Introduction to cell mechanics and mechanobiology:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York [u.a.]
Garland Science
2013
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XVI, 351 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780815344254 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Jacobs, Christopher R. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Introduction to cell mechanics and mechanobiology |c Christopher R. Jacobs ... |
| 264 | 1 | |a New York [u.a.] |b Garland Science |c 2013 | |
| 300 | |a XVI, 351 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
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| 700 | 1 | |a Huang, Hayden |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Kwon, Ronald Y. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804148836317265920 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Introduction to cell mechanics and mechanobiology
Autor: Jacobs, Christopher R
Jahr: 2013
Detailed Contents
Preface v CHAPTER 2: Fundamentals in Cell
Biology 19
PART I: PRINCIPLES 1 2.1 Fundamentals in cell and molecular
CHAPTER 1: Cell Mechanics as a Framework 3
1.1 Cell mechanics and human disease 4
biology 19
Proteins are polymers of amino acids 20
DNA and RNA are polymers of
Specialized cells in the ear allow you to hear 5 nucleic acids
Hemodynamic forces regulate endothelial
cells 6
To keep bone healthy, bone cells need
mechanical stimulation 6
22
Polysaccharides are polymers of sugars 24
Fatty acids store energy but also form
structures 24
Correspondence between DNA-to-RNA-
The cells that line your lungs sense stretch 7 to-protein is the central dogma of
Pathogens can alter cell mechanical properties 7 modern cell biology 25
Other pathogens can use cell mechanical Phenotype is the manifestation
structures to their advantage 7 of genotype 27
Cancer cells need to crawl to be metastatic 8 Transcriptional regulation is one way
Viruses transfer their cargo into cells they that phenotype differs from genotype 28
infect 8 cen organelles perform a variety
1.2 The cell is an applied mechanics grand of functions 29
challenge 8 2.2 Receptors are cells primary chemical
Computer simulation of cell mechanics sensors 30
requires state-of-the-art approaches 9 CeUs communicate by biochemical signals 30
1.3 Model problem: micropipette aspiration 9 Signaling between cells can occur
What is a typical experimental setup for through many different mechanisms 31
micropipette aspiration? 9 Intracellular signaling occurs via small
The liquid-drop model is a simple model molecules known as second messengers 32
that can explain some aspiration results 11 Large molecule signaling cascades
The Law of Laplace can be applied to a have the potential for more specificity 34
spherical cell 12 Receptors use several mechanisms to
Micropipette aspiration experiments can initiate signaling 35
be analyzed with the Law of Laplace 12 2.3 Experimental biology 36
How do we measure surface tension Optical techniques can display cells clearly 37
and areal expansion modulus? 13 Fluorescence visualizes cells with lower
Why do cells rush in ? 15 background 38
Cells can behave as elastic solids Fluorophores can highlight structures 39
or liquid drops 16
Key Concepts 16
Fluorophores can probe function 40
Atomic force microscopy can elucidate
Problems 17 the mechanical behavior of cells 40
Annotated References 17 Gel electrophoresis can separate molecules 41
Visualizing gel-separated products employs Torsion of a solid cylinder can be
a variety of methods 42 modeled as a torsion of a series of
PCR amplifies specific DNA regions shells of increasing radius 61
exponentially 43 Kinematics, equilibrium, and constitutive
2.4 Experimental design in biology 46 equations are the foundation of solid
mechanics 62
Reductionist experiments are powerful
but limited 46 Kinematics in a beam are the strain-
displacement relationship 62
Modern genetics has advanced our
ability to study in situ 48 Equilibrium in a beam is the stress-
moment relationship 64
Bioinformatics allows us to use vast
amounts of genomic data 49 The constitutive equation is the
stress-strain relationship 65
Systems biology is integration rather
than reduction 49 The second moment of inertia is a
measure of bending resistance 65
Biomechanics and mechanobiology are
integrative 49 The canulevered beam can be solved
Key Concepts 50
Problems 50
Annotated References 52
from the general beam equations 66
Buckling loads can be determined from
the beam equations 67
Transverse strains occur with axial loading 68
CHAPTER 3: Solid Mechanics Primer 53 The general continuum equations can be
developed from our simple examples 68
3.1 Rigid-body mechanics and free-body
diagrams 53
What is a rigid body? 53
Equilibrium implies conditions on stress 69
Kinematics relate strain to displacement 71
The constitutive equation or stress-strain
One of the most powerful, but underused, relation characterizes the material behavior 73
Vector notation is a compact way to express
equations in continuum mechanics 74
