Regi şi diplomaţi suedezi în spaţiul românesc: (secolele XVII - XX)
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Romanian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cluj-Napoca
Acad. Română, Centrul de Studii Transilvane
2007
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Documenta / Centrul de Studii Transilvane
8 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. und schwed. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 273 S., [8] Bl. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 9789737784186 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Cuprins
Lista ilustraţilor
·
VI
Cuvânt înainte
·
VII
Cuvântul autorului
·
IX
1.
Preliminarii. Cele mai vechi mărturii
atestate despre contactele dintre suedezi şi români
· 3
2.
Suedia între secolele XVII-XX. Scurt istoric
· 9
3.
Itinerariul trimişilor suedezi Ia Sublima Poartă. De ce turcii?
· 21
4.
Diplomatul
Claes Rålamb
prin Ţările Române
»27
5.
„Când Suedia era condusă din Moldova
· 45
6.
Anonim polonez (din armata lui
Carol
XII)
despre „Calabalâcul de la
Bender
· 65
7.
Cronicari români despre şederea lui
Carol
XII în Moldova
»75
8.
Nicolae Iorga: „Carol
al XIMea la
Bender
· 85
9.
Michael
Eneman
(1676-1714).
Pastorul explorator
· 95
10. E.H. Weismanteil (1688-1749).
Oşteanul cronicar
· 103
11.
Un ofiţer român în armata lui
Carol
al XH-lea
»117
12.
Turnul Colţea şi suedezii
»127
13.
Călătoria lui
Edvard de Carleson,
trimisul extraordinar al Regelui Suediei,
de la Constantinopol la
Stockholm
»135
14.
Diplomatul
Lars von Engeström,
însărcinatul cu Afaceri
al Suediei în capitala Imperiului Austriac,
despre Răscoala lui
Horia
· 143
15.
Mărturii ale legăturilor dintre regii suedezi şi români la Catedrala
Cavalerilor din
Stockholm »171
16.
Prinţul moştenitor
Oscar Gustaf Adolf
la Bucureşti
(1879) · 177
17.
Regele
Oscar
II
şi Regina Sofia în România
(1885) · 189
18.
Regele
Gustaf
V
la Sinaia
(1910) · 215
19.
Prinţul regent
Gustaf Adolf
şi vizita sa maraton în România
(1937) · 227
20.
Legăturile diplomatice dintre Suedia şi România
· 239
Abstract
»247
Sammanfattning
»253
Bibliografie selectivă
»257
Indice
»259
Abstract
The writings of the foreign travelers who once visited the territories inhabited
by the Romanians have always fascinated the Romanian readers interested in
the history of their nation. Even today, when the tumultuous present overwhelms
us with continuous information, the avid seeker of new facts finds the time to
wipe the dust off old documents, reverently perusing them.
The present book contains travel notes, documents, chronicles and com¬
ments written by or referring to Swedish travelers, diplomats and kings who
visited the Romanian territories, driven by destiny, on diplomatic missions,
or even privately. By publishing their travel impressions, they made us known
in the intellectual circles of both Sweden and Europe. Moreover, some of the
travelers notes contain, without premeditation, arguments in favor of the
continuity of the Dacian-Roman element on the present-day territory of Romania,
of the Latin origin of the Romanian language, thus defending the cause of the
Transylvanian Romanians in the
Austro
-Hungarian Empire. Consequently, one
can assert that these documents have enriched our own historiography.
The author is aware of the fact that, although these documents were the only
source of information available at that time, not all are equally valuable from
a historical point of view. However, as the Swedish historian Carl
Grimberg
stat¬
ed, each epoch and each person must be assessed up to the standard of their
time, and therefore the inclusion of these notes has been made with a view
to give the reader a general understanding of the Swedish perception of our peo¬
ple and country. The selection of the rich, varied and dispersed documentation
has been made so as to provide a literary and scientific framework to both
specialists and amateur historians.
The theme of the Swedish travelers in the Romanian provinces had already
been presented before in isolated travel accounts as well as in anthologies,
e.g. Foreign Travelers about the Romanian Countries
(vol. MX, Bucharest,
1972-1996).
248 ·
Abstract
The present volume is dedicated to the Swedish travelers who recorded their
Romanian experiences. The already published material has not been taken up
except for isolated completion purposes. The book also includes
—
for the first
time, to our knowledge
—
studies and articles referring to Swedish travelers to
the Romanian territories written by Romanian historiographers such as Nicolae
Iorga and
Eugen
Lozovan only in foreign languages.
