Verfügbarkeit: Kruševska kuḱa

Kruševska kuḱa:

Gespeichert in:

Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser:	Nikoloska, Marula (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	Macedonian
Veröffentlicht:	Skopje Nacionalen Konzervatorski Centar 2009
Schriftenreihe:	Kulturno-istorisko nasledstvo na Republika Makedonija 58
Schlagworte:	Geschichte 1800-1900 Wohnkultur Stadthaus Kruševo > Makedonien
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract
Beschreibung:	PST: Kruševo house. - In kyrill. Schr., mazedon. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache
Beschreibung:	347 S. zahlr. Ill.
ISBN:	9789989131110

Internformat

MARC


LEADER	00000nam a2200000 cb4500
001	BV039883879
003	DE-604
005	20120228
007	t
008	120213s2009 a\|\|\| \|\|\|\| 00\|\|\| mac d
020			\|a 9789989131110 \|9 978-9989-131-11-0
035			\|a (OCoLC)780116520
035			\|a (DE-599)BVBBV039883879
040			\|a DE-604 \|b ger \|e rakwb
041	0		\|a mac
049			\|a DE-12
084			\|a 7,41 \|2 ssgn
100	1		\|a Nikoloska, Marula \|e Verfasser \|4 aut
245	1	0	\|a Kruševska kuḱa \|c Marula Nikoloska
264		1	\|a Skopje \|b Nacionalen Konzervatorski Centar \|c 2009
300			\|a 347 S. \|b zahlr. Ill.
336			\|b txt \|2 rdacontent
337			\|b n \|2 rdamedia
338			\|b nc \|2 rdacarrier
490	1		\|a Kulturno-istorisko nasledstvo na Republika Makedonija \|v 58
500			\|a PST: Kruševo house. - In kyrill. Schr., mazedon. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache
648		7	\|a Geschichte 1800-1900 \|2 gnd \|9 rswk-swf
650	0	7	\|a Wohnkultur \|0 (DE-588)4117674-1 \|2 gnd \|9 rswk-swf
650	0	7	\|a Stadthaus \|0 (DE-588)4271379-1 \|2 gnd \|9 rswk-swf
651		7	\|a Kruševo \|g Makedonien \|0 (DE-588)4663688-2 \|2 gnd \|9 rswk-swf
689	0	0	\|a Kruševo \|g Makedonien \|0 (DE-588)4663688-2 \|D g
689	0	1	\|a Stadthaus \|0 (DE-588)4271379-1 \|D s
689	0	2	\|a Wohnkultur \|0 (DE-588)4117674-1 \|D s
689	0	3	\|a Geschichte 1800-1900 \|A z
689	0		\|5 DE-604
830		0	\|a Kulturno-istorisko nasledstvo na Republika Makedonija \|v 58 \|w (DE-604)BV012272437 \|9 58
856	4	2	\|m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 \|q application/pdf \|u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024743046&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA \|3 Inhaltsverzeichnis
856	4	2	\|m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 \|q application/pdf \|u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024743046&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA \|3 Abstract
940	1		\|n oe
999			\|a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024743046
942	1	1	\|c 306.09 \|e 22/bsb \|f 09034 \|g 4976
942	1	1	\|c 307.09 \|e 22/bsb \|f 09034 \|g 4976