Stress and strain can be expressed as matrices 76
tools is a free-body diagram 53
Identifying the forces is the first step in
drawing a free-body diagram 54
Influences are identified by applying the
equations of motion 54 In the principal directions shear stress is zero 76
Free-body diagrams can be drawn for parts 3-3 Large deformation mechanics 78
of objects 55 The deformation gradient tensor
3.2 Mechanics of deformable bodies 55 describes large deformations 78
Rigid-body mechanics is not very Stretch is another geometrical measure
useful for analyzing deformable bodies 55 of deformation 79
Mechanical stress is analogous to pressure 56 Lar8e deformation strain can be defined
in terms of the deformation gradient 80
Normal stress is perpendicular to the
area of interest 56 The deformation gradient can be
Strain represents the normalized decomposed into rotation and
change in length of an object to load 57
stretch components 82
The stress-strain plot for a material 3.4 Structural elements are defined by
reveals information about its stiffness 57 their shaPe and loading mode 83
Stress and pressure are not the same
thing, because stress has directionality 58
Key Concepts 84
Problems 84
Shear stress describes stress when forces Annotated References 87
and areas are perpendicular to each other 59
Shear strain measures deformation CHAPTER 4: Fluid Mechanics Primer 89
resulting from shear stress 59 4.1 Fluid statics 89
Torsion in the thin-walled cylinder can Hydrostatic pressure results from
be modeled with shear stress relations 60 gravitational forces 89
Hydrostatic pressure is isotropic 91 5.1 Internal energy 120
Resultant forces arising from hydrostatic Potential energy can be used to make
pressure can be calculated through predictions of mechanical behavior 120
integration 92 Strain energy is potential energy stored
4.2 Newtonian fluids 92 in elastic deformations 122
Fluids obey mass conservation 93 Equilibrium in continuum mechanics is
Fluid flows can be laminar or turbulent 94 a problem of strain energy minimization 123
Many laminar flows can be solved analytically 95 Changes in mechanical state alter
Many biological fluids can exhibit
non-Newtonian behavior 97 5-2 Entropy 124
4.3 The Navier-Stokes equations 98 Entropy is directly defined within
statistical mechanics 124
Derivation of the Navier-Stokes equations
begins with Newton s second law 99 Microstates, macrostates, and density
Constitutive relations and the continuity
equation are necessary to make Navier s
equations solvable 102 Microstates, macrostates, and density
of states can be exemplified in a
three-coin system 124
Navier-Stokes equations: putting it all
together 103
4.4 Rheological analysis 103
The mechanical behavior of viscoelastic
materials can be decomposed into
elastic and viscous components 104
of states provide insight to macroscopic
system behavior 127
Ensembles are collections of microstates
sharing a common property 127
Entropy is related to the number of microstates
associated with a given macrostate 127
5.3 Free energy 128
Complex moduli can be defined for
viscoelastic materials 106 Equilibrium behavior for thermodynamic
systems can be obtained via free energy
minimization 128
Power laws can be used to model frequency-
dependent changes in storage and
loss moduli 108 Temperature-dependence of end-to-end
4.5 Dimensional analysis 110
Dimensional analysis requires the
determination of base parameters 110
The Buckingham Pi Theorem gives the
number of dimensionless parameters
that can be formed from base parameters 111 A microcanonical ensemble can be
length in polymers arises out of
competition between energy and entropy 129
5.4 Microcanonical ensemble 131
The hairpinned polymer as a non-
interacting two-level system 132
used to determine
Dimensionless parameters can be found constant energy microstates 132
through solving a system of equations 111 Entropy can be calculated via
Similitude is a practical use of combinatorial enumeration of the
dimensional analysis 113
Dimensional parameters can be
used to check analytical expressions 114
Key Concepts 115
density of states 133
Entropy is maximal when half the
sites contain hairpins 133
S{W) can be used to predict equilibrium
Problems 116 behavior 133
Annotated References 117 The number of hairpins at equilibrium is
dependent on temperature 134
CHAPTER 5: Statistical Mechanics Primer 119 Equilibrium obtained via the
Statistical mechanics relies on the use microcanonical ensemble is identical to
of probabilistic distributions 119 that obtained via free energy minimization 135
Statistical mechanics can be used to 5«5 Canonical ensemble 136
investigate the influence of random Canonical ensemble starting from the
molecular forces on mechanical behavior 119 microcanonical ensemble 136
Probability distribution from the canonical 6.2 Measurement of forces produced by cells 160
ensemble gives Boltzmann s law 138 Traction force microscopy measures the forces
The free energy at equilibrium can be exerted by a cell on its underlying surface 160