Officially, in both Sweden and Romania, the general opinion was that, until
the end of the 20th century, there had been two Swedish kings who visited
the territory of present-day Romania: Charles
XII,
after his defeat at Poltava, and
Oscar II, after a journey to Constantinople to see his sick son. In short, fortu¬
itous voyages whose initial objective had not been our country.
There are no in-depth studies on the subject of monarchy, as the Swedish
historians did not evince great interest in it, while the Romanians, during the
communist regime, were not allowed to mention this topic unless they meant
to criticize the institution.
The documents we have researched cast a new light on the Swedish-Romanian
relations. Namely, starting with King Charles
XII,
the visits of Swedish royal¬
ty to Romania have succeeded from father to son to this day. Moreover, King
Gustavus V was our guest as both heir-apparent and as a king.
It is worth mentioning that, irrespective of the rank of the visitors and the
length of their stay in our country, Romania was known and appreciated in the
royal circles in Stockholm. This fact is due to the close family relations between
the two royal families, as Queen Sophia, Oscar s wife, was the aunt of Queen
Elisabeth of Romania.
To our knowledge, no other Romanian historical study of the last fifty years
mentions this aspect of the relations between the two royal families. It should
be added here that the contacts between the Swedish and Romanian Royal
Houses were not strictly limited to matters pertaining to state or family etiquette.
They had a beneficial effect on the economic, cultural, scientific and, last but
not least, on the political relations between Sweden and Romania.
It is worth noting that the kings themselves were active factors and catalysts
in this process. During his short stay in Bucharest in
1885,
King Oscar II sug¬
gested that the Swedish consul should invite Swedish specialists in agricultural
machinery so that they could decide which tractors would be suitable for the
Romanian soil.
Later, during World War I, medical equipment bought by Queen Mary from
Belgium reached the Romanian battlefront in Moldavia via Sweden, with the
personal approval of King Gustavus V and due to the neutral status enjoyed
by Sweden.
In certain fields, the contacts between the two countries took preferential
forms visible especially after the war, when Greater Romania was in need of
capital in order to reorganize and modernize its economy. To a large extent,
Romania was helped by Sweden to better exploit its natural resources and to
invest in industry and transport.
Abstract
· 249
The royal families also encouraged the cultural relations between the two
countries; Queen Elisabeth, writing under the name of Carmen
Sylva,
had some
of her writings translated into Swedish. In addition, Carmen
Sylva,
prompted
by two Swedish musicians, wrote the libretto of an opera,
Neaga,
inspired by
the rural Romanian life and folklore. The piece was performed in Stockholm
and it enjoyed great success. The enthusiastic audience, wrote
a Sibiu
news¬
paper, repeatedly applauded the author and the actors. At the same time,
the work introduced the Swedish audience to our manners and our tradition¬
al costumes. We have been informed, continued the paper, that His Majesty,
the King of Sweden, telegraphed our Queen about the great success of her work
and invited her (o visit Stockholm. [Observatoriulu din
Sibiu,
4
February
1885).
Under favorable auspices, some prestigious Romanian intellectuals also estab¬
lished firm relations with their Swedish peers, to the advantage of both nations.
The most notable example is that of Nicolae Iorga who, in
1912,
became a mem¬
ber of the Swedish Historical Society. Later, Iorga became a member of the
Literary Academy in Sweden and Doctor Honoris Causa at the University of
Uppsala.
After World War II, with Romania in the Soviet sphere of influence, things
changed for the worse in Swedish-Romanian relations. The forced abdication
of King Michael in December
1947
and the refusal of the communist authori¬
ties to pay their debts to the Swedish companies that had invested in Romania
constituted arguments in favor of the interruption of almost all traditional rela¬
tions between the two countries.
The first chapter of the book is dedicated to the oldest records attesting
Swedish-Romanian contacts. In the
IO 1
and ll 1 centuries, the Varangians, a
Scandinavian tribe inhabiting the island of Gotland, made frequent stops on
the shore of the Black Sea on their long journeys to Constantinople. The con¬
tacts with the local inhabitants were not always friendly, as a funerary stone in
Visby,
Gotland attests. The Runic inscription goes back to
1050-1100
and it
depicts the unfortunate fate of a young man who had been killed by the
Blakumens (Wallachians). This is one of the oldest records of the name of the
Romanians
—
inhabitants of a region not yet organized as a state. Some hundreds
of years passed until historians recorded voyages undertaken by Swedish trav¬
elers to the Romanian territories. They were now well-defined as the state enti¬
ties called Moldavia, Wallachia and Transylvania, the last under Hungarian
domination, all three states being under Turkish suzerainty.
