Un model practic de aplicare a topografiei şi cartografiei arheologice în analiza spaţială a habitatului rural post-roman din Dacia de sud-vest între sfârşitul secolului al II-lea şi începutul secolului a V-lea p. Chr.:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Romanian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Timişoara
Excelsior Art
2011
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 322 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9789735922542 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1813276229966495744 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
CUPRINS
Cuvânt introductiv
.9
Prefaţă
.15
Argument
.20
Mulţumiri
.24
Lista figurilor
.25
CAPITOLUL
1.
Introducere
.33
1.1.
Despre relaţia om
-
spaţiu geografic în arheologie.
Teoretizare şi conceptualizare
.33
1.1.1.
Ordine a naturii sau legi ale ştiinţei?
.35
1.1.2.
Despre conceptul de „cultură a spaţiului"
.36
1.1.3.
Organizarea spaţiului antropic
.38
1.1.4.
Conceptul de spaţiu geografic şi habitat
în
filosofia
şi etnografia românească
.41
1.2.
Scurt istoric al evoluţiei gândirii teoretice
privind relaţia arheologie-geografie
.46
1.3.
Definirea conceptelor
.52
1.3.1.
Arheologia mediului
.53
1.3.2.
Arheologia peisajului
.56
1.3.3.
Geoarheologia
.61
CAPITOLUL
2.
Elemente de cartografiere arheologică
.64
2.1.
Scurt istoric al cartografiei
.64
2.2.
Scurt istoric al cartografiei româneşti
.67
2.3.
Topografia arheologică
.71
2.4.
Metode de achiziţie a datelor
utilizate în cartografierea arheologică
.78
2.4.1.
Digitizarea resurselor cartografice analogice clasice
.78
2.4.1.1.
Metode de digitizare
.78
2.4.1.2.
Georeferenţierea
.81
2.4.2.
Fotogrammetria
şi aerofotointerpretarea
.83
2.4.2.1.
Fotogrammetria
.83
2.4.2.1.1.
Descriere generală
.83
2.4.2.1.2.
Principiul vederii
binoculare
.84
2.4.2.1.3.
Obţinerea fotogramelor
.84
Dorel
Micie
2.4.2.1.4.
Ortofotogramele
.86
2.4.2.1.5.
Exploatarea fotogramelor
.87
2.4.2.1.6.
Indicii revelatori
.88
2.4.2.2.
Aerofotointerpretarea
.91
2.4.2.2.1.
Principii de fotointerpretare
.91
2.4.2.2.2.
Criterii de fotointerpretare
.92
2.4.3.
Teledetecţia
.95
2.4.3.1.
Descriere generală
.95
2.4.3.2.
Tipuri de senzori
.96
2.4.3.3.
Tipuri de aplicaţii în arheologie
.97
2.4.3.4.
Instrumente de teledetecţie pasive
.99
2.4.3.5.
Instrumente de teledetecţie active
.101
2.4.3.6.
Teledetecţia aplicată în arheologia românească
.102
2.4.4.
Achiziţia datelor din teren
.104
2.4.4.1.
Staţia Totală
.105
2.4.4.1.1.
Descriere generală
.105
2.4.4.1.2.
Ridicarea topografică cu Staţia Totală.
.105
2.4.4.1.3
Prelucrarea topografică a datelor
.107
2.4.4.1.4.
Prelucrarea
GIS a
datelor
.109
2.4.4.2.
GPS-ul. (Global
Positioning
System)
.114
2.4.4.2.1.
Descriere generală
.114
2.4.4.2.2.
Scurt istoric
.115
2.4.4.2.3.
Principii de funcţionare
.115
2.4.4.2.4.
Mod de funcţionare
.116
2.4.4.2.5.
Factori care influenţează
precizia măsurătorilor
.118
CAPITOLUL
3.
Sisteme Informaţionale Geografice
.120
3.1.
Descriere generală
.120
3.1.1.
Date spaţiale
.122
3.1.1.1.
Sisteme de reprezentare a datelor spaţiale
.122
3.1.1.2.
Modele vectoriale
.126
3.1.1.3.
Sistemul raster
.129
3.1.2.
Proiecţiile şi sistemele de coordonate
.131
3.1.2.1.
Metode de proiecţie
.131
3.1.4.2.
Sistemul de coordonate
.133
3.1.3.
Georeferenţierea
.135
3.1.4.
Precizie şi acurateţe
.136
3.1.5.
Scara şi rezoluţia
.137
3.1.6.
