Verfügbarkeit: Cellular physiology and neurophysiology

Cellular physiology and neurophysiology:

Gespeichert in:

Bibliographische Detailangaben
Weitere Verfasser:	Blaustein, Mordecai P. (HerausgeberIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Philadelphia, Pa. Elsevier, Mosby 2012
Ausgabe:	2. ed.
Schriftenreihe:	Mosby's physiology monograph series
Schlagworte:	Nervenzelle Zelle Neurophysiologie Physiologie Cell physiology. Neurophysiology.
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	Includes Internet access. - 1. Aufl. u.d.T.: Blaustein, Mordecai P.: Cellular physiology
Beschreibung:	XX, 337 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. 24 cm
ISBN:	9780323057097 0323057098

Internformat

MARC


LEADER	00000nam a2200000 c 4500
001	BV039912334
003	DE-604
005	20130319
007	t
008	120224s2012 ad\|\| \|\|\|\| 00\|\|\| eng d
020			\|a 9780323057097 \|c (pbk.) £27.99 \|9 978-0-323-05709-7
020			\|a 0323057098 \|c (pbk.) £27.99 \|9 0-323-05709-8
035			\|a (OCoLC)793509344
035			\|a (DE-599)OBVAC08900939
040			\|a DE-604 \|b ger \|e rakwb
041	0		\|a eng
049			\|a DE-578 \|a DE-355
082	0		\|a 571.6
084			\|a WE 2200 \|0 (DE-625)148266: \|2 rvk
084			\|a WW 2200 \|0 (DE-625)158906:13423 \|2 rvk
084			\|a QU 375 \|2 nlm
245	1	0	\|a Cellular physiology and neurophysiology \|c ed. by Mordecai P. Blaustein ...
250			\|a 2. ed.
264		1	\|a Philadelphia, Pa. \|b Elsevier, Mosby \|c 2012
300			\|a XX, 337 S. \|b zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. \|c 24 cm
336			\|b txt \|2 rdacontent
337			\|b n \|2 rdamedia
338			\|b nc \|2 rdacarrier
490	0		\|a Mosby's physiology monograph series
500			\|a Includes Internet access. - 1. Aufl. u.d.T.: Blaustein, Mordecai P.: Cellular physiology
650	0	7	\|a Nervenzelle \|0 (DE-588)4041649-5 \|2 gnd \|9 rswk-swf
650	0	7	\|a Zelle \|0 (DE-588)4067537-3 \|2 gnd \|9 rswk-swf
650	0	7	\|a Neurophysiologie \|0 (DE-588)4041897-2 \|2 gnd \|9 rswk-swf
650	0	7	\|a Physiologie \|0 (DE-588)4045981-0 \|2 gnd \|9 rswk-swf
653			\|a Cell physiology.
653			\|a Neurophysiology.
689	0	0	\|a Zelle \|0 (DE-588)4067537-3 \|D s
689	0	1	\|a Physiologie \|0 (DE-588)4045981-0 \|D s
689	0		\|5 DE-604
689	1	0	\|a Neurophysiologie \|0 (DE-588)4041897-2 \|D s
689	1	1	\|a Nervenzelle \|0 (DE-588)4041649-5 \|D s
689	1		\|C b \|5 DE-604
700	1		\|a Blaustein, Mordecai P. \|4 edt
856	4	2	\|m Digitalisierung UB Regensburg \|q application/pdf \|u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024770970&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA \|3 Inhaltsverzeichnis
999			\|a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024770970