found using the partition function 139 Cross-correlation can be used for
The internal energy at equilibrium can be particle tracking 160
determined using the partition function 141 Determining the forces that produced a
Using the canonical approach may be displacement is an inverse problem 163
preferable for analyzing thermodynamic Microfabricated micropillar arrays can
systems 142 be used to measure traction forces directly 165
5.6 Random walks 143 Surface modification can help determine
A simple random walk can be how a cell interacts with its surroundings 166
demonstrated using soccer 143 6.3 Applying forces to cells 167
The diffusion equation can be derived Flow chambers are used for studying
from the random walk 145 cellular responses to fluid shear stress 167
Key Concepts 147 The transition between laminar and
Problems 148 turbulent flow is governed by the
Reynolds number 168
Annotated References 149
Parallel plate flow devices can be designed
for low Reynolds number shear flow 168
CHAPTER 6: Cell Mechanics in the Fully developed flow occurs past the
Laboratory 151 entrance length 169
6.1 Probing the mechanical behavior of cells Cone-and-plateflowcanbeusedto
through cellular micromanipulation 151 study responses to shear 170
Known forces can be applied to cells through Diverse device designs can be used to
the use of cell-bound beads and an study responses to fluid flow 171
electromagnet 152 Flexible substrates are used for
The dependence of force on distance subjecting cells to strain 172
from the magnet tip can be calibrated Confined uniaxial stretching can lead
through Stokes law 152 to multiaxial cellular deformations 172
Magnetic twisting and multiple-pole Cylindrically symmetric deformations
micromanipulators can apply stresses generate uniform biaxial stretch 172
to many cells simultaneously 153 6.4 Analysis of deformation 173
Optical traps generate forces on particles Viscoelastic behavior in micromanipulation
through transfer of light momentum 153 experiments can be parameterized
Ray tracing elucidates the origin of through spring-dashpot models 173
restoring forces in optical tweezers 154 Combinations of springs and dashpots can
What are the magnitudes of forces in be used to model viscoelastic behavior 174
an optical trap? 155 Microscopy techniques can be adapted
How does optical trapping compare t0 visualize cells subject to mechanical
with magnetic micromanipulation? 156 loading 177
Atomic force microscopy involves the Cellular deformations can be inferred
direct probing of objects with a small from ima8e sequences through
cantilever 157 image correlation-based approaches 178
Cantilever deflection is detected using Intracellular strains can be computed
a reflected laser beam 157 from displacement fields 179
Scanning and tapping modes can be 6-5 Blinding and controls 181
used to obtain cellular topography 158 Key Concepts 182
A Hertz model can be used to estimate Problems 183
mechanical properties 158 Annotated References 184
PART II: Practices 187 Force is the gradient of free energy in
thermodynamic systems 208
CHAPTER 7: Mechanics of Cellular
POlymerS 189 The behavior of polymers tends
3 toward that of an ideal chain in
7.1 Biopolymer structure 189 the limit of long contour length 209
Microfilaments are polymers composed 7.5 Freely jointed chain (FJC) 210
of actin monomers 189 The FJC model places a limit on
F-actin polymerization is influenced by polymer extension 210
the molecular characteristics of G-actin 189 The force_displacement reiation for the
Microtubules are polymers composed pjC can be found by the canonical
of tubulin dimers 191 ensemble 211
MT polymerization is affected by Differences between the ideal chain
polarity and GTP/GDP binding 191 and the FJC emerge at large forces 213
Intermediate filaments are polymers 7.6 Worm-like chain (WLC) 214
with a diverse range in composition 192 The WLC incorporates energetic
Intermediate filaments possess a coiled-coil effects of bending 214
structure 192 The force-displacement relation for
Intermediate filaments have diverse the WLC can be found by the
functions in cells 192 canonical ensemble 216
7.2 Polymerization kinetics 194 Differences in the WLC and FJC emerge
Actin and MT polymerization can when they are fitted to experimental data
be modeled as a bimolecular reaction 195 for DNA 217
The critical concentration is the only Persistence length is related to Kuhn
concentration at which the polymer length 218
does not change length 195 Key Concepts 219
Polarity leads to different kinetics on Problems 220
eachend 196 Annotated References 221
Polymerization kinetics are affected by
ATP/ADP in actin and GTP/GDP
binding in tubulin 197 chapter 8: Polymer Networks and
Subunit polarity and ATP hydrolysis lead to the CytOSkeletOn 223
polymer treadmilling 197 81 Polymer networks 223
7.3 Persistence length 198
Polymer networks have many degrees
Persistence length gives a measure of freedom 223
of flexibility in a thermally fluctuating Effective continuums can be used to
polymer 198
model polymer networks 223
225
