against a blameless
body, for a third party wrong or external injustice. 678
63.1 External wrongs 678
D. MATERIALS:
key sources of rules and procedure 681
64.1 Senior Courts Act 1981, ss.31 31A 683
64.2 Civil Procedure Rules Part 54 685
64.3 CPR Part 54 Practice Directions 54A 54D 689
64.4 Administrative Court Office Notes for Guidance 696
64.5 Judicial Review Pre-Action Protocol 707
64.6 Judicial Review Urgent Cases Procedure 713
64.7 Human Rights Act 1998 715
64.8 Form N461 734
64.9 Form N462 740
64.1 FormN463 744
64.1 List of articles 746
Table of Cases 749
Table of Legislation 829
Table of Statutory Instruments 831
Index 835
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| publisher | Hart |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Fordham, Michael Verfasser aut Judicial review handbook by Michael Fordham 6. ed. Oxford [u.a.] Hart 2012 XX, 869 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Rechtsanwendung (DE-588)4048765-9 gnd rswk-swf Richter (DE-588)4049923-6 gnd rswk-swf Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 gnd rswk-swf Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 g Rechtsanwendung (DE-588)4048765-9 s Richter (DE-588)4049923-6 s DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024802190&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Fordham, Michael Judicial review handbook Rechtsanwendung (DE-588)4048765-9 gnd Richter (DE-588)4049923-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4048765-9 (DE-588)4049923-6 (DE-588)4022153-2 |
| title | Judicial review handbook |
| title_auth | Judicial review handbook |
| title_exact_search | Judicial review handbook |
| title_full | Judicial review handbook by Michael Fordham |
| title_fullStr | Judicial review handbook by Michael Fordham |
| title_full_unstemmed | Judicial review handbook by Michael Fordham |
| title_short | Judicial review handbook |
| title_sort | judicial review handbook |
| topic | Rechtsanwendung (DE-588)4048765-9 gnd Richter (DE-588)4049923-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Rechtsanwendung Richter Großbritannien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024802190&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT fordhammichael judicialreviewhandbook |