A history of the Japanese language:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge [u.a.]
Cambridge Univ. Press
2011
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. publ., paperback ed., with corr. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXIV, 436 S. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9781107404090 9780521653206 |
Internformat
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| 100 | 1 | |a Frellesvig, Bjarke |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a A history of the Japanese language |c Bjarke Frellesvig |
| 250 | |a 1. publ., paperback ed., with corr. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Cambridge [u.a.] |b Cambridge Univ. Press |c 2011 | |
| 300 | |a XXIV, 436 S. |b Ill., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804148885523791872 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
List of tables, maps and figures
A cknowledgem ents
List of abbreviations
Introduction
Part I Old Japanese
1 Early writing in Japan and Old Japanese sources
1.1 Writing
1.1.1 Introduction of writing in Japan
1.1.2 Writing in Japanese
1.1.2.1 Logographic versus phonographic writing
1.1.2.2 Adaptation of Chinese script
1.1.2.3 Logographic writing of Japanese
1.1.2.4 Phonographic writing of Japanese
1.1.2.5 Man ’yogana
1.1.2.6 Senmyd~gaki
1.1.3 Problems of decipherment
1.1.3.1 Polyvalence and equivalence
1.1.4 Reading tradition
1.1.5 Rebus writing
1.1.6 Examples
1.2 Sources
1.2.1 Japanese words in foreign sources
1.2.2 Early inscriptions, wooden tablets and archival records
1.2.3 Eighth-century texts
1.2.3.1 Poetry
1.2.3.2 Prose
1.2.3.3 Others
2 Phonology
2.1 Ko~rui and otsu~rui syllables
2.1.1 Co, versus Co2
2.1.2 Phonetic reconstruction and phonemic interpretation
2.1.3 Sound values
page xvii
XX
xxi
1
11
11
11
12
12
12
13
14
14
16
17
17
18
18
18
20
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
26
30
30
31
vii
Vlll
Contents
2.1.4 Phonemic interpretation 31
2.1.5 Neutralization 33
2.2 Consonants 34
2.2.1 Obstruents 34
2.2.2 Tenues versus mediae; medial voicing and prenasalization 34
2.2.3 Non-sibilant versus sibilant obstruents 36
2.3 Other allophonic variation 38
2.4 Phonetic transcription of a text 38
2.5 Syllable and word structure 39
2.6 Morphophonemics 39
2.6.1 Vowel deletion 39
2.6.2 Rendaku 40
2.7 Proto-Japanese 41
2.7.1 Consonants 42
2.7.1.1 Secondary origin of Old Japanese mediae (/b, d, g, zI) 42
2.7.1.2 Distribution of Old Japanese mediae and liquid 43
2.7.1.3 Proto-Japanese syllable final nasals 43
2.7.1.4 Pro to-Japanese glides 43
2.7.2 Vowels and diphthongs 44
2.7.2.1 Arisaka’s Law; distribution of primary vowels 44
2.1.22 Secondary vowels and diphthongs: OJ /-wi, -e/ 44
2.7.23 Mid vowel raising 47
2.7.2A Lexical distribution of ICwo, Cye, Ce, and Cwi/ 49
2.73.5 Changes between proto-Japanese and Old Japanese 49
Grammar 51
3.1 Verbs 51
3.1.1 Derivatives 52
3.1.2 Auxiliary verbs 52
3.1.3 Inflected verb forms: obligatory categories 53
3.1.3.1 Finite verb forms 53
3.1.3.2 Non-finite verb forms 56
3.1.3.3 Nominal 57
3.1.4 Auxiliaries: optional categories 58
3.1.4.1 Formation on lexical verbs 59
3.1.4.2 Inflected forms 59
3.1.4.3 Respect 62
3.1.4.4 Voice; causative and passive 63
3.1.4.5 Aspect, tense, negation, and mood 64
3.1.4.5.1 Aspect and negation 65
3.1.4.5.2 Tense and mood 65
3.1.4.5.3 Combination 65
3.1.4.6 Perfective 66
3.1.4.6.1 Functions 66
3.1.4.6.2 Distribution of the variants ~(i)te and
-0)n- 67
3.1.4.7 Stative 68
3.1.4.7.1 Function 68
3.1.4.7.2 Morphological stative auxiliary: -yer- 68
3.1.4.7.3 Periphrastic stative: -(i)te ar-, -(i)tar- 69
3.1.4.7.4 Analytic progressive 69
Contents
IX
3.1.4.8 Negative 69
3.1.4.8.1 Analytic forms 70
3.1.4.8.2 Negative rhetorical questions 70
