Papal diplomacy and the quest for peace: the Vatican and international organizations from the early years to the League of Nations
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Ann Arbor, MI
Sapientia Press of Ave Maria University
2004
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | x, 290 p. 23 cm |
| ISBN: | 1932589015 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Table
of Contents
Preface
ix
Chapter
1
The Holy See as International Person and Sovereign
1
The presence of papal diplomacy in the world may appear to be a peculi¬
arity. In turn, the peculiarity raises questions about the nature of the Holy
See as a juridical person. The Holy See is a unique entity that enjoys inter¬
national personality under law. Moreover, the Holy See exercises a unique
sovereignty as a unique juridical person. This chapter explains the nature
of the Holy See
s
personality and sovereignty.
Chapter
2
The Holy See and the Ages of Christendom, Absolutism,
and the Nation-State
17
The previous chapter explained, by examining legal concepts and history,
the juridical nature of the Holy See. This chapter, through historical exam¬
ination, demonstrates how this personality evolved from the Church s inter¬
est in and labor to achieving universal peace in the world. The strong, even
unchallenged, role of the Holy See in achieving the Pax
Christi
throughout
the world was undisputed through the fifteenth century. However, with the
rise of the strong national state and the Protestant Reformation, the role of
the Holy See underwent alteration. The Peace of Augsburg in
1555
signaled
the erosion of the Holy See
s
strong, if not quasi-monopolistic, control over
efforts toward securing international peace. Moreover, the jus gentium that
had largely been developed by the Church and its strong reliance on natural
vi Papal
Diplomacy and the Quest for Peace
law was now undergoing a transformation reflecting the role of positive law.
In addition, the emerging strength of national, monarchs replaced the earlier
predominance of the Empire and the Holy See with powerful states that
now found themselves in aggressive military and commercial competition
that threatened world peace. Moreover, the Enlightenment and revolution¬
ary fervor of the eighteenth century also served to dispute the preeminence
of the Church and the Holy Roman Emperor. By the early nineteenth cen¬
tury, even the security of the papacy and its temporal possessions were at
risk. Still, the Holy See continued to play important but altered roles in this
world of flux. Its status as an international person whose goal of peace
remained largely intact and was evidenced by its activities in international
diplomatic exchange, arbitration, and continuing contributions to the
development of legal concepts.
Chapter
3
The Holy See in an Age of Transition:
1870-1914 57
With the Italian unification and the loss of the Papal States, the Holy See was
unable to argue that its juridical personality and sovereignty were essentially
linked to temporal authority. Nevertheless, it succeeded in maintaining its inter¬
national personality and sovereignty. The 1870s brought not only a change in
the temporal authority of the Holy See, they also saw the election of Leo
XIII
to
the papacy. The Holy Sees intellectual and other endeavors demonstrated that it
was still very involved with the problems of this world that threatened peace
and social and economic security. Moreover, it increased its activity in several
important international arbitrations and mediations. In addition, the papacy
emphasized the nexus between peace and issues of economic and social justice.
As the winds of the First World War began to grow, the Holy See did what it
could to seek alternatives to armed conflict. But these efforts could not restrain
those with belligerent intentions.
Chapter
4
The Holy See and the Founding of the League of Nations:
1914-1920 91
The beginning of the war was accompanied by a new pontificate. Shortly
after the German Army entered Brussels, the new pope, Benedict XV
labored intensively but quietly to end the conflict. In
1917,
he presented a
peace plan that included disarmament, compulsory arbitration, freedom of
movement, condonation of war damages, and territorial settlements. Thus,
the teaching authority of the Church was used to encourage the abandon¬
ment of war as the only mechanism for resolving international conflict. The
Table
of
Contents
vii
Holy See was not a participant in the formal proceedings that brought peace
and the establishment of the League of Nations in Geneva. This did not,
however, prevent it from encouraging efforts to establish the first interna¬
tional organization designed to maintain the peace and security of the world.
Chapter
5
The Holy See and the First Years of the League:
1920-1922 131
The League of Nations was established in
1920
without the Holy See as a
member. But the papacy remained active in its
erForts
to solidify peace in the
world. The Holy See strove, through a papal encyclical, to teach what was
essential to reinforce and preserve the peace. The pope praised the idea of an
organized league or
...
family of peoples, without naming the League, and
called for forgiveness and reconciliation. These writings were also practical
by pointing out flaws in the mechanisms, including the League of Nations
itself, which had been devised to bring about the reconciliation that should
have accompanied the end of war. One important step taken by the Holy
See during this period was to plead the cause of the millions of innocent vic¬
tims of the conflict. With the encouragement of the Holy See, the Catholic
intellectual elite of the period also contributed its talents toward the goal of
international peace. With the death of Benedict XV in
1922,
the world lost
a great friend and fellow laborer in the cause of peace.