Datensatz im Suchindex

_version_	1804148829686071296
adam_text	СОДРЖИНА I. ВОВЕД ............................................................................................................................... 14 II. ИСТОРИСКИ И УРБАНИСТИЧКИ PA3BOJ НА ГРАДОТ .............................................. 17 Географија............................................................................................................. 19 Топографија ........................................................................................................... 19 Клима ...................................................................................................................... 19 Историја ..................................................................................................................20 Економија ................................................................................................................23 Култура ....................................................................................................................27 Население ............................................................................................................... ЗО Урбана морфологија ........................................................................................................32 Маала ......................................................................................................................34 Централно јадро .....................................................................................................35 Цркви .......................................................................................................................36 Гробишта ................................................................................................................38 Урбанистички микро елементи ......................................................................................38 Куќа .........................................................................................................................38 Улици .......................................................................................................................39 Плоштади ................................................................................................................40 Просторно-амбиентални вредности ..............................................................................41 Идентитет на градот .......................................................................................................41 Урбан пејсаж ....................................................................................................................43 III. СОЗДАВАЊЕ И АНАЛИЗА НА КУЌАТА ОД XIX ВЕК ...................................................47 Конфигурација натеренот .....................................................................................49 Клима....................................................................................................................... 50 Сопственик .............................................................................................................52 Градители ...............................................................................................................53 Влијанија .................................................................................................................60 Типолошки анализи......................................................................................................... 62 Основни елементи на куќата .....................................................................................62 Чардак .....................................................................................................................62 Трем......................................................................................................................... 65 Кујнски просторий ..................................................................................................65 Гостинска (приємна) одаја ....................................................................................68 Соба .........................................................................................................................70 Визба .......................................................................................................................72 Штала ......................................................................................................................72 Општи одлики на просторната организација.......................................................... 72 Анализа на типови ......................................................................................................74 Куќи со правоаголна основа со средишен трем и чардак поставени по цела длабочина - тип А .................................................................76 - Куќи со правоаголна основа и средишно поставен чардак (и трем) со скали во просторно издвоен дел формиран со двострано стеснување на ширината на чардакот во задниот дел на основата - варијантно решение А1 .....................................................77 - Куќи со правоаголна основа и средишно поставен чардак (и трем) кој просторните го опкружуваат во форма на буквата Π - варијантно решение А2 ...............................................................................78 - Куќи со правоаголна основа, средишно поставен чардак (и трем) кој просторите ги опкружуваат во форма на буквата „П и скали во просторно издвоен дел поставен нормално или во продолжение на просторот на чардакот- варијантно решение A3.................................................................78 Куќи сотрем и чардак на агол-тип Б .....................................................................80 - Куќи со трем и чардак на агол и екали во просторно издвоен дел поставен во продолжение на чардакот - варијантно решение Б1 .....................................................................................80 - Куќи со трем и чардак на агол и екали во просторно издвоен дел поставен нормално на просторот на чардакот- варијантно решение Б2 .................................................................81 - Куќи со трем и чардак на агол и ходници поставени во продолжение и нормално на просторот на чардакот - варијантно решение БЗ .................................................................................81 Куќи со „L форма на основата и средишен трем и чардак по цела длабочина на куката- Варијантно решение В1 ................................82 Куќи со „L форма на основата со трем и чардак поставени на агол (односно во еден од краците на основата) - варијантно решение В2 .............................................................................................................................83 Куќи со правилна основа и комбинација на типови и форми на чардак и трем по нивоа-тип Г .......................................................................83 Атипични куќи ....................................................................................................84 Братски куќи ......................................................................................................84 Нестандардни куќи ................................................,..........................................85 Развој на куќата по типови............................................................................................ 