3.1.4.8.3 Reformation of the paradigm of the
negative 71
3.1.4.9 Simple and modal past 72
3.1.4.9.1 Functions 72
3.1.4.9.2 ‘Perfect’ 74
3.1.4.9.3 Speaker commitment 76
3.1.4.10 Conjectural and subjunctive 78
3.1.5 Verbal prefixes 79
Adjectives 79
3.2.1 Inflectional forms; adjectival copula 80
3.2.2 Core forms 82
3.2.2.1 Conclusive and adnominal 83
3.2.2.2 Nominal 84
3.2.2.3 Exclamatory 84
3.2.2.4 The infinitives 85
3.2.24.1 Infinitive-1 85
3.2.2.4.2 Infinitive-2 86
3.2.3 Analytic forms 90
3.2.4 Ku versus shiku adjectives 90
3.2.4.1 Reduplication 92
3.2.4.2 Jiku adjectives 93
Copula 93
3.3.1 Use of the simple inflected copula forms 94
3.3.2 Analytic forms 95
Conjugation classes and morphophonology 96
3.4.1 Regular verb classes 97
3.4.1.1 Quadrigrade verbs 97
3.4.1.2 Bigrade verbs 97
3.4.1.3 Formation of basic inflected forms 99
3.4.2 Irregular consonant base verbs 101
3.4.2.1 r-irregular 101
3.4.2.1.1 Grammatical uses of ar- and other
existential verbs 103
3.4.2.1.2 Fused forms; secondary
conjugations 104
3.4.2.2 «-irregular 105
3.4.3 Irregular vowel base verbs 106
3.4.3.1 Upper monograde 106
3.4.3.2 A-irreguIar and 5-irregular 107
3.4.3.2.1 Grammatical uses of ko- and se- 108
3.4.3.3 -Kose- 108
3.4.4 Extended inflectional forms; combinatory stems 109
3.4.4.1 The infinitive as stem 109
3.4.4.2 The a- stem 111
3.4.4.3 The exclamatory as stem 112
3.4.4.4 The stative and the nominal 113
3.4.5 Consonant versus vowel base
morphophonology 113
X
Contents
3.4.6 The katsuydkei system 114
3.4.6.1 Names and uses of the six katsuydkei 115
3.4.6.2 Traditional names for the verb classes 115
3.4.6.3 Discussion; basic paradigms 116
3.5 Proto-Japanese and pre-Old Japanese morphology 118
3.5.1 Verb classes; bigrade verbs 118
3.5.1.1 Diachronic classification of verbs 119
3.5.2 Pre-history of verb suffixes 120
3.6 Verb extensions 123
3.7 Particles 124
3.7.1 Case particles 125
3.7.1.1 Main Old Japanese case particles 126
3.7.1.1.1 Genitives 126
3.7.1.1.2 Differences between no and ga 128
3.7.1.2 Case marking of subject and object 129
3.7.1.3 Obsolete and peripheral case particles 131
3.7.1.4 Emerging case particles 132
3.7.2 Topic and focus particles 132
3.7.3 Restrictive particles 132
3.7.4 Conjunctional particles 133
3.7.5 Final particles 133
3.7.6 Interjectional particles 133
3.7.7 Complementizer 134
3.7.8 Etymology 134
3.7.8.1 Nominal sources 134
3.7.8.2 Verbal sources 135
3.7.8.2.1 Copula 135
3.7.8.2.2 Roots of other verbs 135
3.7.8.3 External etymology 135
3.8 Pronouns 136
3.8.1 Short versus long forms 136
3.8.2 Personal pronouns 138
3.8.2.1 Other terms of address 139
3.8.3 Demonstratives 139
3.8.4 Basic pre-Old Japanese pronominal system 142
3.8.5 Proto-Japanese demonstratives 142
Loanwords 144
4.1 Ainu 145
4.2 Continental loanwords: Korean, Chinese, Sanskrit 146
4.2.1 Korean 147
4.2.2 Chinese 147
4.2.3 Sanskrit 148
4.3 Phonological adaptation 150
5
Eastern Old Japanese
5.1 Phonology
5.2 Morphology
151
152
152
Contents
xi
Part II Early Middle Japanese
Writing and sources 157
6.1 Writing 157
6.1.1 Kanji-kana majiribun 157
6.1.2 Kana (hiragana, katakana, hentaigana) 158
6.1.2.1 Sei ’on and daku on 162
6.1.2.2 Dakuten 163
6.1.2.3 Handakuten 165
6.1.2.4 Orthographic categories; the Iroha-uta, the
Japanese alphabet’ 165
6.1.2.5 New sounds 169
6.1.2.5.1 Bound moras 169
6.1.2.5.2 Syllables with complex onsets 170
6.1.2.5.3 Syllable final/-t/ 170
6.1.2.5.4 Recent Modem Japanese loanwords 170
6.1.3 Orthographic norms 171
6.1.3.1 Undoing the etymological kana-spelling 175
6.1.4 Sound tables 177
6.2 Sources 178
6.2.1 Prose and poetry 179
6.2.2 Annotated texts 181
6.2.3 Glossaries and dictionaries 182
6.2.4 Sanskrit studies 183
Phonology 184
7.1 Syllable structure 185
7.1.1 Bound moraic segments 187