Chapter
6
The Holy See, the League, and the Mandate for Palestine
161
One issue to which the League of Nations gave much time was the question
of Palestine. To the Holy See, it was essential to preserve the international
character of the Holy Places so that they could be visited by the faithful
from all over the world. While the political interests of the mandatory and
other powers often conflicted with those of the Holy See, the latter persisted
in supporting an international commission responsible to the League, to
regulate the Holy Places. But this was in vain and the Holy See, disap¬
pointed in the League, kept working for peace amid mounting tensions.
Chapter
7
Pius XI and the League: Distance and Disappointment
191
The death of Benedict XV brought a new pope, Pius XI, to Peters throne,
but the peace endeavors of the Holy See did not falter. Still, the strains on
international relations that were manifested in the League itself began to
suggest that the peace of
1918
might not be all that secure. The Holy See,
VIU
Papal Diplomacy and the Quest for Peace
through various papal statements and documents, continued to give atten¬
tion to the crucial issues demanding attention if peace were to be main¬
tained. Like Leo
XIII,
Pius XI recognized the vital connection between
economic and social justice and international peace. Notwithstanding
these efforts, the distance between the Holy See and the world
s
temporal
authorities, including the League, grew rather than diminished, although
the Holy See followed closely the League s discussion of calendar reform.
Chapter
8
Signs of Rapprochement with the League:
The Role of International Catholic Organizations
223
While the official relations between the Holy See and the League of Nations
remained distant, the Holy See was able to achieve some additional but
indirect influence in the international organization. The Catholic intellec¬
tual elite in Europe helped bridge the gap. Through the activities of several
major Catholic non-governmental organizations, the views of the Holy See
on international peace and security could be made known and have some
positive impact on the Leagues work in trying to establish a world order of
peace and justice.
Chapter
9
Epilogue
255
The evolution of the Holy See s role in different forms of international
organization culminated in its relationships with the League of Nations.
These peaked in the late
1920s
and developed no further, due mainly to
the deteriorating international climate. During this period, the
Lateran
Treaty of
1929
regained territorial sovereignty for the Holy See. The Italo-
Ethiopian conflict was dealt with differently by Pius XI, who worked for
peace in a delicate situation, and the League, which failed to prevent
aggression. Pius did not place much hope in the League as the war clouds
gathered. His death in
1939
marks the end of the present study, which is
an introduction to the larger study of relations between the Holy See and
the United Nations to be presented in a subsequent volume.
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| title | Papal diplomacy and the quest for peace the Vatican and international organizations from the early years to the League of Nations |
| title_auth | Papal diplomacy and the quest for peace the Vatican and international organizations from the early years to the League of Nations |
| title_exact_search | Papal diplomacy and the quest for peace the Vatican and international organizations from the early years to the League of Nations |
| title_full | Papal diplomacy and the quest for peace the Vatican and international organizations from the early years to the League of Nations Robert John Araujo and John A. Lucal |
| title_fullStr | Papal diplomacy and the quest for peace the Vatican and international organizations from the early years to the League of Nations Robert John Araujo and John A. Lucal |
| title_full_unstemmed | Papal diplomacy and the quest for peace the Vatican and international organizations from the early years to the League of Nations Robert John Araujo and John A. Lucal |
| title_short | Papal diplomacy and the quest for peace |
| title_sort | papal diplomacy and the quest for peace the vatican and international organizations from the early years to the league of nations |
| title_sub | the Vatican and international organizations from the early years to the League of Nations |
| topic | Église catholique / Relations extérieures Katholische Kirche Sancta Sedes (DE-588)2003256-0 gnd Völkerbund (DE-588)36500-2 gnd Église et organisation internationale / Église catholique Internationale Organisation (DE-588)4027366-0 gnd Diplomatie (DE-588)4012402-2 gnd Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Église catholique / Relations extérieures Katholische Kirche Sancta Sedes Völkerbund Église et organisation internationale / Église catholique Internationale Organisation Diplomatie Internationale Politik |
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