Datensatz im Suchindex

_version_	1804148869117771776
adam_text	CONTENTS SECTION I Fundamental Physicochemical Concepts INTRODUCTION: HOMEOSTASIS AND CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY .....1 Homeostasis Enables the Body to Survive in Diverse Environments ............................1 The Body Is an Ensemble of Functionally and Spatially Distinct Compartments .......2 The Biological Membranes That Surround Cells and Subcellular Organelles Are Lipid Bilayers. .............2 Biomembranes Are Formed Primarily from Phospholipids but May Abo Contain Cholesterol and Sphingolipids ...............................3 Biomembranes Are Not Uniform Structures ............................................3 Transport Processes Are Essential to Physiological Function ...............................4 Cellular Physiology Focuses on Membrane-Mediated Processes and on Muscle Function .............................4 Summary ..........................................................5 Key Words and Concepts ................................5 DIFFUSION AND PERMEABILITY ................7 Dimisión Is the Migration of Molecules down a Concentration Gradient ................7 Fick s First Law of Diffusion Summarizes our Intuitive Understanding of Diffusion .....7 Essential Aspects of Diffusion Are Revealed by Quantitative Examination of Random, Microscopic Movements of Molecules ......9 Random Movements Result in Meandering. ........................................9 The Root-Mean-Squared Displacement Is a Good Measure of the Progress of Diffusion .......................................10 Square-Root-of-Time Dependence Makes Diffusion Ineffective for Transporting Molecules Over Large Distances .......10 Diffusion Constrains Cell Biology and Physiology .........................................11 Fick s First Law Can Be Used to Describe Diffusion across a Membrane Barrier .....11 The Net Flux Through a Membrane Is the Result of Balancing Influx Against Efflux. ...................................14 The Permeability Determines How Rapidly a Solute Can Be Transported Through a Membrane.. 14 Summary ........................................................18 KeyWords and Concepts ..............................18 Study Problems ..............................................18 CONTENTS OSMOTIC PRESSURE AND WATER MOVEMENT .......19 Osmosis Is the Transport of Solvent Driven by a Difference in Solute Concentration Across a Membrane That Is Impermeable to Solute .....................................................19 Water Transport during Osmosis Leads to Changes in Volume ...................................20 Osmotic Pressure Drives the Net Transport of Water during Osmosis ........20 Osmotic Pressure and Hydrostatic Pressure Are Functionally Equivalent in Their Ability to Drive Water Movement Through a Membrane ..............................22 The Direction of Fluid Flow Through the Capillary Wall Is Determined by the Balance of Hydrostatic and Osmotic Pressures as Described by the Starling Equation ...................23 Only Impermeant Solutes Can Have Permanent Osmotic Effects ......................27 Transient Changes in Cell Volume Occur in Response to Changes in the Extracellular Concentration ofPermeant Solutes ..........................27 Persistent Changes in Cell Volume Occur in Response to Changes in the Extracellular Concentration of Impermeant Solutes ......................29 The Amount of Impermeant Solute Inside the Cell Determines the Cell Volume .......................................29 Summary ........................................................31 KeyWords and Concepts ..............................32 Study Problems ..............................................32 ELECTRICAL CONSEQUENCES OF IONIC GRADIENTS ............33 Ions Are Typically Present at Different Concentrations on Opposite Sides of a Biomembrane ....................................33 Selective Ionic Permeability Through Membranes Has Electrical Consequences: The Nernst Equation ................................33 The Stable Resting Membrane Potential in a Living Cell Is Established by Balancing Multiple Ionic Fluxes ...............37 Cell Membranes Are Permeable to Multiple Ions .....................................37 The Resting Membrane Potential Can Be Quantitatively Estimated by Using the Goldman-Hodgkin- Katz Equation ...................................39 A Permeant Ion Already in Electrochemical Equilibrium Does Not Need to Be Included in the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz Equation... 41 The Nernst Equation May Be Viewed as a Special Case of the Goldman- Hodgkin-Katz Equation ....................41 EK Is the Floor and the £Na Is the Ceiling of Membrane Potential .....42 The Difference Between the Membrane Potential and the Equilibrium Potential of an Ion Determines the Direction of Ion Flow ........................42 The Cell Can Change Its Membrane Potential by Selectively Changing Membrane Permeability to Certain Ions ....42 The Donnan Effect Is an Osmotic Threat to Living Cells ...............................43 Summary ........................................................45 KeyWords and Concepts ..............................46 Study Problems ..............................................46 CONTENTS SECTION II Ion Channels and Excitable Membranes ION CHANNELS....................47 Ion Channels Are Critical Determinants of the Electrical Behavior of Membranes ...47 Distinct Types of Ion Channels Have Several Common Properties ....................48 Ion Channels Increase the Permeability of the Membrane to Ions ...................48 Ion Channels Are Integral Membrane Proteins That Form Gated Pores ......49 Ion Channels Exhibit Ionic Selectivity.. 