7.1.2 Nasality 188
7.1.2.1 Morpheme internal position 188
7.1.2.2 Morpheme final position; postnasal neutralization 189
7.1.2.3 Word final position 190
7.1.2.4 Nasality harmony 190
7.1.3 Transcription of moraic segments 191
7.1.4 Sources of long syllables: the onbin sound changes 191
7.1.4.1 Onbin as sound changes 195
7.1.4.2 Syllable reduction 196
7.1.4.3 Nasality 197
7.1.4.4 Major class; consonant or vowel? 199
7.1.4.5 Other sources of bound moraic phonemes 199
7.2 The sound shape of Sino-Japanese vocabulary 199
7.2.1 Renjô 200
7.3 Regular segmental sound changes 201
7.3.1 Changes affecting OJ /p/ 201
7.3.1.1 Merger of intervocalic /-p-/ w ith /-w-/ 202
7.3.1.2 Retention of Ap-/ 203
7.3.1.3 The Early Middle Japanese sound value of the
reflexes of initial /p-/ 204
7.3.1.4 Summary 205
Contents
7.3.2 Loss of labial and palatal glides 205
7.3.2.1 Merger of kd-rui and otsu-rui syllables; loss of post
consonantal fyi before /e/ and Av/ before /i, o/ 206
7.3.2.2 Loss of syllable initial lyf before /el 206
7.3.2.3 Loss of syllable initial Av/ before /o, i, e/ 206
7.3.2.4 /-i, -u/ versus /-.e, -.0/ 207
7.3.2.5 Phonemicization: /-.e, -.0/ or /-.ye, -.wo/ 208
7.4 Prosody;‘accent’ 210
7.4.1 Prosodic classes 212
7.4.1.1 Final falling pitch: classes 2.5, 3.5b, and 1.2 215
7.4.1.2 Initial rising pitch: class 1.3b; classes 2.3-5b? 216
7.4.2 Eleventh-century prosodic classes and later changes 217
7.4.3 Phonological interpretation 219
7.4.4 Complex forms 222
7.4.4.1 Noun + noun compounds 222
7.4.4.2 Particles 223
7.4.4.3 Verbs and adjectives 224
Grammar 227
8.1 Verbs 227
8.1.1 Morphological categories 227
8.1.2 Conjugation classes and basic paradigms 227
8.1.3 Verbal nouns 229
8.1.4 Consonant base verbs 230
8.2 Adjectives and copula 232
8.2.1 Secondary conjugations: ar- extended forms 233
8.2.2 Adjectival copula and negative 233
8.2.3 Copula 234
8.3 Adjectival nouns 235
8.4 Auxiliaries 236
8.4.1 Passives and causatives 236
8.4.2 Aspect; Stative and perfective 238
8.4.2.1 Progressives 240
8.5 Modality 240
8.6 Derivatives 242
8.7 Particles 242
8.7.1 Genitives 243
8.7.2 Conjunctional particles 244
8.7.3 Tote, nado 245
8.8 Pronouns and demonstratives 245
8.8.1 Demonstratives and interrogatives 246
8.8.2 Short and long forms 247
8.9 Kakari-musubi 247
8.9.1 Uses of kakari-musubi 251
8.9.2 The individual kakari particles 251
8.9.3 The musubi predicate 255
8.9.4 Questions and exclamatives 256
The sinification of Japanese 258
9.1 Kanbun-kundoku 258
9.1.1 Kunten 259
Contents xiii
9.1.2 Kanbun-kundoku and writing in Japanese 263
9.1.2.1 Hentai kanbun; ‘kanban 266
9.1.3 Orthographic overdifferentiation 268
9.1.4 Kokuji 268
9.1.5 Kuntengo 268
9.1.6 The influence of kuntengo on the Japanese language 270
9.2 Ondoka 274
9.2.1 Chinese as a foreign (reading) language; Japano-Chinese 274
9.2.1.1 The phonetics and phonology of Japano-Chinese 277
9.2.1.2 Early Middle Chinese, Japano-Chinese and ongana 277
9.2.2 Sino-Japanese 278
9.2.2.1 Present-day Sino-Japanese 280
9.2.2.2 Syllable initial consonants 282
9.2.2.3 Syllable final consonants 282
9.2.3 Sino-Japanese loanwords 284
9.2.3.1 Sino-Japanese loanwords in Old Japanese 284
9.2.3.2 Sino-Japanese loanwords in Early Middle
Japanese 286
9.2.3.2.1 Numerals 289
9.2.3.3 Sino-Japanese loanwords in Late Middle
Japanese 290
9.2.3.4 Sino-Japanese loanwords, Japano-Chinese, and
Sino-Japanese 290
9.2.4 Sino-Japanese words arising through on-reading of a
¿¿¿«-writing 291
9.3 The case of # 292
Part III Late Middle Japanese
10 Sources 297
10.1 Early Late Middle Japanese 297
10.2 Late Late Middle Japanese 299
10.2.1 Shômono 299
i 0.2.2 Christian sources 299
10.2.2.1 Texts 301
10.2.2.2 Grammars 302
10.2.2.3 Dictionaries 302
11 Phonology 304
ll.l Nasality and medial voicing 306