Chapter
2
presents Sweden and its evolution from a relatively small but inde¬
pendent state in the north of Europe, disciplined and well-organized under King
Gustavus
Vasa,
to a great power led by King Gustavus II Adolphus. As the ambi¬
tions of the Swedish kings were higher than their possibilities of fulfilling their
wishes, they sought allies everywhere.
In spite of centuries of dissimilarities between Christianity and Islam, the
Swedish kings sent diplomats to the Sultan of Constantinople seeking an alliance
with the Turks (Chapter
3).
250 ·
Abstract
The first diplomat to be mentioned here is
Claes Rålamb,
envoy of the Swedish
King Charles
XII
to the Porte. His voyage took
Rålamb
through Transylvania:
Cluj, Sibiu
and
Braşov;
he then entered Wallachia at
Rucăr
and Dragoslavele
and continued through
Târgovişte
to Bucharest, later crossing the Danube at
Zimnicea.
Ralamb s account of his visit is witty and fluent and gives us a realistic
and detailed image of the things he experienced. The rendering of the meet¬
ing with the Romanian peasants in Wallachia and the Pantagruelian meal in
Târgovişte,
which lasted the whole day, contains interesting information for the
reader (Chapter
4).
King Charles
XII
is introduced in the next chapter. The title of Chapter
5,
When Sweden was led from Moldavia is borrowed from the exhibition with
the same name, which took place at the Army Museum in Stockholm, in
2005-2006.
Few are the Swedes who know that their famous, if controversial, king stayed
on the right bank of the Dniester at Bender in Moldavia for about three years
with the hope that the Turks would help him take his revenge on Peter the Great,
who had defeated him at Poltava. After the failure of his plan and another unfore¬
seen stay in Adrianople, the king returned to Sweden via Wallachia and
Transylvania. Chapter
6
is an account of these dramatic events.
There is no better source of information about the relations between King
Charles
XII
and the locals than the Romanian chroniclers of the time: Nicolae
Costin, Ion Neculce, Nicolae Muste, Acsinte Uricariul, as well as
Alexandru
Amira,
the king s interpreter at Bender (Chapter
7).
The reputed Romanian historian Nicolae Iorga analyzed the writings of
the above mentioned chroniclers and, in a lecture held in Uppsala in
1929,
men¬
tioned his opinions about the complex character of Charles
XII.
He also spoke
about the difficulty the latter had in understanding the world he had entered
and stayed in for more than five years. Chapter
8
is a rendering of the lecture
that has never been published in Romanian before.
Michael Eneman s journey from Bender to Constantinople is included in
Chapter
9,
introducing readers to the opinions of a Swedish clergyman about
Bender and Bazargic, places he visited in the south of Moldavia and Dobruja.
Chapter
10
contains the description of Moldavia of that time as seen by E.
H Weismantell, a
young man of Germanic origin who stayed in Bender and
Constantinople between
1710
and
1714.
Beside Swedes and Poles, Charles XII s army consisted of young Finns,
Germans, Dutch, Jews and Romanians who, emboldened by the successes of
the invincible lion, followed him and hoped to share his glory. Chapters
11
and
12
are linked to the name of a Romanian soldier,
Sandu Colţea,
who enrolled
in
1706
and who faithfully served his king. Subsequently, he was given the lead
of a special cavalry regiment made up mostly of Romanians, under the direct
command of Charles
XII.
The
Colţea
Tower, the highest building in Bucharest
in the
18*
and 19 11 centuries, also known as The Fire Observatory, is famous not
Abstract
· 251
only for its commanding
—
at that time
—
height
(36
m) but also for the Swedes
contribution to its building.
As a counterpart to Michael Enemans travel notes about his journey from
Bender to Constantinople, we inspected the travel impressions about the jour¬
ney from Constantinople to Stockholm written in
1746
by
Edvard Carlesson,
Extraordinary Envoy to the Turks of His Majesty, The King of Sweden. Chapter
13
takes presents the details referring to the Romanian space in Carlesson s
diary.