86 Куќата итеренот .............................................................................................................89 Техника на градење ........................................................................................................91 Градежни материјали ......................................................................................................95 Елементи на ликовно обликовни вредности ................................................................95 Екстериер ....................................................................................................................96 Еркер .......................................................................................................................96 Балкон .....................................................................................................................96 Тимпанон .................................................................................................................98 Стреи .....................................................................................................................100 Оџаци .....................................................................................................................102 Прозорци............................................................................................................... 102 Влезна врата ........................................................................................................104 Скали .....................................................................................................................104 Ентериер ....................................................................................................................105 Миндери ................................................................................................................105 Долали................................................................................................................... 105 Ниши ......................................................................................................................107 Мусандри ...............................................................................................................107 Камини ...................................................................................................................109 Огништа ............. .............111 Тавани ....................................................................................................................111 Врати .....................................................................................................................112 Огради ...................................................................................................................113 Обликовни и стилски карактеристики ........................................................................114 Архитектонско оформување на фасадите .............................................................114 Влијанија на ,стилската архитектура .....................................................................117 Дворишен комплекс ..................................................................................................119 IV. РАЗВОЈ НА КРУШЕВСКАТА КУКА ВО ВТОРАТА ПОЛОВИНА HAXIX ВЕК И ПОЧЕТОК НА XX ВЕК ..........................................................121 Типолошки анализи .......................................................................................................123 Куќи со правоаголна основа со средишен трем и чардак по цела длабочина на куката-тип А ............................................................................................................124 Куќи со правоаголна основа со средишено поставен трем и чардак со скали во просторно издвоен дел формиран со двострано стеснување на ширината на чардакот во задниот дел на основата - варијантно решение А1 ..............124 Куќи со правоаголна основа со средишен трем и чардак и просторий кои го опкружуваат во форма на буквата Π - варијантно решение А2 ..............................................................125 Куќи со квадратна или приближно квадратна основа со чардак на агол и скали во просторно издвоен дел во продолжение на чардакот-тип Б ..................................................................................................125 Куќи со основа во форма на буквата „L со трем и чардак централно поставени - тип В ...........................................................................................................................126 Куќи со комбинација на типови и форми на трем и чардак по нивоа-тип Г ........................................................................................................127 Атипични куќи ...........................................................................................................127 Просторна организација ................................................................................................127 Техника на градење ......................................................................................................128 Обликовни и стилски карактеристики ........................................................................129 Архитектонско оформување на фасадите .............................................................129 Влијанија на .стилската архитектура .....................................................................130 V. КРУШЕВСКАТА КУЌА ОД XIX ВЕК-ПОТЕКЛО .........................................................135 VI. СПОРЕДБЕНИ АНАЛИЗИ .............................................................................................147 Основна концепција на просторот и организација на функциите ............................151 Анализа по типови ....................................................................................................152 Функционална организација ....................................................................................159 Надворешна обработка - обликовни детали .............................................................165 Сликарска декорација на фасадите .......................................................................170 Обработка на ентериерот ........................................................................................174 Сликарска декорација во ентериерот на куќите ..................................................177 VII. РЕЗИМЕ ........................................................................................................................181 SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................193 Библиографија ....................................................................................................................203 Кратенки ............................................................................................................................213 Графички дел .....................................................................................................................215 Фотодокументација ............................................................................................................273 Summary Kruševo, a small town in western Macedonia, probably like many other smaller settlements that have hardly anything to arise the interest with, would have never attracted any attention if it were not for its exquisite urban architecture. While visitors experience the exciting landscape of this eagle-s nest and the houses of the old-town 19th century architecture, for scientists it represents a real challenge to reveal the secrets of the urbanists , architects and masons from the past, who pondered into a true creative adventure of erecting a town on such a „non-urban terrain and building houses which could raise the envy of the best masters within the masons „guild . In this regard, the challenge of this study was to research the origin, creation and evolution of the Kruševo house; to elucidate the mysteries in the soul of the place and the spirit of the people who endowed us with the Krućevo house and its exceptional individuality. The town emerged in a relatively short period of half a century, that is, towards the close of the 18th and the turn of the 19th centuries. It is situated in an area of a kind of natural amphitheatre high in the Buša mountain. Vlachs from Moskopole, Nikolica, Gramos, Bitkuki, Opari and other smaller places settled here, bringing along their masonry and dwelling culture and tradition. Miyaks from the Reka area also migrated here introducing their culture of living and tradition of building. The immigrated Vlachs and Macedonians had one thing in common - the tradition of building settlements high in the mountains and constructing houses in natural amphitheatric areas. This steep terrain was presumably one of the reasons for their settling in Kruševo, which was at that time a small settlement of no economic or strategic importance, away from any road network. The first thing they had to do was to overcome the challenges of the inhospitable terrain. The town rose and evolved on clear, small and steep terrain where „urban planners created conditions for normal functioning and modeled the original panorama of the town with densely arranged windows and roofs of houses nested close to one another, thus composing the fascinating town façade . Vlachs and Miyaks, although deriving from different ethnic origin, also shared the tradition of living in freedom. Neither of the ethnic groups had experience of cohabitation with Turks in the places from which they emigrated to Kruševo. It was presumably this common aspect that gave Kruševo people the power and strength to preserve the autonomy and independence of the town during the Ottoman rule. The Turkish administration had one small military unit in the town, but not a single Muslim became a citizen of Kruševo. It was not because Kruševo inhabitants 194 Крушевска куќа were inhospitable, but merely because they had a high sense of freedom. Their democratic spirit and the aspiration to equality of the different ethnicities were clearly expressed in their Manifesto. The synergy of individuality and the system open to modern political concepts and democratic processes prevailing within Kruševo people made the town rise into an important political centre. This state of spirit and ideas shaped the circumstances for the Hinden Uprising and the Kruševo Republic. Both events - the rebellious heroism and the attempt for attaining to organized state have left behind profound traces on the town and on the Macedonian national ethos and individuality. Kruševo was an important link in the Macedonian historic continuity - the small town has taken an outstanding place in the great history. The outcome of the gradual adjustment to the terrain and climate, as well as the fusion of two ethnicities, was a town pervaded with the air of urban spirit and architectural modernism. Two water supply systems used to supply with water not only the street fountains, but also the ones in the courtyards of the houses. There was also a sewerage system, municipal fire pump, gaz/ /nď (petroleum storehouse). Among the streets paved with macadam the most impressive is the so-called terrace-stairs street. Twenty hotels and two restaurants were active in the town, in which people used to play billiard, drink beer and enjoy delicious Krućevo culinary specialties. Both ethnicities immigrated to the town with already established models in the culture of living, which they developed through their own experience and tradition, but also through their enhanced trading and cultural relations with Europe. The settlers belonged to different social categories: merchants, masons, craftsmen, farmers, having been highly appreciated and renowned in their trade. Their relations with the West had already been established, whether in the domain of trading or education. The tradition continued. The autonomous and, in away, original urban life composed an air of exceptionally rich spirit of people. The number of schools in the town marked a continual rise and young people from Kruševo attended universities throughout Europe (Germany, Athens, Bucharest, etc.) Kruševo-s merchants communicated with big trading centers in the East and in the West. The vigorous and gifted Kruševo people, communicating with these economic and cultural centers, turned their town into a respectable economic, political and cultural center. Many of them became renowned for their ideas and talents outside their local area. Simply, this has led to the creation of a town with an own identity and spirit, a small but yet a great town in terms of its organization and way of life. The rich tradition and historical memory, the indigenous spiritual and cultural development exerted substantial influence upon the architecture of the town, the spatial and functional organization of the houses, as well as on its architectonic and stylistic design. The settlers used to build their own houses for their families, displaying their cultural models and indicating their social position. This was largely influenced by the high living standards they brought from their places of origin. The houses that were built were based on the Moskopole house type, but also on the ones from the mountainous places throughout Epirus and Thessaly, combined with the building traditions and masonry of the Reka area. Hence, the settlers already had in mind the plans for the already developed house types - houses with central or corner porches and terraces, houses with regular square, rectangular or L shaped base plan. However, the mutual influences and the local experience composed a synthesis representing a genuine architecture for this area, with various д-р Марула Николоска 195 solutions and functional features. This was imposed as a