Surse comune ale datelor spaţiale (datele primare)
.138
3.1.7.
Datele atribut (datele secundare)
.138
3.1.8.
Baze de date spaţiale
.139
Un model practic de aplicare a topografiei şi cartografiei arheologice
în analiza spaţială a habitatului rural post-roman din Dacia de sud-vest
7
3.2.
Prelucrarea planurilor topografice
3D
în
GIS cu
ajutorul utilitarului ArcScene de laESRI
.141
CAPITOLUL
4.
Analiza distribuţiei spaţiale
.148
4.1.
Conceptul de analiză spaţială
(spatial
analysis)
în arheologie
.148
4.2.
Metode cantitative utilizate în analiza distribuţiei spaţiale
.153
4.2.1.
Principalele tipuri de date spaţiale
.153
4.2.1.1.
Cele trei categorii de bazaşi variantele lor
.153
4.2.1.2.
Metode de codare şi înregistrare
.154
4.2.2.
Principalele metode de prelucrare a norilor de puncte
.155
4.2.2.1.
Norii de puncte (clusteri): formă şi poziţie
.155
4.2.2.2.
Prelucrarea geometrică simplă:
metoda triangulaţiei şi metoda carelajului
.156
4.2.2.3.
Analiza proceselor clusteriale
.157
4.2.2.4.
Punctele cu valoare
.157
4.2.3.
Principalele modalităţi de prelucrare ale poligoanelor
.157
4.2.3.1.
Analize preliminare
.157
4.2.3.2.
Discretizarea: principiu
.158
4.2.3.3.
Discretizarea: dificultăţi
.158
4.2.3.4.
Un instrument de bază: matricea de contiguitate.
160
4.2.3.5.
Uniformizarea spaţială
.161
4.2.3.6.
Autocorelarea spaţială
.162
4.2.3.7.
„Distanţele" multivariate
.164
4.2.4.
Compararea hărţilor
.164
4.2.4.1.
Precauţii elementare
.164
4.2.4.2.
Hărţile de legătură
.164
4.2.4.3.
Analiza distribuţiei
.165
CAPITOLUL
5.
Studiu de caz: Analiza spaţială a habitatului rural
post-roman din Dacia de sud-vest în secolele II-V p.
Chr.167
5.1.
Cadrul istoric
.167
5.1.1.
Provincia Dacia
.167
5.1.1.1.
Organizarea administrativă a Daciei romane
.167
5.1.1.2.
Organizarea militară a provinciei Dacia
.171
5.1.2.
Habitatul rural în Dacia Romană
.175
5.1.3.
Dacia sud-vestică
.177
5.1.3.1.
Scurt istoric al problemei
.177
5.1.3.2.
Cadrul geografic şi căile de comunicaţie
.178
5.1.4.
Aşezările rurale daco-romane din Dacia sud-vestică
.179
5.1.4.1.
Aşezări daco-romane cu caracter agrar-păstoresc.179
Dorel
Micie
5.1.4.2.
Aşezări daco-romane cu caracter complex
.182
5.2.
Analiza
geomorfologica, un
instrument în slujba arheologiei
.183
5.2.1.
Descriere generală
.183
5.2.2.
Metode specifice de cercetare
.186
5.2.3.
Indicatorii morfometrici
.186
5.2.3.1.
Panta
.186
5.2.3.2.
Orientarea versanţilor. Expoziţia faţă de Soare
.187
5.2.3.3.
Altitudinea
(altimetria)
.187
5.2.3.4.
Distanţa până la apă
.188
5.2.4.
Analiza morfometrică şi morfografică
.188
Studiu de caz nr.
1.
Câmpie joasă (Câmpia Timişului)
.188
Studiu de caz nr.
2.
Câmpie înaltă (Câmpia Vingăi)
.201
Studiu de caz nr.
3.
Luncă (Cursul mijlociu al Râului Timiş)
.216
Studiu de caz nr.
4.
Podiş (Podişul Lipovei)
.225
Studiu de caz nr.
5.
Deal (Dealurile Pogănişului)
.234
Studiu de caz nr.
6.
Câmpie înaltă (Câmpia Bârzavei)
.247
5.3.
Analiza
pedologica
.257
5.4.
Analiza predictivă
.263
5.4.1.
Metoda de lucru
.263
5.4.2.
Stabilirea factorilor utilizaţi în realizarea modelului
.264
5.4.3.
Standardizarea factorilor utilizând seturile de funcţii
fuzzy
.266
5.4.4.