49 Ion Channels Share Structural Similarities and Can Be Grouped into Gene Families. ..50 Channel Structure Is Studied with Biochemical and Molecular Biological Techniques ........................50 Structural Details of a K+ Channel Are Revealed by X-Ray Crystallography .................................51 Summary ........................................................54 Key Words and Concepts ..............................54 Study Problems ..............................................54 Membrane Conductance Is Established by Open Ion Channels ......................56 Capacitance Reflects the Ability of the Membrane to Separate Charge .........56 Passive Membrane Properties Produce Linear Current-Voltage Relationships .....57 Membrane Capacitance Affects the Time Course of Voltage Changes .......................57 Ionic and Capacitive Currents Flow When a Channel Opens ....................57 The Exponential Time Course of the Membrane Potential Can Be Understood in Terms of the Passive Properties of the Membrane ..............59 Membrane and Axoplasmic Resistances Affect the Passive Spread of Subthreshold Electrical Signals ................60 The Decay of Subthreshold Potentials with Distance Can Be Understood in Terms of the Passive Properties of the Membrane ...............................61 The Length Constant Is a Measure of How Far Away from a Stimulus Site a Membrane Potential Change Will Be Detectable .............................63 Summary ........................................................63 Key Words and Concepts ..............................64 Study Problems ..............................................64 PASSIVE ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF MEMBRANES ..................55 The Time Course and Spread of Membrane Potential Changes Are Predicted by the Passive Electrical Properties of the Membrane .......».........................................55 The Equivalent Circuit of a Membrane Has a Resistor in Parallel with a Capacitor .....................................................56 GENERATION AND PROPAGATION OF THE ACTION POTENTIAL .........67 The Action Potential Is a Rapid and Transient Depolarization of the Membrane Potential in Electrically Excitable Cells ................................................67 Properties of Action Potentials Can Be Studied with Intracellular Microelectrodes .................................67 CONTENTS Ion Channel Function Is Studied with a Voltage Clamp ...........................................69 Ionic Currents Are Measured at a Constant Membrane Potential with a Voltage Clamp .......................69 Ionic Currents Are Dependent on Voltage and Time ..............................71 Voltage-Gated Channels Exhibit Voltage-Dependent Conductances .... 72 Individual Ion Channels Have Two Conductance Levels ..................................74 Na 1 Channels Inactivate during Maintained Depolarization ......................75 Action Potentials Are Generated by Voltage- Gated Na+ and K+ Channels ........................76 The Equivalent Circuit of a Patch of Membrane Can Be Used to Describe Action Potential Generation .............76 The Action Potential Is a Cyclical Process of Channel Opening and Closing. .........78 Both Na+ Channel Inactivation and Open Voltage-Gated K+ Channels Contribute to the Refractory Period ..............................79 Pharmacological Agents That Block Na+ or K+ Channels, or Interfere with Na* Channel Inactivation, Alter the Shape of the Action Potential ............................................79 Action Potential Propagation Occurs as a Result of Local Circuit Currents ..............80 In Nonmyelinated Axons an Action Potential Propagates as a Continuous Wave of Excitation Away from the Initiation Site ....................................80 Conduction Velocity Is Influenced by the Time Constant, by the Length Constant, and by Na* Current Amplitude and Kinetics ....................81 Myelination Increases Action Potential Conduction Velocity ..........82 Summary ........................................................84 Key Words and Concepts ..............................84 Study Problems ..............................................84 ION CHANNEL DIVERSITY .......87 Various Types of Ion Channels Help to Regulate Cellular Processes ......................87 Voltage-Gated Ca24 Channels Contribute to Electrical Activity and Mediate Ca2+ Entry into Cells .................87 Ca2+ Currents Can Be Recorded with a Voltage Clamp .......................88 Ca2* Channel Blockers Are Useful Therapeutic Agents ................90 Many Members of the Transient Receptor Potential Superfamily of Channels Mediate Ca2+ Entry ..................................91 Some Members of the TRPC Family Are Receptor-Operated Channels .....91 K+-Selective Channels Are the Most Diverse Type of Channel ..........................92 Neuronal K+ Channel Diversity Contributes to the Regulation of Action Potential Firing Patterns .......92 Rapidly Inactivating Voltage-Gated K+ Channels Cause Delays in Action Potential Generation .........93 Ca2-Activated K+ Channels Are Opened by Intracellular Ca2+ .............................95 ATP-Sensitive K+ Channels Are Involved in Glucose-Induced Insulin Secretion from Pancreatic ß-Cells...............................................95 A Voltage-Gated K+ Channel Helps to Repolarize the Cardiac Action Potential ................................97 CONTENTS Ion Channel Activity Can Be Regulated by Second-Messenger Pathways ...............97 ß-Adrenergic Receptor Activation Modulates L -Туре Ca2+ Channels in Cardiac Muscle .............................99 Summary ........................................................99 KeyWords and Concepts ............................100 Study Problems ............................................100 SECTION III Solute Transport ELECTROCHEMICAL POTENTIAL ENERGY AND TRANSPORT PROCESSES .......................103 Electrochemical Potential Energy Drives All Transport Processes ...........................103 The Relationship Between Force and Potential Energy Is Revealed by Examining Gravity .........................103 A Gradient in Chemical Potential Energy Gives Rise to a Chemical Force That Drives the Movement of Molecules .....................................104 An Ion Can Have Both Electrical and Chemical Potential Energy ......104 The Nernst Equation Is a Simple Manifestation of the Electrochemical Potential ................104 How to Use the Electrochemical Potential to Analyze Transport Processes ..........................................108 Summary ...................................................... Ill KeyWords and Concepts ............................ Ill Study Problems ............................................ Ill 10 PASSIVE SOLUTE TRANSPORT ....................... 113 Dimisión across Biological Membranes Is Limited by Lipid Solubility .................113 Channel, Carrier, and Pump Proteins Mediate Transport across Biological Membranes ..............................................114 Transport Through Channels Is Relatively Fast ................................. 1 14 Channel Density Controls the Membrane Permeability to a Substance .....................................115 The Rate of Transport Through Open Channels Depends on the Net Driving Force ..................................115 Transport of Substances Through Some Channels Is Controlled by Gating the Opening and Closing of the Channels ..................115 Carriers Are Integral Membrane Proteins That Open to Only One Side of the Membrane at a Time ..............................115 Carriers Facilitate Transport Through Membranes .....................................116 Transport by Carriers Exhibits Kinetic Properties Similar to Those of Enzyme Catalysis ............................116 Coupling the Transport of One Solute to the Downhill Transport of Another Solute Enables Carriers to Move the Cotransported or Countertransported Solute Uphill against an Electrochemical Gradient ...................................................119 Na+/H+ Exchange Is an Example of Na^ -Coupled Countertransport ............................119 CONTENTS Na 1 Is Cotransported with a Variety of Solutes Such as Glucose and Amino Acids ....................................119 How Does the Electrochemical Gradient for One Solute Affect the Gradient for a Cotransported Solute? ............121 Glucose Uptake Efficiency Can Be Increased by a Change in the Na-Glucose Coupling Ratio ..........121 Net Transport of Some Solutes across Epithelia Is Effected by Coupling Two Transport Processes in Series .................122 Various Inherited Defects of Glucose Transport Have Been Identified ......122 Na+ Is Exchanged for Solutes Such as Ca2+ and H+ by Countertransport Mechanisms .............................................123 Na+/Ca2+ Exchange Is an Example of Coupled Countertransport ..........124 Na+/Ca2+ Exchange Is Influenced by Changes in the Membrane Potential ...........................................125 Na+/Ca2+ Exchange Is Regulated by Several Different Mechanisms ........125 Intracellular Ca2* Plays Many Important Physiological Roles. ........126 Multiple Transport Systems Can Be Functionally Coupled .............................126 Tertiary Active Transport ....................129 Summary ......................................................130 KeyWords and Concepts ............................130 Study Problems ............................................131 11 ACTIVE TRANSPORT ............153 Primary Active Transport Converts the Chemical Energy from ATP into Electrochemical Potential Energy Stored in Solute Gradients .....................133 Three Broad Classes ofATPases Are Involved in Active Ion Transport ..................................133 The Plasma Membrane Na+ Pump (Na 1 , K+-ATPase) Maintains the Low Na 1 and High K+ Concentrations in the Cytosol ..........................................134 Nearly All Animal Cells Normally Maintain a High Intracellular K* Concentration and a Low Intracellular Na* Concentration .................................134 The Na+ Pump Hydrolyzes ATP While Transporting Na+ Out of the Cell and K* into the Cell. ..............................134 TheNa* Pump Is Electrogenic ........135 The Na+ Pump Is the Receptor for Cardiotonic Steroids Such as Ouabain and Digoxin .....................135 Intracellular Ca2+ Signaling Is Universal and Is Closely Tied to Ca2+ Homeostasis ...................................136 Ca2* Storage in the Sarcoplasmic/ Endoplasmic Reticulum Is Mediated by a Ca2+-ATPase ...........139 SERCA Has Three Isoforms ................139 The Plasma Membrane of Most Cells Has an ATP-Driven Ca2+ Pump .....................................140 The Roles of the Several Ca2* Transporters Differ in Different Cell Types ........................................140 Different Distributions of the NCX and PMCA in the Plasma Membrane Underlie Their Different Functions .........................................140 Several Other Plasma Membrane Transport ATPases Are Physiologically Important ................................................141 H* ,K*-ATPase Mediates Gastric Acid Secretion .................................141 CONTENTS Two Си2 1 -Transporting ATPases Play Essential Physiological Roles ...........142 ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters Are a Superfamily ofP-Type ATPases ...........................................144 Net Transport across Epithelial Cells Depends on the Coupling of Apical and Basolateral Membrane Transport Systems ...................145 Epithelia Are Continuous Sheets of Cells .............................................145 Epithelia Exhibit Great Functional Diversity ..........................................145 What Are the Sources ofNa+ for Apical Membrane No 1 - Coupled Solute Transport? ..............147 Absorption ofCl Occurs by Several Different Mechanisms ........148 Substances Can Also Be Secreted by Epithelia ..........................................149 Net Water Flow Is Coupled to Net Solute Flow across Epithelia ..........................................150 Summary ......................................................153 KeyWords and Concepts ............................153 Study Problems ............................................154 SECTION IV Physiology of Synaptic Transmission 12 155 SYNAPTIC PHYSIOLOGY I . The Synapse Is a Junction Between Cells That Is Specialized for Cell-Cell Signaling .......................................................155 Synaptic Transmission Can Be Either Electrical or Chemical .....................156 Electrical Synapses Are Designed for Rapid Synchronous Transmission... 