necessity for solving the landscaping, climatic and spatial problems within the tradition and the existential needs of the people. The common features of houses from this period also apply to the Kruševo house: the positioning of the rooms around a central space - porch, vertical development of functions and division of the space into winter and summer dwelling, al well as application of building materials - stone and wood, construction techniques - massive stone support walls and wooden framing structure {bondruk), fixed furniture - musandras, do/aps, minders and fireplaces. Four distinct types of houses had been created in the town and they correspond to the houses of the other analyzed countries - houses with rectangular base and central porch and terrace (chardaK); houses with square or almost square base and porch and terrace placed at the corner; houses with L shaped form with porch and terrace in the center or in one of the sides of the base; as well as houses with regular base and combination of the form and the disposition of the terrace (porch) in levels. In addition, there are different varieties of the basic types, than brothers- houses, as well as atypical and non-standard houses. Characteristic for the typological solutions for Kruševo, is the version with double-sided extension of the width of the terrace at the front part of the base, made by slanting of the lateral walls of the terrace, in analogy with the slanting of the flanking walls of the house. This harmonization which is fully respected, especially for the houses with centrally placed terrace, is almost absent at the other analyzed houses. The terrace with two corridors is also specific. Both the houses with central disposition of the terrace and the ones with terraces at the corners feature spatial separations of the terrace area in continuation or the terrace area itself becomes the space for the stairs. The placement of the stairs in the terrace area shows certain patterns. Hence, at the houses with terrace at the corner they applied single stairs which enable continuous movement or have a different position at the different levels. In the case of the centrally placed terrace surrounded by rooms in the shape of the Cyrillic letter Π , there are also pairs of symmetrically placed single stairs along the two flanking walls. The houses with two-sided expansion/narrowing of the terrace, the three-leveled stairs are indispensable, while in the houses with terraces with spatially separated parts the double-sided stairs were used. The brothers- houses in Kruševo and the manner of their division in two identical parts is also among the features of the Kruševo house. The study of Kruševo house and the comparative analysis with contemporary houses in other towns, enabled detecting of other distinctive features. Despite the fact that the houses are located on a steep terrain, their basic plans show regular shapes. However, there are occasional exceptions and one of this irregularities has been observed in the typical flaring of flanking walls towards the front fąuade, permitting the front facade greater access to sun and better view. The second irregularity has been observed at the flanking risa/its- (one or two of them) set near the main entrance door. Kruševo-s small risa/its are different from the much thicker ones applied in some houses in other towns. The distinctiveness of the Kruševo house also arises from the emphasized 196 Крушевска куќа use of stone walls, which prevail in the combination with wooden framing at different levels. It is also characterized with exterior stone staircases, elaborate architectural details and outstanding technical solutionsthatovercomethe numerous construction problems, such as the fixing of stone eaves with the eaves of wooden framing at the corners or their joint at the flanking fąuade, the building of chimney tubes in the outer walls of the wooden framing, etc., as well as the recessed binder lines and the specific use of kushaks- studs concealed in walls, a technique originating from the Middle Ages.762 A standard feature with no alternative for the Kruševo house is the exceptional mode of filling-in the wooden framing at the òondruk waWs with wattle-and-daub mixed with hemp and coated with lime-mortar. The extensions and jetties, as well as their design at the different levels enhance the magnificence of the facades of the Kruševo houses, supplemented by the plastered and decorative baskets placed at the jetties and the tympanums. The regularity of the size, as well as the interior spatial organization result in symmetrically or asymmetrically formed basis and facades. The combination of horizontal and vertical lines, formed by application of construction materials, the positioning, form and rhythm of the elements is characteristic for the facades. A significant element of the vertical aspect, not only on the main fąuade but also on the entire house is the composition ensemble at the entrance formed by several combined elements. These combinations include semi-vaulted entrance door to the basement, entrance door to the high ground floor level, balcony on the upper floor and tympanum on the roof; entrance door to the basement, the balconies on the first and second floor and tympanum on the roof; entrance door to the basement, entrance door to the higher ground floor level with two laterally placed sides (along the façade wall), stone stairs, jetties at the first floor and tympanum on the roof etc. The vertical aspect created in this manner at the main entrance in the house, at the symmetrical, but also at the asymmetrical facades, accentuated by the lateral risalits, the placement and the size of the lateral extensions and jetties confirm the esthetic maturity of both masons and owners. The highlight of the design is the painted tympanum and the stone eave above it, showing diversity of colors and motifs not usually applied in the painted decoration of tympanums in other towns. They include central mandorla, usually bearing an inscription with the year of construction and various animals depicted on the sides: two lions; a lion and unicorn; a scene of fight between man and lion; floral patterns and diverse architectural elements or crosses. The finishing touch of this decoration is the painting on the stone eave above the tympanum, most frequently bearing depiction of a pair of birds with stretched wings (either with risen heads, or in motion, flying downwards or preparing to fly away) or pairs of horses, sheep and different types of trees. All these patterns are typical only for Kruševo tympanum and have not been applied in the rare cases of painted tympanums in other analyzed houses (mostly in Macedonia and Bulgaria). The frequent depiction of the lion on Kruševo tympanums, that is, a composition of two lions one opposite another, a man and lion in fight, as well as renderings of diverse mythological creatures - winged lion, unicorn, etc., also contribute to the Муцопулос К. H. , Грчка народна кућа, Народно градитељство...,106. д-р Марула Николоска 197 specific