Evaluarea multicriterială ponderală şi realizarea modelului
.271
CAPITOLUL
6.
Concluzii
.277
Bibliografie
.292
Abstract
.302
Abstract
Chapter
1.
Introduction
The identification of the intrinsic connections between man and environment is
one of the desires that any archaeologist tries to reach through the systemic analysis
of an archaeological complex reported to the surrounding environment. More than
in any other historic discipline, Archeology uses methods and work techniques
taken from Geography which, for Prehistory, for Antiquity or for the Middle Ages,
can offer relevant scientific data regarding different aspects such as: choosing the
position of a house, of a settlement, the preference for a certain territory, etc. It is
a fact that man is a part of nature and that he lived within a communion with the
environment, depending on staple resources, on geo-strategic advantages, on climate,
etc. the observation and the analysis of these connections became in time obligatory
for any pertinent study of Archaeology and evolved from a simple description of
the geographic environment, at the beginning of any archaeological monography,
to wide systemic studies of Landscape Archaeology, Geo-Archeology, Environment
Archaeology and Ethno-Archaeology.
The generalization of inter and multidisciplinary studies in Archaeology in the
last few decades, and their inclusion in the didactic programs of domain universities
led to obligatorily and standardization of the usage of bio-geographic analysis
in Archaeology. Thus appeared valuable Historic Geography, Archaeological
Cartography, Sedimenthology and Pedology in Archaeology, Archaeozoology
or Ethnoarchaeology volumes. The monographic studies remained shallow while
trying to reconstruct environment in Archaeology, partly because of the lack of
archaeologist
-
geographer collaboration, and also because of the lack of facile
scientific instruments which would allow the archaeologist to realize a complete
research and which would combine Archaeology with Geography and Mathematics.
The implementation of Geographical Information System in digital Cartography
and of mathematic
-
statistic methods in spatial analysis offered two unexpected
instruments for the archaeologist who quickly understood the utility of importing
this two work methods from Geography to Archaeology.
Our efforts are heading to a geo-systemic analysis of the
atrophie
environment,
mainly in the
Banat
territory in the period succeeding the Aurelian retreat between
271/275 A.D.
when in this area we can observe, from an archaeological point of
view, not a fall but a strengthening of the rural material culture.
Un model practic de aplicare a topografiei şi cartografiei arheologice
în analiza spaţială a habitatului rural post-roman din Dacia de sud-vest
303
In the relation between man and environment we will try to identify those elements
that determined the choosing of a certain habitat, the relationships structured in time,
the analysis of features of a certain landscape, all in the idea of reconstructing the
geosystem and of conceptualizing the mental model that determined the man to take
certain practical decisions (building positioning, its size, its annexes size, using
certain architectonic structures and certain construction materials, implications in
organizing the farm and its occupations, choosing the roads, etc.).
We consider that the attempt to offer scientific answers about the relationships
established between man and geographic environment in the region of South-West
post
-
Roman
Dacia
through the analysis of the rural habitat reported to the relief
shapes specific to this area is meant to add to the archaeological data of a historic
period barely studied and understood, through multidisciplinary methods and
techniques which are modern and feasible work instruments.
Digital Cartography and the analysis of spatial distribution are applied in
Archaeology in the context of Landscape Archaeology, part of the complex
monographies
of Environmental Archaeology
.
In other words, digital Cartography
and the analysis of spatial distribution are two modern methods used for
multidisciplinary analysis in Archaeology which have to use spatial data from
Geography. Even though these are concepts with a certain age and with a large
spread in international Archaeology, Environmental Archaeology and Landscape
Archeology hardly developed in Romania, but the results of the first archaeological
studies that use the two methods of multidisciplinary research are promising and
convincing and this is why their generalization is the next natural step.
Chapter
2.
Archaeological Cartography elements
Archaeological Cartography is necessary to indicate the distribution of
archaeological cultures and remains on the earth's surface and the diffusion of
distinct types of ancient industries and objects. With the aid of archaeological
cartography it is possible to establish the sites of ancient societies; their movements,
interrelationships, and mutual influences; and the nature of their economy, culture,
and social organization. Archaeological cartography also determines historical-
cultural, ethnic, and political boundaries; trade routes and economic relations; the
interrelationship between past social phenomena and geographical factors; and so
forth. Archaeological finds were first plotted on a map in the mid-19th century.
Specialized topical and typological archaeological maps, first compiled in the 20th
century, give an idea of the geographical diffusion of cultural elements of ancient
304
Dorel
Micie
populations
and paleo-ethnologic and other historical and archaeological data.