156 Most Synapses Are Chemical Synapses... 157 Neurons Communicate with Other Neurons and with Muscle by Releasing Neurotransmitters ...................................159 The Neuromuscular Junction Is a Large Chemical Synapse .................160 Transmitter Release at Chemical Synapses Occurs in Multiples of a Unit Size ..................................162 Ca2+ Ions Play an Essential Role in Transmitter Release ....................164 The Synaptic Vesicle Cycle Is a Precisely Choreographed Process for Delivering Neurotransmitter into the Synaptic Cleft .........................................................166 The Synaptic Vesicle Is the Organelle That Concentrates, Stores, and Delivers Neurotransmitter at the Synapse .......167 Neurotransmitter-Filled Synaptic Vesicles Dock at the Active Zone and Become Primed for Exocytosis ..................167 Binding ofCa1+ Ions to Synaptotagmin Triggers the Fusion and Exocytosis of the Synaptic Vesicle .........................169 Retrieval of the Fused Synaptic Vesicle Back into the Nerve Terminal Can Occur Through Clathrin- Independent and Clathrin- Dependent Mechanisms ..................171 Short-Term Synaptic Plasticity Is a Transient, Use-Dependent Change in the Efficacy of Synaptic Transmission... 174 Summary ......................................................177 KeyWords and Concepts ............................178 Study Problems ............................................179 13 SYNAPTIC PHYSIOLOGY II. .... 181 Chemical Synapses Afford Specificity, Variety, and Fine Tuning of Neurotransmission .............................181 What Is a Neurotransmitter? ..............181 CONTENTS Receptors Mediate the Actions of Neurotransmitters in Postsynaptic Cells...l84 Conventional Neurotransmitters Activate Two Classes of Receptors: Ionotropic Receptors and Metabotropic Receptors ...................184 Acetylcholine Receptors Can Be Ionotropic or Metabotropic ......................................186 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Are Ionotropic ........................................186 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors Are Metabotropic ...................................186 Amino Acid Neurotransmitters Mediate Many Excitatory and Inhibitory Responses in the Brain ...........................187 Glutamate Is the Main Excitatory Neurotransmitter in the Brain ........187 ■y-Aminobutyric Acid and Glycine Are the Main Inhibitory Neurotransmitters in the Nervous System ........................188 Neurotransmitters That Bind to Ionotropic Receptors Cause Membrane Conductance Changes ............................189 At Excitatory Synapses, the Reversal Potential Is More Positive Than the Action Potential Threshold .............190 NMDAR andAMPAR Are Channels with Different Ion Selectivities and Kinetics ....................................191 Sustained Application of Agonist Causes Desensitization of Ionotropic Receptors ........................192 At Inhibitory Synapses, the Reversal Potential Is More Negative Than the Action Potential Threshold .............193 Temporal and Spatial Summation of Postsynaptic Potentials Determine the Outcome ofSynaptk Transmission ......195 Synaptic Transmission Is Terminated by Several Mechanisms ...................196 Biogenic Amines, Purines, and Neuropeptides Are Important Classes of Transmitters with a Wide Spectrum of Actions ..........197 Epinephrine and Norepinephrine Exert Central and Peripheral Effects by Activating Two Classes of Receptors .........................................197 Dopaminergic Transmission Is Important for the Coordination of Movement and for Cognition .....198 Serotonergic Transmission Is Important in Emotion and Behavior. ..................................199 Histamine Serves Diverse Central and Peripheral Functions ................200 ATP Is Frequently Coreleased with Other Neurotransmitters ................200 Neuropeptide Transmitters Are Structurally and Functionally Diverse ............................................201 Unconventional Neurotransmitters Modulate Many Complex Physiological Responses .........................202 Unconventional Neurotransmitters Are Secreted in Nonquantal Fashion ................................................202 Many Effects of Nitric Oxide and Carbon Monoxide Are Mediated Locally by Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase ...........202 Endocannabinoids Can Mediate Retrograde Neurotransmission .......202 Long-Term Synaptic Potentiation and Depression Are Persistent Changes in the Efficacy of Synaptic Transmission Induced by Neural Activity ....................203 Long-Term Potentiation Is a Long- Lasting Increase in the Efficacy of Transmission at Excitatory Synapses ..........................................203 Long-Term Depression Is a Long- Lasting Decrease in the Efficacy of Transmission at Excitatory Synapses ..........................................205 Summary ......................................................206 KeyWords and Concepts ............................207 Study Problems ............................................208 CONTENTS SECTION V Molecular Motors and Muscle Contraction 14 MOLECULAR MOTORS AND THE MECHANISM OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION... 211 Molecular Motors Produce Movement by Converting Chemical Energy into Kinetic Energy .........................................211 The Three Types of Molecular Motors Are Myosin, Kinesin, and Dynein... 