Chapter
14
takes us to the end of the 18th century, when
Lars von Engeström
was the envoy of Sweden at the Viennese Court of Joseph II. Being interested
in the social unrest in the
Habsburg
Empire,
Lars von Engeström
constantly fol¬
lowed the uprising of the Romanians in Transylvania in
1784-1785.
His com¬
ments to Stockholm are proof of his interest in the events.
Chapters
15-19
are dedicated to the relations between the Swedish and
Romanian royal families as well as to the journeys some Swedish kings and
members of the royal family undertook to Romania.
Chapter
20
is devoted to the history of the diplomatic relations between
Sweden and Romania. Sweden was the first to open a consulate at
Galaţi
in
1851,
one in
Brăila
in
1852
and one in
Sulina
in
1862.
The first Romanian diplo¬
matic representations in Scandinavia were a general consulate in Stockholm in
1880
and one in Oslo in
1881.
We chose to end with the events occurred in the eve of World War II, thus
striving for objectivity, away from passions and partisan attitudes. However,
this might create the false impression that relations between the two coun¬
tries were discontinued. The truth is that tentative attempts were made to renew
the pre-war relations during the communist era in Romania. Nevertheless, it
was no sooner than after the fall of the communist system in Eastern Europe
that one could mark a revival of the diplomatic ties between Sweden and
Romania. In April
2003,
sixty-six years after King Gustavus Adolphus journey,
it was the turn of the present-day king of Sweden, Charles
XVI
Gustavus, and
of his wife Silvia to pay a visit to Romania. Like a bridge linking the past with
the present, this fact acquires a symbolical meaning
—
the hope in the best rela¬
tions within the framework of a united Europe.
|
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| author | Cristea, George 1929- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)103678570X |
| author_facet | Cristea, George 1929- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Cristea, George 1929- |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV039917514 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)780134125 (DE-599)BVBBV039917514 |
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| geographic | Schweden (DE-588)4077258-5 gnd Rumänien (DE-588)4050939-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Schweden Rumänien |
| id | DE-604.BV039917514 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:14:06Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789737784186 |
| language | Romanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024776072 |
| oclc_num | 780134125 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 273 S., [8] Bl. Ill. |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
| publishDateSort | 2007 |
| publisher | Acad. Română, Centrul de Studii Transilvane |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Documenta / Centrul de Studii Transilvane |
| spelling | Cristea, George 1929- Verfasser (DE-588)103678570X aut Regi şi diplomaţi suedezi în spaţiul românesc (secolele XVII - XX) George Cristea Cluj-Napoca Acad. Română, Centrul de Studii Transilvane 2007 273 S., [8] Bl. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Documenta / Centrul de Studii Transilvane 8 Zsfassung in engl. und schwed. Sprache Geschichte 1600-2005 gnd rswk-swf Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd rswk-swf Schweden (DE-588)4077258-5 gnd rswk-swf Rumänien (DE-588)4050939-4 gnd rswk-swf Rumänien (DE-588)4050939-4 g Schweden (DE-588)4077258-5 g Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 s Geschichte 1600-2005 z DE-604 Centrul de Studii Transilvane Documenta 8 (DE-604)BV010920470 8 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024776072&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024776072&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Cristea, George 1929- Regi şi diplomaţi suedezi în spaţiul românesc (secolele XVII - XX) Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4046514-7 (DE-588)4077258-5 (DE-588)4050939-4 |
| title | Regi şi diplomaţi suedezi în spaţiul românesc (secolele XVII - XX) |
| title_auth | Regi şi diplomaţi suedezi în spaţiul românesc (secolele XVII - XX) |
| title_exact_search | Regi şi diplomaţi suedezi în spaţiul românesc (secolele XVII - XX) |
| title_full | Regi şi diplomaţi suedezi în spaţiul românesc (secolele XVII - XX) George Cristea |
| title_fullStr | Regi şi diplomaţi suedezi în spaţiul românesc (secolele XVII - XX) George Cristea |
| title_full_unstemmed | Regi şi diplomaţi suedezi în spaţiul românesc (secolele XVII - XX) George Cristea |
| title_short | Regi şi diplomaţi suedezi în spaţiul românesc |
| title_sort | regi si diplomati suedezi in spatiul romanesc secolele xvii xx |
| title_sub | (secolele XVII - XX) |
| topic | Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Politik Schweden Rumänien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024776072&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024776072&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV010920470 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT cristeageorge regisidiplomatisuedeziinspatiulromanescsecolelexviixx |