identity and individuality of the house. This fact is complemented merely by painting of facade walls above windows, a feature distinctive only for Kruševo houses. These paintings depict horses, unicorns, swans, struggling birds, various plants, etc. The aesthetic expression of the houses is emphasized by eaves painted with floral and zoomorphic decoration. The play of the light and dark achieved with the use of the building materials, their texture and color, the presence and the manner of placement of the stone and wooden framed plastered walls create a grading effect of light/dark, but also smooth/ coarse. The grayish-blue, greenish and reddish hues of used stone, the white and the indigo blue on the mortar, the natural wood color or the characteristic hues of the indigo-blue on the wooden elements of the facades (gutters, windows, doors), the whiteness of the plastered and varnished walls or in some cases the indigo-blue of the mortar, the dark grey of the roof tiles contribute to the forming of the specific physiognomy of the houses in Kruševo. The centrally or asymmetrically vertical at the house entrance, accentuated by one or two risalits and the extensions and the jetties above them, than the positioning of the volumes, the form and rhythm of architectonic elements are also adding to its values. All this is a result of the refined taste and exquisite cultural tradition, the sense of measure, the skills and knowledge of the masons. The houses can be experienced through their color, gradation, proportion, symmetry and serene asymmetry, balance, rhythm, silhouette with growing intensity of the heights at the different levels (ground floor, first and second floor). In this regard, the research of J. Aleksieva showed the complete proportional rendering of the facades, that is, the accomplishment of high achievements in the proportions of the Kruševo house. In this manner, each house forms its own identity, but also shapes the architectonic image of Kruševo, enriched by the green of the forest that surrounds it or the white of the winter. One of the most important features of Kruševo houses are the ones with two tympanums arising from the existence of two main facades. They are truly unique and have not been seen in any of the analyzed houses. The development of two front fa/L/ades was the reason for another characteristic exclusive of the Kruševo house - three balconies, one on the first storey and two on the second one. This composition has been enhanced by diverse combinations of horizontal, semi- round or elliptical headings above doors and side windows. Particularly noteworthy is the round or elliptical rosette depicting stylized sun placed above doors with horizontal headings. This composition, more precisely, the one with horizontal door and window headings has been applied in Macedonia and exceptionally rarely in Bulgaria, Turkey, Greece and Albania. The composition with semicircular or elliptic door end has been applied only at certain houses in Greece. Transparent balusters on balconies and wrought iron window grids (applied even at the top level up to one third of the window height) complement the entire aesthetic and visual effect of the house. Important feature of the ±stylistic2 design of Kruševo house are the Western European influences in the construction and architecture They are embraced in the diversity and richness of stylistic elements, which have been applied for the purpose of emphasizing the structural elements 198 Крушевска куќа and the spatial volume wherever the architectural form would allow it. In that sense, it should not be considered embellishment, but rather expression of aesthetic concept, as well as development of spiritual life and material culture of population having expressed it through architecture, way of dressing and lifestyle. All elements of the facade have been subject to decorative treatment - supports of jetties and tympanums, the composition of double door and side windows at the balconies, the wrought iron balusters on the terrace, the French balcony, entrance stairs, as well as the protection window grids and tympanums. This also applies to eaves and fąuade wall portions ornamented with patterns and symmetric compositions distinctive only for Krusevo architecture, as well as the voluminous painted elements, wooden borders of facades, windows and doors. They all indicate the western influences, which can also be perceived in the interior design of the houses. The regularity of the base of the Krusevo house enables emphasized simplicity and clear composition of the spatial organization of the house, by applying the same form and disposition of the rooms at all levels. The only aberration is found at the base of the basement (ground floor) which is adjusted to the terrain. Another noteworthy peculiarity is certainly the closed space of porches and terraces, a technique that has been applied in all Krusevo houses without exception, unlike most of the towns, where both open and closed porches and terraces have been observed. The porch and terrace embody the centre of communication at the horizontal level and in the vertical development alike. They represent the linking space that provides access to every room on a house floor (whereas in a number of houses from other areas considered in the comparative analysis there were rooms that do not have a direct access from the porch or terrace). The organization of Krusevo house has regularly been in three levels - a ground floor and two stories, or a ground floor, higher ground floor, unlike other towns, where contemporaneous existence has been recorded of houses including a ground floor and storey, a ground floor, mezzanine and upper storey, etc. The division into economic premises, dwelling rooms and reception ones, i.e., into winter and summer dwellings does not have a decisive role in the Krusevo house. The contacts of the Krusevo people with developed towns in the Levant and Europe have motivated designing of construction program that would ensure comfortable and representative life as an expression of the status position of a family. This is the main formative element of its functional organization. Mainly, this refers to the abundance of space designed for everyday life. There is a wide range of kitchen premises, having been combined diversely in different cases: kitchen house for living , kujnich, mijaJn/ca - sink , kjevar- a smaller and a larger one. The Kujnich is located at the highest level of the house and its is oftentimes applied in the Krusevo house as well.763 Actually, the kujnich, the mijalnica and the kjevar are among the specifics of the Krusevo house, but also in general of the Macedonian house. We encounter these elements also in the analyzed houses in Greece {kujnich) and Bulgaria {mijalnica). Габријан Д., referred work, 43. д-р Мару ла Николоска 1 99 The Kruševo open kujnich functions as a summer kitchen, placed at the bottom of the terrace at the highest house level (on the stone external wall) or on the base of the stairs leading to the terrace on the