211 Single Skeletal Muscle Fibers Are Composed of Many Myofibrils ..............212 The Sarcomere Is the Basic Unit of Contraction in Skeletal Muscle ..............212 Sarcomeres Consist of Interdigitating Thin and Thick Filaments ..............212 Thick Filaments Are Composed Mostly of Myosin .............................214 Thin Filaments in Skeletal Muscle Are Composed of Four Major Proteins: Actin, Tropomyosin, Troponin, and Nebulin ...........................................214 Muscle Contraction Results from Thick and Thin Filaments Sliding Past Each Other (The Sliding Filament Mechanism).... 215 The Cross-Bridge Cycle Powers Muscle Contraction .............................................216 In Skeletal and Cardiac Muscles, Ca2+ Activates Contraction by Binding to the Regulatory Protein Troponin С .......218 The Structure and Function of Cardiac Muscle and Smooth Muscle Are Distinctly Different from Those of Skeletal Muscle ...................................220 Cardiac Muscle Is Striated ..................220 Cardiac Muscle Cells Require a Continuous Supply of Energy .........220 To Enable the Heart to Act as a Pump, Myocytes Comprising Each Chamber Must Contract Synchronously .........220 Smooth Muscles Are Not Striated .......220 In Smooth Muscle, Elevation of Intracellular Ca2+ Activates Contraction by Promoting the Phosphorylation of the Myosin Regulatory Light Chain ..................223 Summary ......................................................226 KeyWords and Concepts ............................227 Study Problems ............................................227 15 EXCITATION-CONTRACTION COUPLING IN MUSCLE ........229 Skeletal Muscle Contraction Is Initiated by a Depolarization of the Surface Membrane ............................229 Skeletal Muscle Has a High Resting Or Permeability .............................230 A Single Action Potential Causes a Brief Contraction Called a Twitch .....230 How Does Depolarization Increase Intracellular Ca2+ in Skeletal Muscle? ..............................230 Direct Mechanical Interaction Between Sarcolemmal and Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Membrane Proteins Mediates Excitation-Contraction Coupling in Skeletal Muscle ...................231 In Skeletal Muscle, Depolarization of the Т -Tubule Membrane Is Required for Excitation-Contraction Coupling ......231 In Skeletal Muscle, Extracellular Ca2^ Is Not Required for Contraction ...............................232 In Skeletal Muscle, the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Stores All the Ca2^ Needed for Contraction ...................232 XVIII CONTENTS The Triad Is the Structure That Mediates Excitation-Contraction Coupling in Skeletal Muscle ...........................233 In Skeletal Muscle, Excitation- Contraction Coupling Is Mechanical ......................................235 Skeletal Muscle Relaxes When Ca2+ Is Returned to the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum by SERCA ......................235 Ca^-Induced Ca2+ Release Is Central to Excitation-Contraction Coupling in Cardiac Muscle ...................................237 In Cardiac Muscle, Communication Between the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum and Sarcolemma Occurs at Dyads and Peripheral Couplings.... 237 Cardiac Excitation-Contraction Coupling Requires Extracellular Ca2+ and Ca2+ Entry Through L -Туре Ca1+ Channels (Dihydropyridine Receptors) ..........238 Ca2+ That Enters the Cell during the Cardiac Action Potential Must Be Removed to Maintain a Steady State .....................................240 Cardiac Contraction Can Be Regulated by Altering Intracellular Ca2+ .............240 Smooth Muscle Excitation-Contraction Coupling Is Fundamentally Different from That in Skeletal and Cardiac Muscles.... 241 Smooth Muscles Are Highly Diverse ... 241 The Density of Innervation Varies Greatly among Different Types of Smooth Muscles ..............................241 Some Smooth Muscles Are Normally Activated by Depolarization ...........242 Some Smooth Muscles Can Be Activated without Depolarization by Pharmacomechanical Coupling ......243 Ca2+ Signaling, Ca2+ Sensitivity, and Ca2+ Balance in Smooth Muscle May Be Altered Under Physiological and Pathophysiological Conditions ...........................................245 Summary ......................................................246 KeyWords and Concepts ............................247 Study Problems ............................................247 MECHANICS OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION ...................249 The Total Force Generated by a Skeletal Muscle Can Be Varied .............................249 Whole Muscle Force Can Be Increased by Recruiting Motor Units ..............249 A Single Action Potential Produces a Twitch Contraction .........................249 Repetitive Stimulation Produces Fused Contractions ....................................251 Skeletal Muscle Mechanics Is Characterized by Two Fundamental Relationships .......252 The Sliding Filament Mechanism Underlies the Length-Tension Curve ...............................................253 In Isotonic Contractions, Shortening Velocity Decreases as Force Increases ..........................................255 There Are Three Types of Skeletal Muscle Motor Units .............................................255 The Force Generated by Cardiac Muscle Is Regulated by Mechanisms That Control Intracellular Ca2+ ......................257 Cardiac Muscle Generates Long- Duration Contractions ....................257 Total Force Developed by Cardiac Muscle Is Determined by Intracellular Ca2+ ...........................257 Mechanical Properties of Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle Are Similar but Quantitatively