11.1.1 Postnasal neutralization 307
11.1.1.1 ‘Vmu no xita nigoru’ 308
11.1.2 Redistribution of phonemic nasality 309
11.2 Loss of /w/ 310
11.3 Fricativization of /p/; /p/ /f/ 311
11.3.1 Retention of /p/ after /Q/ 313
11.3.2 Retention of /p/ after /N/ 314
11.3.3 Alternations arising from changes of /p/ 314
11.3.4 /p/ in expressive vocabulary 315
11.3.5 Phonemic split: /p/ /f, p/ 316
XIV
Contents
12
11A Sino-Japanese syllable final /-t/
11.4.1 Sources of final !-XJ
11.4.2 Renjô
11.5 Long vowels
11.5.1 Phonemic analysis
11.5.2 Sources of long vowels in Modem Japanese Sino-Japanese
11.6 Assibilation and palatalization
11.6.1 Palatalization
11.7 Final vowel deletion
11.8 Onglides
11.8.1 Diphthongal asymmetry
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
322
323
323
324
Grammar 326
12.1 Verb morphology 326
12.1.1 Inflected verb forms 326
12.1.1.1 Gerund 327
12.1.2 Loss of exclamatory, conclusive and adnominal 328
12.1.3 Loss and change of auxiliaries 330
12.1.3.1 Morphological categories 331
12.1.3.2 From auxiliary to flective; inflection for tense 332
12.1.3.3 Non-finite forms 332
12.1.4 Conjectural 334
12.1.4.1 Negative conjectural 335
12.1.5 Other auxiliaries 336
12.1.5.1 Negative 336
12.1.5.2 Passive and causative 337
12.1.5.3 New auxiliaries 337
12.1.6 Extensions 339
12.2 Adjectives and copula 339
12.2.1 Adjectives 340
12.2.2 Copula 341
12.2.3 Summary of the development of regular and adjectival
copula paradigms 343
12.3 Basic paradigms 344
12.3.1 Verb classes 346
12.3.2 Onbin stems 347
12.3.3 Morphophonological rules 348
12.4 Existential verbs; ar-, /-, or- 350
12.4.1 Loss of -ru 353
12.5 Pronouns and demonstratives 353
12.6 Syntactic changes 354
12.6.1 Loss of the distinction between conclusive and adnominal 354
12.6.1.1 Adnominal clauses 355
12.6.1.1.1 Complementizers 355
12.6.1.1.2 Tokoro-no 358
12.6.1.2 Loss of kakari-musubi 358
12.6.1.2.1 Namu and ya 359
12.6.1.2.2 Ka and zo 359
12.6.1.2.3 Koso 361
12.6.1.3 Nominalizations; emergence of nominalizing no 362
Contents
XV
12.6.1.4 Summary of the developments of the functions of
the Old Japanese/Early Middle Japanese adnominal 365
12.6.2 The genitive particles, subject marking and the emergence
of a nominative case particle 366
12.6.2.1 Socio-linguistic differentiation of no and ga 367
12.7 Honorific language 369
12.7.1 Exaltation 369
12.7.1.1 Noun exaltation 370
12.7.1.2 Predicate exaltation 371
12.7.2 Politeness 372
Part IV Modern Japanese
13 Varieties of Modem Japanese 377
13.1 The Edo period: Linguistic diversity and common language 377
13.1.1 Common language 377
13.1.2 The language of Edo 378
13.2 The Meiji period: Unification and standardization 379
13.2.1 Genbun’itchi 379
13.2.2 A national language; standardization and dialect eradication 380
13.3 Sources 381
13.3.1 Material in alphabet writing 382
13.4 From Late Middle Japanese to standard contemporary Modem
Japanese 382
14 Phonology 384
14.1 Merger of /d/ and /z/ before /i, u/ 384
14.2 Merger of ho/ and /oo/; ho/ /oo/ 385
14.2.1 /Vu/ diphthongs 386
14.3 Delabialization of/f/;/f/ /h/ 386
14.4 Loss of phonetic onglides 387
14.4.1 Loss of palatalization before /e/ 387
14.5 Summary of main allophonic variation 387
14.6 Recent phonemic changes due to loanwords 388
15 Grammar 390
15.1 Verbs 390
15.1.1 Formation of the volitional 390
15.1.2 Verb classes 391
15.1.2.1 Levelling of vowel base verb conjugations;
merger of monograde and bigrade verbs 391
15.1.2.2 Merger of w-irregular and quadrigrade verbs 392
15.1.3 Summary of verbal conjugation classes 392
15.2 Adjectives and copula 393
15.3 Other new Modem Japanese grammatical forms 395
16 Eastern dialect features of the standard language 397
16.1 Onbin forms 398
16.2 Copula da 400
xvi Contents
16.3 The negative auxiliary 401