Archaeological maps promote the preservation and study of the archaeological
remains plotted on them.
Topography is a branch of Geodesy that deals with the technique of measurement
over a part of the Earth's surface, determining the position of the elements of the Earth's
surface on small areas (considered plane), and it also deals wit the technique of graphic
or numeric representation of the measured surfaces measured in order to create maps
and plans used to detailed describe a place under the report of setting, configuration,
etc. and the way in which are the elements of an assembly disposed in space.
There were developed a great variety of terrain measurement methods. There are
standard methods used for specific purposes, for example Photogrammetry is used to
create topographic maps, and the tachimetric methods are used to map construction
sites. But, Archeology requires increased attention, because each new project is
different from the precedent, and each method
-
including topography
-
must be
improved in order to achieve the desired results.
The creation of a topographic plan is needy for the archaeologist for two reasons:
(a) it exactly determines the perimeter of the site, of the mark points and of the
surface
-
it will allow the archaeologist to accurately include the excavation plans
(sections, cassettes, squares, etc.); and (b) it helps exactly establish the terrain shapes,
thus it will lead to better understanding of the interdependency man
—
nature and to
identifying the relationships between them.
The topographic measurement can be made with the help of the theodolite,
tachimeter or, recently, Total Station. The terrain step supposes that, after identifying
the site, the topographer decides which are the "sensitive spots" of the terrain with
slope variations, with dumps and holes etc., which will be read in order to have
a objective rendering of the terrain. Concomitant with the creation of the leveling
network (successive altitudes) a squaring
(10
by
10
m,
20
by
20
m) which will
represent the reference system both for research units and for geo-physic prospects
(rezistivity and
magnetometry).
The topographic plan obligatorily must have: mark points (indicators, poles, etc.),
terrain limits (roads, channels, rivers, lot, etc.), objective limits (defense vallum or ditch,
village limits, stockade, fence, etc.) and also a protection area of about
200
to
500
m.
The second step is the office one, which has its own specific operation:
measurement correlation, averages of horizontal and vertical angles, horizon
reduction of distances, XYZ coordinates calculus, etc. Initially relative data are
calculated and after compensation the absolute date are calculated. The rectangular
report of points with coordinates follows and the polar report of points, which are
done depending of terrain data and absolute data. These points will be connected in
Un model practic de aplicare a topografiei şi cartografiei arheologice
în analiza spaţială a habitatului rural post-roman din Dacia de sud-vest
305
the plan and correlated to the terrain's realities. All this labour is nowadays replaced
by software that downloads the source data, calculates and converts the points to
scale images.
Chapter
3.
Geographical Information System
Geographical Information System
-
GIS
represents a more often used concept in
Archaeology. It is a natural repercussion of Landscape Archaeology development,
as a sub-discipline of Archaeology, closely related to Geography and Informatics.
Landscape analysis became essential in the archaeological study of the human
habitat through its two components: the spatial distribution of the sites analysis and
the paleo-geo-morphologic analysis of the geographic space where the sites are
located. In this context an important accent is set on the geographic space and in the
interpretation of spatial connections.
The importance of spatial relationships is a good enough reason for archaeology
to concentrate on
GIS, as
early as
1987,
when the Government of the United Kingdom
published a paper regarding the use of graphic information, in which they highlight
that since the invention of maps,
GIS
has been the greatest advance in the use of
geographic data. Given the obvious link between maps and archaeology, it is most
understandable why archaeologists are using
GIS
more and more. All archaeological
discoveries: artifacts, buildings, landscapes etc, have a spatial component, and
between them there are spatial links. Archaeologists have tried to decipher this data
using different traditional methods and techniques based on maps, plans and other
means of spatial analysis. Whatever the method, the graphic representation of the
spatial data has always been a major concern of archaeology.
Scientists today thing of maps as important analytical instruments of contextual
archaeology, and archaeological studies are more and more focused on regional
analysis, integrated in a system (or geosystem), and less on isolated sites. Both at
micro- and macro- regional levels, the archaeologist couldn't cope without powerful
computers, which can work with spatial databases, identifying and extracting the
data needed for a specific task, from the mountain of either redundant or general
data.
The Geographic Informational System is defined as an organized system based
on computing techniques, meaning a coherent ensemble of hardware and software,
data, persons, rules and methods, which allows the conceiving, defining, building,
up-dating and use of maps, geo-topographical associated with descriptive data with
territorial distribution.
306
Dorel
Micie
Chapter
4.