Different .........................259 Cardiac and Skeletal Muscles Have Similar Length-Tension Relationships ...................................259 CONTENTS The Contractile Force of the Intact Heart Is a Function of Initial (End-Diastolic) Volume ..................259 Shortening Velocity Is Slower in Cardiac Than in Skeletal Muscle ..................260 Dynamics of Smooth Muscle Contraction Differ Markedly from Those of Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle ................................260 Three Key Relationships Characterize Smooth Muscle Function ................260 The Length-Tension Relationship in Smooth Muscles Is Consistent with the Sliding Filament Mechanism of Contraction .................................260 The Velocity of Shortening Is Much Lower in Smooth Muscle Than in Skeletal Muscle ................................261 Single Actin-Myosin Molecular Interactions Reveal How Smooth and Skeletal Muscles Generate the Same Amount of Stress Despite Very Different Shortening Velocities ........261 Velocity of Smooth Muscle Shortening and the Amount of Stress Generated Depend on the Extent ofMyosin Light Chain Phosphorylation .........263 The Kinetic Properties of the Cross- Bridge Cycle Depend on the My osin Isoforms Expressed in the Myocytes .....263 The Relationships among Intracellular Ca2+, Myosin Light Chain Phosphorylation, and Force in Smooth Muscles Is Complex .............264 Tonic Smooth Muscles Can Maintain Tension with Little Consumption of ATP .............................................264 Perspective: Smooth Muscles Are Functionally Diverse .......................265 Summary ......................................................267 Keywords and Concepts ............................268 Study Problems ............................................268 .271 EPILOGUE ... APPENDIXES APPENDIX A ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS, AND NUMERICAL CONSTANTS ...........273 Abbreviations ...............................................273 Symbols ........................................................274 Numerical Constants ...................................274 APPENDIX В A MATHEMATICAL REFRESHER ..........275 Exponents ....................................................275 Definition of Exponentiation ..............275 Multiplication of Exponentials ............275 Meaning of the Number 0 as Exponent .........................................275 Negative Numbers as Exponents .........275 Division of Exponentials .....................276 Exponentials of Exponentials ..............276 Fractions as Exponents ........................276 Logarithms ...................................................276 Definition of the Logarithm ................276 Logarithm of a Product .......................277 Logarithm of an Exponential ..............277 Changing the Base of a Logarithm ......277 Solving Quadratic Equations ......................277 Differentiation and Derivatives ..................278 The Slope of a Graph and the Derivative. .......................................278 Derivative of a Constant Number .......279 Differentiating the Sum or Difference of Functions ...................279 Differentiating Composite Functions: The Chain Rule ...............................280 Derivative of the Natural Logarithm Function ..........................................281 Integration: The Antiderivative and the Definite Integral ........................281 CONTENTS Indefinite Integral (Also Known as the Antiderivative) ......................281 Definite Integral ..................................282 Differential Equations .................................283 First-order Equations with Separable Variables .........................283 Exponential Decay. ..............................283 First-order Linear Differential Equations ........................................284 APPENDIX С ROOT-MEAN-SQUARED DISPLACEMENT OF DIFFUSING MOLECULES ..............287 APPENDIX D SUMMARY OF ELEMENTARY CIRCUIT THEORY ........................291 Cell Membranes Are Modeled with Electrical Circuits ...........................291 Definitions of Electrical Parameters ...........291 Electrical Potential and Potential Difference ............................................291 Current ................................................291 Resistance and Conductance ...............291 Capacitance .........................................292 Current Flow in Simple Circuits ................292 A Battery and Resistor in Parallel .......292 A Resistor and Capacitor in Parallel... 294 APPENDIX E ANSWERS TO STUDY PROBLEMS ........299 APPENDIX F REVIEW EXAMINATION ..................311 Answers to Review Examination ................323
any_adam_object	1
author2	Blaustein, Mordecai P.
author2_role	edt
author2_variant	m p b mp mpb
author_facet	Blaustein, Mordecai P.
building	Verbundindex
bvnumber	BV039912334
classification_rvk	WE 2200 WW 2200
ctrlnum	(OCoLC)793509344 (DE-599)OBVAC08900939
dewey-full	571.6
dewey-hundreds	500 - Natural sciences and mathematics
dewey-ones	571 - Physiology & related subjects
dewey-raw	571.6
dewey-search	571.6
dewey-sort	3571.6
dewey-tens	570 - Biology
discipline	Biologie
edition	2. ed.
format	Book