16.4 The imperative 402
17 The westernization of Japanese: Loanwords and other
borrowings 403
17.1 Vocabulary layers and hybrid words 403
17.1.1 Gairaigo 404
17.2 Pre-Meiji; from the end of Late Middle Japanese to the middle of the
nineteenth century 404
17.3 From the beginning of Meiji to the end of WWII (1945) 406
17.3.1 Loanwords from European languages 408
17.3.2 Loan translations; Sino-Japanese coinages 408
17.3.3 Influence from European languages in grammar and usage 410
17.4 Post-WWII 411
Appendix
Summary of the main regular phonemic changes between
Old Japanese and conservative Modem Japanese 413
References 416
Index of main grammatical forms 425
General index 429
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Frellesvig, Bjarke |
| author_facet | Frellesvig, Bjarke |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Frellesvig, Bjarke |
| author_variant | b f bf |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV039924037 |
| classification_rvk | EI 4620 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)780136240 (DE-599)BVBBV039924037 |
| dewey-full | 495.609 |
| dewey-hundreds | 400 - Language |
| dewey-ones | 495 - Languages of east and southeast Asia |
| dewey-raw | 495.609 |
| dewey-search | 495.609 |
| dewey-sort | 3495.609 |
| dewey-tens | 490 - Other languages |
| discipline | Außereuropäische Sprachen und Literaturen Literaturwissenschaft |
| edition | 1. publ., paperback ed., with corr. |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV039924037 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:14:15Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781107404090 9780521653206 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024782460 |
| oclc_num | 780136240 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-20 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| owner_facet | DE-20 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| physical | XXIV, 436 S. Ill., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publishDateSearch | 2011 |
| publishDateSort | 2011 |
| publisher | Cambridge Univ. Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Frellesvig, Bjarke Verfasser aut A history of the Japanese language Bjarke Frellesvig 1. publ., paperback ed., with corr. Cambridge [u.a.] Cambridge Univ. Press 2011 XXIV, 436 S. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Sprachentwicklung (DE-588)4182511-1 gnd rswk-swf Japanisch (DE-588)4114069-2 gnd rswk-swf Japanisch (DE-588)4114069-2 s Sprachentwicklung (DE-588)4182511-1 s Geschichte z DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Bamberg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024782460&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Frellesvig, Bjarke A history of the Japanese language Sprachentwicklung (DE-588)4182511-1 gnd Japanisch (DE-588)4114069-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4182511-1 (DE-588)4114069-2 |
| title | A history of the Japanese language |
| title_auth | A history of the Japanese language |
| title_exact_search | A history of the Japanese language |
| title_full | A history of the Japanese language Bjarke Frellesvig |
| title_fullStr | A history of the Japanese language Bjarke Frellesvig |
| title_full_unstemmed | A history of the Japanese language Bjarke Frellesvig |
| title_short | A history of the Japanese language |
| title_sort | a history of the japanese language |
| topic | Sprachentwicklung (DE-588)4182511-1 gnd Japanisch (DE-588)4114069-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Sprachentwicklung Japanisch |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024782460&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT frellesvigbjarke ahistoryofthejapaneselanguage |