Spatial distribution analysis
Basic principles have been set in the 60's, but only in the last
20
years did
spatial analysis find its practical use in archaeology. This method is one of the most
powerful instruments accessible to the archaeologist and is based on two components:
cartography and statistics.
Spatial analysis can be defined as a geomathical science, used to study and process,
both in quantity and quality, spatial information, represented cartographically and
electronically by data and georeferenced and geoencoded, in order to decipher their
distribution in space and identify new information for different practical ends. This
is why in many studies it will be encountered as spatial distribution analysis.
Its methods and processes are based on two laws, well-known in time series
analysis and spatial analysis:
1.
two neighbouring elements (data) are correlated better that two elements
further apart, and the degree of correlation id determined by the time of space lag.
2.
Phenomenons and objects of the real world which vary in time, will also vary
in space, therefore the specific components of the time series (first of all tendency
and sesonality) will influence the space variability
ofthat
phenomenon or object, this
includes the lag as before.
The reason for spatial analysis lies in the phenomenological or stochastic between
similar elements of space, found close to one another. As it is concerning elements of
the same type, the term auto-correlation is used instead of correlation.
The estimation of the spatial distribution makes use of the results of the analysis
of the variation in the studied characteristics. Its objective is to obtain the image of
the spatial distribution of a variable based on the values of that particular variable
determined for different points in space. For an archaeologist these images are
represented by maps and archaeological cross sections.
In a theoretical study focused on the determining of the enclosing area of a
settlement, G. Fazecas made a short listing of the methods used by archaeologists to
analyze the economy of a settlement in relation with the natural environment and the
polemics formed around this subject. We must keep in mind that in order to analyze
the productivity of a human community archaeologically identified, both inatrsitu
(number of inhabitants, the size of the site, the area used for obtaining resources), as
well as extrasitu (the economical potential of an area: what kind of natural resources
can be found and how far away are they in relation with the settlement) must be
correlated, the author pointing out that this method helps to a better determining of
the exact position of the site in its surrounding environment.
Given that we are not in possession of many archaeological artifacts fund in
systematic excavations, the number of post-roman settlements exhaustively
dug being low:
Grădinari
-
„Selişte"
(CS),
Hodoni
„Pustă"
(TM),
Timişoara
Un model practic de aplicare a topografiei şi cartografiei arheologice
_
în analiza spaţială a habitatului rural post-roman din Dacia de sud-vest
307
„Cioreni" (TM), Timişoara
„Freidorf' (TM),
Jabăr „Cotun" (TM), Moldova
Veche
„
Vinograda"
(CS),
Dumbrăviţa „La Stejar" (TM), Becej „Bodar-zidar",
„Donije
Vgarice"
şi „Beljanka" (Voivodina), Criciova ,JtâtulluiMocrean" (TM),
Dudeştii Noi (TM),
Jabuka
(Voivodina),
Subotica
(Voivodina),
Vrsač
(Voivodina)
şi Pancevo (Voivodina),
the present study is not one intrasitu, but it refers to the
relationship between the settlements and the surrounding environment, especially
landscape analysis, by means of field research having been identified around
400
post-
roman settlements, an impressive number which justifies the interest it arouses.
Chapter
5.
Case Study: The spatial analysis of the rural post-roman
habitat in SW
Dacia,
in the II-V centuries AD
a. The archaeological analysis of the
géomorphologie
elements
Morphometric methods. Altitude and the values resulting from the processing
of altitude are the base elements of morphometric methods. The establishing of
the different altitudes, in field or with the help of a map, so by means of classical
topographical methods, allows the defining of relief characteristics such as: altitude,
the density and the depth of fragmentation, critical points in morphological evolution
etc. all these are made evident by graphics and maps. It is useful to specify in the case
of a depression the positioning of its components: meadows, terraces, accumulative
piedmonts, erosion piedmonts, leveling surfaces.
Morphographical methods. These allow the defining of the relief and also
highlighting its evolution in time, which necessitates a detailed analysis of
topographical maps. From these evaluations certain derivative indices are extracted
such as sinuosity coefficient, irregularity of the interfluves coefficient etc. all
morphological evaluations direct or derivative are presented as graphics or maps.
A series of morphometrical indices are present in geomorphology. {altitude,
fragmentation, slopes) which aloe a characterization of the relief, the starting point
is constituted by the topographical map, usually at a scale of
1
:2500o.
although this
constitutes still the main source of data collection, MNAT (The Numeric Model
of Terrain Altitude) automatically obtained from images or offered free of charge
(e.g.SRTM
-
Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) allow the interpreting of the relief
much quicklier.
b.