Persistence length is related to 8.2 scaling approaches
flexural rigidity for an elastic beam 200
Cellular solids theory implies
Polymers can be classified as stiff, flexible, scaling reiationships between
or semi-flexible by the persistence length 202 effective mechanicai properties and
7.4 Ideal chain 203 network volume fraction 225
The ideal chain is a polymer model Bending-dominated deformation results
for flexible polymers 203 in a nonlinear scaling of the elastic
The probability for the chain to have different modulus with volume fraction 225
end-to-end lengths can be determined Deformation dominated by axial strain
from the random walk 204 results in a linear scaling of the
The free energy of the ideal chain can be elastic modulus with volume fraction 227
computed from its probability The stiffness of tensegrity structures
distribution function 207 scales linearly with member prestress 228
8.3 Affine networks 229 The fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane
Affine deformations assume the describes its physical properties 252
filaments deform as if they are 9.2 Phospholipid self-assembly 252
embedded in a continuum 229 Critical micelle concentration depends
Flexible polymer networks can on amphiphile molecular structure 253
be modeled using rubber elasticity 230 Aggregate shape can be understood
Anisotropic affine networks can be from packing constraints 254
modeled using strain energy approaches 233 9 3 Membrane barrier function 255
Elastic moduli can be computed Xhe diffusion equations relate
from strain energy density 233 concentration to flux per unit area 256
Elastic moduli of affine anisotropic networks pick s seCond law shows how spatial
can be calculated from appropriate concentration changes as a function of time 257
strain energy density and angular 9.4 Membrane mechanics I. In.plane shear
distribution functions 235
8.4 Biomechanical function and
and tension 259
Thin structures such as membranes
cytoskeletal structure 236 can be treated as plates or shells 260
Filopodia are cross-linked bundles Kinematic assumptions help describe
of actin filaments involved in cell motility 236
1 deformations 260
Actin filaments within filopodia can be A constitutive model describes
modeled as elastic beams undergoing
buckling 236 ma ena e avior
_ The equilibrium condition simplifies
The membrane imparts force on the for m-plane tension and shear 262
ends of filopodia 238
Equilibrium simplifies in the case of
The maximum nlopodium length before shear alone 265
buckling in the absence of cross-linking is
shorter than what is observed in vivo 238 Equilibrium simplifies in the case of
equibiaxial tension 266
Cross-linking extends the maximum
length before buckling 238 Areal strain can be a measure of
biaxial deformation 267
Is the structure of the red blood cell s
cytoskeleton functionally advantageous? 239 9 5 Membrane mechanics II: Bending 267
Thin structures can be analyzed using the In bending the kinematics are
two-dimensional shear modulus and governed by membrane rotation 268
the areal strain energy density 240 Linear elastic behavior is assumed
Sixfold connectivity facilitates resistance for the constitutive model 269
to shear 242 Equilibrium places conditions on
Fourfold connectivity does not resultant forces and moments 269
sustain shear as well as sixfold 245 Which dominates, tension or bending? 272
Key Concepts 246 9.6 Measurement of bending rigidity 272
Problems 246 Membranes undergo thermal
Annotated References 247 undulations similar to polymers 272
Membranes straighten out with tension 273
Key Concepts 275
Problems 275
CHAPTER 9: Mechanics of the Cell
Membrane 249
9.1 Membrane biology 249 Annotated References 277
Water is a polar molecule 249
Cellular membranes form by interacting CHAPTER 10: Adhesion, Migration, and
with water 250 Contraction 279
The saturation of the lipid tails determines 10-1 Adhesion 279
some properties of the membrane 251 Cells can form adhesions with the substrate 279
The cell membrane distinguishes inside Fluid shear can be used to measure
and outside 251 adhesion strength indirectly 281
Detachment forces can be measured Key Concepts 308
through direct cellular manipulation 281 Problems 308
The surface tension/liquid-drop model Annotated References 310
can be used to describe simple
adhesion 282
Adhesive peeling can be modeled CHAPTER 11: Cellular
using continuum mechanics 284 MechanotransdUCtion 311
Adhesion energy density can be 11.1 Mechanical signals 311
obtained through consideration Vascular endothelium experiences
of strain energy 286 blood-flow-mediated shear stress 312
Targeting of white blood cells during Lumen-lining epithelial cells are
inflammation involves the formation subjected to fluid flow 313
of transient and stable intercellular
adhesions 287
Fluid flow occurs in musculoskeletal tissues 313
Fluid flow during embryonic development
Kinetics of receptor-hgand binding can regulates the establishment of left-right
be described with the law of mass action 288
The Bell model describes the effect
of force on dissociation rate 290