fullrecord	<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>01986nam a2200505 c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV039912334</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20130319 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">120224s2012 ad\|\| \|\|\|\| 00\|\|\| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9780323057097</subfield><subfield code="c">(pbk.) £27.99</subfield><subfield code="9">978-0-323-05709-7</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">0323057098</subfield><subfield code="c">(pbk.) £27.99</subfield><subfield code="9">0-323-05709-8</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)793509344</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)OBVAC08900939</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rakwb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-578</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-355</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">571.6</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">WE 2200</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)148266:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">WW 2200</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)158906:13423</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">QU 375</subfield><subfield code="2">nlm</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Cellular physiology and neurophysiology</subfield><subfield code="c">ed. by Mordecai P. Blaustein ...</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="250" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">2. ed.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Philadelphia, Pa.</subfield><subfield code="b">Elsevier, Mosby</subfield><subfield code="c">2012</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">XX, 337 S.</subfield><subfield code="b">zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst.</subfield><subfield code="c">24 cm</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="490" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Mosby's physiology monograph series</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Includes Internet access. - 1. Aufl. u.d.T.: Blaustein, Mordecai P.: Cellular physiology</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Nervenzelle</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4041649-5</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Zelle</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4067537-3</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Neurophysiologie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4041897-2</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Physiologie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4045981-0</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Cell physiology.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Neurophysiology.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Zelle</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4067537-3</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Physiologie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4045981-0</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Neurophysiologie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4041897-2</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Nervenzelle</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4041649-5</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="C">b</subfield><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Blaustein, Mordecai P.</subfield><subfield code="4">edt</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung UB Regensburg</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024770970&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024770970</subfield></datafield></record></collection>
id	DE-604.BV039912334
illustrated	Illustrated
indexdate	2024-07-10T00:13:59Z
institution	BVB
isbn	9780323057097 0323057098
language	English
oai_aleph_id	oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024770970
oclc_num	793509344
open_access_boolean
owner	DE-578 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR
owner_facet	DE-578 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR
physical	XX, 337 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. 24 cm
publishDate	2012
publishDateSearch	2012
publishDateSort	2012
publisher	Elsevier, Mosby
record_format	marc
series2	Mosby's physiology monograph series
spelling	Cellular physiology and neurophysiology ed. by Mordecai P. Blaustein ... 2. ed. Philadelphia, Pa. Elsevier, Mosby 2012 XX, 337 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Mosby's physiology monograph series Includes Internet access. - 1. Aufl. u.d.T.: Blaustein, Mordecai P.: Cellular physiology Nervenzelle (DE-588)4041649-5 gnd rswk-swf Zelle (DE-588)4067537-3 gnd rswk-swf Neurophysiologie (DE-588)4041897-2 gnd rswk-swf Physiologie (DE-588)4045981-0 gnd rswk-swf Cell physiology. Neurophysiology. Zelle (DE-588)4067537-3 s Physiologie (DE-588)4045981-0 s DE-604 Neurophysiologie (DE-588)4041897-2 s Nervenzelle (DE-588)4041649-5 s b DE-604 Blaustein, Mordecai P. edt Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024770970&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Cellular physiology and neurophysiology Nervenzelle (DE-588)4041649-5 gnd Zelle (DE-588)4067537-3 gnd Neurophysiologie (DE-588)4041897-2 gnd Physiologie (DE-588)4045981-0 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4041649-5 (DE-588)4067537-3 (DE-588)4041897-2 (DE-588)4045981-0
title	Cellular physiology and neurophysiology
title_auth	Cellular physiology and neurophysiology
title_exact_search	Cellular physiology and neurophysiology
title_full	Cellular physiology and neurophysiology ed. by Mordecai P. Blaustein ...
title_fullStr	Cellular physiology and neurophysiology ed. by Mordecai P. Blaustein ...
title_full_unstemmed	Cellular physiology and neurophysiology ed. by Mordecai P. Blaustein ...
title_short	Cellular physiology and neurophysiology
title_sort	cellular physiology and neurophysiology
topic	Nervenzelle (DE-588)4041649-5 gnd Zelle (DE-588)4067537-3 gnd Neurophysiologie (DE-588)4041897-2 gnd Physiologie (DE-588)4045981-0 gnd
topic_facet	Nervenzelle Zelle Neurophysiologie Physiologie
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024770970&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
work_keys_str_mv	AT blausteinmordecaip cellularphysiologyandneurophysiology

Verfügbarkeit

Es ist kein Print-Exemplar vorhanden.

Fernleihe Bestellen Achtung: Nicht im THWS-Bestand! Inhaltsverzeichnis

MARC

Datensatz im Suchindex

Es ist kein Print-Exemplar vorhanden.

Ähnliche Einträge