second floor. It is comprised of different elements. It is formed by three niches: one of them has a chimney pipe for preparing food on a trivet and in the central part is the sink with sewage pipe. There are also combinations of fireplace, niche (with sink) and dolap, as well as fireplace, dolap and window (with a sink) etc. All elements are elevated to the level of working surface. This type of kujnich is not divided or rarely, it can be closed by a sliding door. The open kujnich is specific and characteristic element for Kruševo in view of the functional organization of the houses. Another specific feature is the absence of hamam which could not be enrooted in this architecture, as there were no Muslims in the town. As a result of the Western influences, we witness the appearance of the French balcony, which is not noted in other houses. The group of representative rooms is also among the highlights of Kruševo house. In addition to the porch space, guest and reception oda/as- rooms were used for that purpose, situated on the second and third level, although not all houses had a reception room. Guest and reception rooms were regularly laid in the front part of the house, on both sides of the porch, in the same way as the eighteenth century nobility houses built in Kastoria, Siatitza, Plovdiv, Sliven and other towns in the 18th and 19th centuries. Encountered in the analyzed houses in several countries, the sandak-odaja is also a significant part of the organization of the Kruševo house. The regular house plan and the organization of interior space brought about building of symmetrical or asymmetrical façades. The important element of verticality, not only of the front fąuade, but also of the house itself is the composition of several features at the entrance, combined in different ways. They include the arched door for entering the basement, the front door at the elevated ground floor, balconies on the upper stories and the tympanum in the roof level, The specific design of the house also arises from stone stairs on the outside, rarely seen in other places. They are built either on one side of the main entrance, left or right, or on both sides. At the top of the vertical design formed by these elements is the triangular painted tympanum. The decorative treatment of fixed furniture, such as, dofaps and musandras, is rather plain. It is nothing like the luxuriant woodcarving with floral patterns, or udzeriks and perdes - delicate ornamental elements that used to be applied abundantly in most of the analyzed houses. Plain dolaps decorated in style, with elliptic ending and glass door, have been applied as single pieces or in pairs, whereas niches were built either as isolated elements or in composition of three. The decoration of musandras ranges from plain treatment to the one with central painted niche. Fireplaces of outstanding forms show ornamental patterns depicting the Star of David and stylized sun characteristic only for Krućevo house. Built stoves are also decorated in style. There are also double doors of the guest room, interior wall paintings (showing motifs distinctive only of Kruševo house: portraits, pastoral scenes isolated stylistically modeled columns, arcades with abundant drapes combined with medallions, birds with stretched wings and ribbon in their beaks, bunches of flowers, everything painted in distinctive manner with expressive 200 Крушевска куќа colors and voluminous effect), as well as painted ceilings (depicting rosettes of geometric forms, bunches of flowers and children-s heads in corners), enhanced with ornamented wooden elements of ceilings and fixed furniture, which are most frequently painted in distinctive blue and indigo colors, are merely a part of the ornamental features employed in Kruševo house that add to the simplicity and elegance of interior space. This ambience is supplemented with a range of diverse utilities: stylistic lamps, mirrors, chandeliers, porcelain dining sets, wall clocks, wrought iron stoves, stylistic beds, etc. These features and details determine Kruševo house as distinctively unique and most comprehensive fusion of eastern and western influences with the historical heritage showing its own original and autochthonous evolution. An important fact about its identity is that some of these stylistic elements appeared rather early. This refers, above all, to the triangular tympanums, which have hardly ever been seen in the architectures of some countries, such as, Greece and Serbia. In Kruševo they go back to 1830, (maybe even earlier), i.e., to the time of the oldest dated tympanum in Bulgaria. Kruševo house used to keep up pace with the trends and development of the modem styles. In that sense, the oldest house bearing neo-classical elements on the fa/iade dates from 1860 and the application of this style evolved further until the close of the 19th and the turn of the 20th century, when houses of this kind emerged in far bigger and more advanced centers - Tessalonica764, Bitola765 and Plovdiv.766 In a way Kruševo house is representative of many generations of skilled construction masters, who created unsurpassable space and ambience by designing and harmonizing the needs with the conditions at the terrain, thus providing evidence to the achievements this area has attained to. For these reasons, Kruševo house is a specific phenomenon in regard to the general type of town house in the Balkans. Encountering the challenges of geography and climate, by merging varied archetypes through the process of transformation, this house attained to a new synthesized type that still remained open to influences from different regions and provenance. It was enabled by the specific and original elements of this house. It simply became KRUŠEVO HOUSE. In many of their features, including the simplicity expressed in their unique elegance, Kruševo houses display a distinct organic unity, which could also be defined as their own style , thus indicating a different approach to life and reflecting the personalities of the artists and the owners alike. Kruševo house is distinguished by perfected tectonics of structure, harmonious proportions, refined architectonic details, skilled use of building materials and balanced coloratura.767 764 и Neoclassicism, the initiator of which was the Bavarian Court ruling the newly established Greek state, appeared in Greece at later time, in the second half of the 19th century - Муцопулос К. H. , Грчка народна кућа, Народно градитељство... 97. Чипан Б., Македонските градови..., 1978, 51, 99, 111 Later, in the second half of the 19th century, building began in Plovdiv of a new type of dwelling houses, which continued to adhere to the traditional symmetry in the organization, although characterized with massive structure, etc. - Пеев Д. X., referred work, 49 Волињец P., Алексиевска J., Стара крушевска куќа..., 93 766 767 д-р Мару ла Николоска 201 The results of this research, the comparative analyses and conclusions associated with the origin and evolution of house in Kruševo indicate its unique identity, also pointing out its similarities with houses from other towns. There is no doubt that this research would have been more complex, if more elaborate and more detailed researches had been carried out of the architecture in other towns. This would have enabled attaining a more profound and more complex insight into the processes of creation and mutual influences of houses in the Balkans and of Kruševo house in that framework.