Shear enhances neutrophil adhesion-
up to a point 291
asymmetry 315
Strain and matrix deformation function
as regulatory signals 316
Smooth muscle cells and cardiac
myocytes are subjected to strain in
10.2 Migration 292 the cardiovascular system 316
Cell migration can be studied in vitro cdlular strain m me muscuioskeietal
and in vivo 292
system is dependent on tissue stiffness 317
Cell locomotion occurs in distinct steps 292 The lung and Wadder are hoUow dastic
Protrusion is driven by actin organs that are regulated by stretch 317
polymerization 293
Cells can respond to hydrostatic pressure 317
Actin polymerization at the leading edge: u2 Mechanosensin organeUes and structures 318
involvement of Brownian motion? 294
Stereociliaarethemechanosensorsoftheear 319
Cell motion can be directed by external cues 295
Specialized structures are used in touch
Cell migration can be characterized sensation 320
by speed and persistence time 296
Primary cilia are nearly ubiquitous, but
Directional bias during cell migration tin functionally mysterious 320
can be obtained from cell trajectories 298
Cellular adhesions can sense as well as
transmit force 321
The cytoskeleton can sense mechanical loads 322
10.3 Contraction 298
Muscle cells are specialized cells for
contractile force generation 299
Mechanosensing can involve the
Studying cardiac function gave early glycoproteins covering the cell 323
insight into muscle function 299
The skeletal muscle system generates The cel1 membrane is ideally suited
skeletal forces for ambulation and mobility 300 to sense mechanical loads 324
The Hill equation describes the relationship LiPid rafts affect the behavior of Proteins
between muscle force and velocity 300 within the membrane 325
Non-muscle cells can generate ll3 Initiation of intracellular signaling 326
contractile forces within stress fibers 301 Ion channels can be mechanosensitive 326
Stress fiber pre-strain can be measured Hydrophobic mismatches allow the
from buckling behavior 302 mechanical gating of membrane channels 327
Myosin cross-bridges generate sliding Mechanical forces can expose
forces within actin bundles 303 cryptic binding sites 328
Myosin molecules work together to Bell s equation describes protein
produce sliding 304 unfolding kinetics 329
The power-stroke model is a mechanical Molecular conformation changes
model of actomyosin interactions 305 can be detected fluorescently 329
11.4 Alteration of cellular function 330 Mechanical stimulation can induce
Intracellular calcium increases in extracellular matrix remodeling 333
response to mechanical stress 330 Cell viability and apoptosis are altered
Nitric oxide, inositol triphosphate, and bY different processes 334
cyclic AMP, like Ca2+, are second Key Concepts 334
messenger molecules implicated in Problems 334
Annotated References 335
mechanosensation 331
Mitogen-activated protein kinase activity
is altered after exposure to mechanical
stimulation 332 Abbreviations 337
Mechanically stimulated cells exhibit List Of variables and units 338
prostanglandin release 332 index 343
Mechanical forces can induce
morphological changes in cells 332
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| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:13:28Z |
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| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Jacobs, Christopher R. Verfasser aut Introduction to cell mechanics and mechanobiology Christopher R. Jacobs ... New York [u.a.] Garland Science 2013 XVI, 351 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Cytologie (DE-588)4070177-3 gnd rswk-swf Cytologie (DE-588)4070177-3 s DE-604 Huang, Hayden Verfasser aut Kwon, Ronald Y. Verfasser aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024747568&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Jacobs, Christopher R. Huang, Hayden Kwon, Ronald Y. Introduction to cell mechanics and mechanobiology Cytologie (DE-588)4070177-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4070177-3 |
| title | Introduction to cell mechanics and mechanobiology |
| title_auth | Introduction to cell mechanics and mechanobiology |
| title_exact_search | Introduction to cell mechanics and mechanobiology |
| title_full | Introduction to cell mechanics and mechanobiology Christopher R. Jacobs ... |
| title_fullStr | Introduction to cell mechanics and mechanobiology Christopher R. Jacobs ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Introduction to cell mechanics and mechanobiology Christopher R. Jacobs ... |
| title_short | Introduction to cell mechanics and mechanobiology |
| title_sort | introduction to cell mechanics and mechanobiology |
| topic | Cytologie (DE-588)4070177-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Cytologie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024747568&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT jacobschristopherr introductiontocellmechanicsandmechanobiology AT huanghayden introductiontocellmechanicsandmechanobiology AT kwonronaldy introductiontocellmechanicsandmechanobiology |