Pedologica!
analysis
Soils because of the complexity of genetic factors are significantly different both
related to altitude as well as in the same geographic unit, at the highest altitudes in
the Godeanu, Tarcu and Cernei Mountains you can only find soil poor in organic
substances. In the alpine pastures one can find podzolic and feriiluvial soils.
308
Dorel
Micie
The largest surfaces in not so high mountains are covered in fir trees, with typical
acid, brown soils. In the Western Hills, regarding relatively flat surfaces, a clay layer
and conditions which prevent water from flowing in certain times of the year allow
the forming of luvosoils while on the inclined mountain slopes have eutricambosoils
and luvosoils. Red peluvosoils appear as a result of
thermofile
forests. In the lowlands
most frequent are the borders zone soils
(50%),
while the region soils and transition
have each a percentage of
25%.
From the region soils we ca observe the chernozem.
In the contact area with the hills we can also find luvosoils and eutricambosoils.
From the border soils, so frequent we can find hydrosoils, characteristic to
subsidiary areas, salsodisoils in areas with salty terrains,
frequent
in the White
Cris
plains, psamosoils in the sandy areas of the
Banat,
and aluviosoils in the meadows
alongside the rivers from this region.
c. Predictive Analysis
Cartographic modeling using
SIG
has at it's base the methodology of thinking
using complex data sources. After establishing the physical-geographical factors
involved in the location of known archeological sites, followed their quantification
as digital maps. Because those factors are expressed in different measurement units
(meters, km, grades, etc.), it is necessary the standardization of these data in order to
integrate them into the model. Because almost all analyzed factors vary continuous in
space, these represent sets of data with continuous character, so that the most suitable
method of standardization is that of using fuzzy functions. With these functions can
be standardized on a scale from
0
to
255
(bytes).
An important aspect is choosing the type of function for each factor at a time,
which describes best the gradual changeover from
0
(unfavorable conditions for
localization) to
255
(unfavorable conditions for localization) and the establishment
of the values of the critical points in which the belonging to a set raises from
0
to
255.
After the standardization of the factors it begins their combination to form the
final map of the
géomorphologie
risk. This combination can be done linear, where
each factor has an equal importance, or well-balanced, where each factor gets a
different value. In this study we used the second method, the well-balanced multi-
criteria evaluation.
The considered factors have been determined through a complex analysis of
physical-geographical characteristics for each known archeological sites using
Geographical Information Systems, which permitted the statistical analysis to the
pixel levels of the values of the physical-geographical elements. This statistical
analysis and the field observations led to the conclusion that the most important
factors in localization of known sites are: altitude, slope, the surface exposed to the
solar radiation and the distance to the water sources.
Altitude. The altitude values have been represented cartographically and analyzed
Un model practic de aplicare a topografiei şi cartografiei arheologice
_
în analiza spaţială a habitatului rural post-roman din Dacia de sud-vest
309
by using
a Numeric Model
of Soil
(NMS)
obtained through remote sensing satellite
(SRTM files) with a resolution of
90
m. The model has been improved by increasing
the spatial resolution to 10 m.
The slope has been obtained automatically using
NMS,
and the result were
values between
0
grades (horizontal surfaces) and
57,44
grades (very inclined slopes
from the valley sides).
The aspect (the surface exposed to the solar radiation) has been determined
using
NMS
and it was calculated as the direction of the horizontal projection normal
to the surface of the side and is measured in clockwise direction, towards the direction
of geographic north.
The distance to the water sources has been determined by calculating the
Euclidian distance in all directions from the digital map of the network basins.
Based on statistical analysis of the factors considered values have been
differentiated the most favorable indicators. These values represent small differences
depending on the morphological characteristics of the establishment of relief in
which archeological sites are located.
Even if you do not always take into consideration those factors that are very
precise, archaeological field research results have shown that these predictive models
have an
80 %
precision, a very satisfying percent, in our opinion. Of course that
in addition to environmental factors should be taken into account and the politico-
military, economic, social, cultural, etc. But we believe that this is a good start,
especially on the ground that the data confirms this fact. Remains a desideratum the
completion of such data in a complex data and information interface to enable rapid
assessment and performance potential of an archeological area (no matter what that
is and any period of time it would belong).
Chapter
6.
Conclusions
Throughout all Banat's historical area have been repertoires, so far, a number
of
335
municipalities around which have been identified post-Roman settlements
(which can be dated from the Province period, II century
ВС,
till the end of IV
century
-
the beginning of the V century
ВС).