any_adam_object	1
author	Nikoloska, Marula
author_facet	Nikoloska, Marula
author_role	aut
author_sort	Nikoloska, Marula
author_variant	m n mn
building	Verbundindex
bvnumber	BV039883879
ctrlnum	(OCoLC)780116520 (DE-599)BVBBV039883879
era	Geschichte 1800-1900 gnd
era_facet	Geschichte 1800-1900
format	Book
fullrecord	<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>02077nam a2200469 cb4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV039883879</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20120228 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">120213s2009 a\|\|\| \|\|\|\| 00\|\|\| mac d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9789989131110</subfield><subfield code="9">978-9989-131-11-0</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)780116520</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV039883879</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rakwb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">mac</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">7,41</subfield><subfield code="2">ssgn</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Nikoloska, Marula</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Kruševska kuḱa</subfield><subfield code="c">Marula Nikoloska</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Skopje</subfield><subfield code="b">Nacionalen Konzervatorski Centar</subfield><subfield code="c">2009</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">347 S.</subfield><subfield code="b">zahlr. Ill.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="490" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Kulturno-istorisko nasledstvo na Republika Makedonija</subfield><subfield code="v">58</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">PST: Kruševo house. - In kyrill. Schr., mazedon. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="648" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 1800-1900</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Wohnkultur</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4117674-1</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Stadthaus</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4271379-1</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Kruševo</subfield><subfield code="g">Makedonien</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4663688-2</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Kruševo</subfield><subfield code="g">Makedonien</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4663688-2</subfield><subfield code="D">g</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Stadthaus</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4271379-1</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Wohnkultur</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4117674-1</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="3"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 1800-1900</subfield><subfield code="A">z</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="830" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Kulturno-istorisko nasledstvo na Republika Makedonija</subfield><subfield code="v">58</subfield><subfield code="w">(DE-604)BV012272437</subfield><subfield code="9">58</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024743046&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024743046&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Abstract</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="940" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="n">oe</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024743046</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">306.09</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">09034</subfield><subfield code="g">4976</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">307.09</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">09034</subfield><subfield code="g">4976</subfield></datafield></record></collection>
geographic	Kruševo Makedonien (DE-588)4663688-2 gnd
geographic_facet	Kruševo Makedonien
id	DE-604.BV039883879
illustrated	Illustrated
indexdate	2024-07-10T00:13:21Z
institution	BVB
isbn	9789989131110
language	Macedonian
oai_aleph_id	oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024743046
oclc_num	780116520
open_access_boolean
owner	DE-12
owner_facet	DE-12
physical	347 S. zahlr. Ill.
publishDate	2009
publishDateSearch	2009
publishDateSort	2009
publisher	Nacionalen Konzervatorski Centar
record_format	marc
series	Kulturno-istorisko nasledstvo na Republika Makedonija
series2	Kulturno-istorisko nasledstvo na Republika Makedonija
spelling	Nikoloska, Marula Verfasser aut Kruševska kuḱa Marula Nikoloska Skopje Nacionalen Konzervatorski Centar 2009 347 S. zahlr. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Kulturno-istorisko nasledstvo na Republika Makedonija 58 PST: Kruševo house. - In kyrill. Schr., mazedon. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geschichte 1800-1900 gnd rswk-swf Wohnkultur (DE-588)4117674-1 gnd rswk-swf Stadthaus (DE-588)4271379-1 gnd rswk-swf Kruševo Makedonien (DE-588)4663688-2 gnd rswk-swf Kruševo Makedonien (DE-588)4663688-2 g Stadthaus (DE-588)4271379-1 s Wohnkultur (DE-588)4117674-1 s Geschichte 1800-1900 z DE-604 Kulturno-istorisko nasledstvo na Republika Makedonija 58 (DE-604)BV012272437 58 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024743046&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024743046&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract
spellingShingle	Nikoloska, Marula Kruševska kuḱa Kulturno-istorisko nasledstvo na Republika Makedonija Wohnkultur (DE-588)4117674-1 gnd Stadthaus (DE-588)4271379-1 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4117674-1 (DE-588)4271379-1 (DE-588)4663688-2
title	Kruševska kuḱa
title_auth	Kruševska kuḱa
title_exact_search	Kruševska kuḱa
title_full	Kruševska kuḱa Marula Nikoloska
title_fullStr	Kruševska kuḱa Marula Nikoloska
title_full_unstemmed	Kruševska kuḱa Marula Nikoloska
title_short	Kruševska kuḱa
title_sort	krusevska kuka
topic	Wohnkultur (DE-588)4117674-1 gnd Stadthaus (DE-588)4271379-1 gnd
topic_facet	Wohnkultur Stadthaus Kruševo Makedonien
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024743046&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024743046&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
volume_link	(DE-604)BV012272437
work_keys_str_mv	AT nikoloskamarula krusevskakuka

Verfügbarkeit

Es ist kein Print-Exemplar vorhanden.

Fernleihe Bestellen Achtung: Nicht im THWS-Bestand! Inhaltsverzeichnis

MARC

Datensatz im Suchindex

Es ist kein Print-Exemplar vorhanden.

Ähnliche Einträge