Their spreading range is very broad, encompassing the entire space of historical
Banat,
and in terms of relief, only in the mountains have not been identified (by now)
settlements dating from this period.
Being aware that the data are not so satisfying, many areas being researched
not even field survey, we tried during our work to capture only those settlements,
about which we had certain information and we were able to verify on the field. On
the occasion of checking data from reference literature, we have identified, over the
years, a number of other post-Roman settlements, especially in
Timis
County.
310
Dorel
Mide
Analyzing these facts using geographical methods, proved to us appropriate to
the extent that can provide additional working tools for explanation of historical
archeological issues related to habitat.
Although expected that this era is far from have said the last word, we believe
that our approach has brought some clarification of interdisciplinary character, and
maybe, most importantly, has opened new opportunities for research in new methods
and old, but practical and easy to any archaeologist.
Analysis of their dispersion reveals that the entire area of
Dacia
south-west has been
intensely lived in this era, including the Aurelian withdrawal, and that geographically
speaking, there is no area that has not be offered favorable living conditions. Stunning
adaptation to environmental geographical conditions made this population to find
opportunities of living in the muddy areas or in the mountain depressions.
Our approach was not an attempt to analyze them historically, but only introduced
two methods of interdisciplinary work; we didn't risk engaging in historical
interpretations, cultural or etno-arheological, signaling only the geographical features
that were governing their daily life.
We allow, finally, outlining the features, even if they were presented during the
exhaustive work:
•
use of modern means of data acquisition allows the identification and precise
location of any archaeological sites (urban
/
rural, military
/
civil
/
religious, closed
/
open, etc.) sets limits (eg settlements, fortified premises, necropolis, etc.), distance
(eg roads, linear fortifications, etc.), perimeter and occupied area (hectares), form
(morphology) and spatial coordinates (latitude, longitude and altitude) of a site;
allows the demarcation of protected areas and provides technical legal framework
for inclusion in the immobile list of property Monuments (Section Archeology) and
the recovery of data for law (establishing ownership), administrative (downloads
of archaeological task for the start of work on planning agricultural, industrial or
infrastructure), tourism and cultural (the inclusion of archaeological sites in the
archaeological, historical-cultural and ethnographic tourist circuit).
•
exact location of an archaeological site facilitates carrying out geological
analysis (analysis of the geological material: steel, iron, salt, etc.), soil (soil analysis
and sediments), geomorphological analysis (analysis of the forms of relief and
hydrographie
network) climatic analysis (wind, precipitation) and phyto-fauna
analysis (species of plants and animals) complex for the extraction of scientific data
in November, interdisciplinary, the man-nature relationship.)
•
analysis of multilayered maps, which corroborates archaeological data with
geographical data making it easier for the archeologist to identify sources of raw
materials (wood, stone, salt, clay, iron) and food (areas with potential for collecting,
cultivating land, grazing, fishing, etc.
),
thus indicating the employment of the
inhabitants of a particular habitat.)
Un model practic de aplicare a topografiei şi cartografiei arheologice
_
în analiza spaţială a habitatului rural post-roman din Dacia de sud-vest
311
•
determining the
exact
distance and possible routes of access fosters research
intercommunal
relations (to invade areas, transport, cultural contacts materials, the
types of properties, etc.) for the realization of social-economical studies.
•
establishing precisely the dimensions of human settlements in relation
to the communities around them, and geo-strategic nature of it (open or fortified
settlement), allows classification of these settlements, ordering the political criteria
for dependence or independence, achievement of repertoir data (based on order,
and weighting mathematical series) to identify the centers of power and peripheral
communities.
•
investigating geographical features on the choice of placing the foundation of
a settlement, the Sacredness of a religious space or geo-strategic advantage, (exposure,
slope, distance to water resources and raw materials, etc.) permits recognition of
patterns, rules and knowledge (technical, religious, biological, etc.) of a human
community in relation to space and chronological belonging to the period.)
•
observation, analyze and interpretation of the geomorphological constant
changes in territory, area or wider areas (draining rivers, tree planting
/
deforestation,
swamp, erosion, etc.) facilitates the implementation of predictive models to identify
new archaeological sites with potential in areas considered nowadays unfit for living,
but used to be lived in the past, systematically unknown and unexplored locations,
archaeological speaking.)
•
complex research data (satellite images, aerofotograms, topographic
removal, etc.) allows observation of the effects of anthropogenic changes in
landscape (draining, grubbing, sewers, deforestation, pollution, etc.) but also on
human communities (systematization, urbanization, construction of roads, etc.) in
the analysis of swarming phenomena, migration and dereliction of natural perfect
locations and adaptability to new environmental and afects of antropization,
uniformization standards of the landscape.)
•
geostatistical studies allow the corroboration of data (qualitative and
quantitative) for the extraction of observations with quantifiable character, both
spatial and temporal (diagrams of complex developments in space and time of
human communities), which can be powerful tools of (expert systems) in the hands
of archaeologists, through software-specific data processing spatial data.) |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Micle, Dorei |
| author_facet | Micle, Dorei |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Micle, Dorei |
| author_variant | d m dm |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV039902188 |
| classification_rvk | ND 8570 |
| ctrlnum | (gbd)0987196 (OCoLC)780122035 (DE-599)BVBBV039902188 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Dakien (DE-588)4070197-9 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Dakien |
| id | DE-604.BV039902188 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-10-18T18:09:28Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789735922542 |
| language | Romanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024761029 |
| oclc_num | 780122035 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-188 |
| physical | 322 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| psigel | gbd_4_1202 |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publishDateSearch | 2011 |
| publishDateSort | 2011 |
| publisher | Excelsior Art |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Micle, Dorei Verfasser aut Un model practic de aplicare a topografiei şi cartografiei arheologice în analiza spaţială a habitatului rural post-roman din Dacia de sud-vest între sfârşitul secolului al II-lea şi începutul secolului a V-lea p. Chr. Dorei Micla Timişoara Excelsior Art 2011 322 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd rswk-swf Kartografie (DE-588)4029823-1 gnd rswk-swf Dakien (DE-588)4070197-9 gnd rswk-swf Dakien als Provinz [Barrington p. 21] (DE-2581)TH000004287 gbd Dakien (DE-588)4070197-9 g Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 s Kartografie (DE-588)4029823-1 s DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024761029&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024761029&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Micle, Dorei Un model practic de aplicare a topografiei şi cartografiei arheologice în analiza spaţială a habitatului rural post-roman din Dacia de sud-vest între sfârşitul secolului al II-lea şi începutul secolului a V-lea p. Chr. Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd Kartografie (DE-588)4029823-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4002827-6 (DE-588)4029823-1 (DE-588)4070197-9 |
| title | Un model practic de aplicare a topografiei şi cartografiei arheologice în analiza spaţială a habitatului rural post-roman din Dacia de sud-vest între sfârşitul secolului al II-lea şi începutul secolului a V-lea p. Chr. |
| title_auth | Un model practic de aplicare a topografiei şi cartografiei arheologice în analiza spaţială a habitatului rural post-roman din Dacia de sud-vest între sfârşitul secolului al II-lea şi începutul secolului a V-lea p. Chr. |
| title_exact_search | Un model practic de aplicare a topografiei şi cartografiei arheologice în analiza spaţială a habitatului rural post-roman din Dacia de sud-vest între sfârşitul secolului al II-lea şi începutul secolului a V-lea p. Chr. |
| title_full | Un model practic de aplicare a topografiei şi cartografiei arheologice în analiza spaţială a habitatului rural post-roman din Dacia de sud-vest între sfârşitul secolului al II-lea şi începutul secolului a V-lea p. Chr. Dorei Micla |
| title_fullStr | Un model practic de aplicare a topografiei şi cartografiei arheologice în analiza spaţială a habitatului rural post-roman din Dacia de sud-vest între sfârşitul secolului al II-lea şi începutul secolului a V-lea p. Chr. Dorei Micla |
| title_full_unstemmed | Un model practic de aplicare a topografiei şi cartografiei arheologice în analiza spaţială a habitatului rural post-roman din Dacia de sud-vest între sfârşitul secolului al II-lea şi începutul secolului a V-lea p. Chr. Dorei Micla |
| title_short | Un model practic de aplicare a topografiei şi cartografiei arheologice în analiza spaţială a habitatului rural post-roman din Dacia de sud-vest între sfârşitul secolului al II-lea şi începutul secolului a V-lea p. Chr. |
| title_sort | un model practic de aplicare a topografiei si cartografiei arheologice in analiza spatiala a habitatului rural post roman din dacia de sud vest intre sfarsitul secolului al ii lea si inceputul secolului a v lea p chr |
| topic | Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd Kartografie (DE-588)4029823-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Archäologie Kartografie Dakien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024761029&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024761029&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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