The UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: a commentary
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Oxford
Oxford University Press
2012
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Oxford commentaries on international law
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | LVII, 731 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9780199565061 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women |b a commentary |c edited by Marsha A. Freeman, Christine Chinkin, Beate Rudolf ; assistant editors Susann Kroworsch, Allison Sherrier, Sarah Wittkopp |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | IMAGE 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD DEDICATION
PREFACE
AUTHORS CONTRIBUTIONS
A NOTE ON THE AUTHORS
A NOTE ON CITATION FORMATS
A NOTE ON CITATIONS TO THE COMMENTARY
TABLE OF ACRONYMS
TABLE OF CASES
TABLE OF LEGISLATION
INTRODUCTION 1
A. INTRODUCTION 2
B. TOWARDS A CONVENTION ON ELIMINATION OF DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN 3
I. THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS 3
II. THE UN CHARTER 4
III. THE DECLARATION ON THE ELIMINATION OF DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN,
1967 5 IV. THE UN DECADE FOR WOMEN 1975-1985 AND THE DECADE WORLD
CONFERENCES 6 V. ADOPTION OF THE CONVENTION, 1979 6
C. STRUCTURE OF THE CONVENTION 8
I. PREAMBLE 8
II. ARTICLES 1 TO 5 8
III. ARTICLES 6 TO 16 10
IV. ARTICLES 17 TO 22 11
V. ARTICLES 23 TO 30 12
VI. THE OPTIONAL PROTOCOL 13
D. ISSUES OF DEFINITION AND INTERPRETATION 13
I. THE COMMITTEE AS INTERPRETIVE BODY 13
II. DEFINITIONS 14
1. WOMAN 14
2. GENDER 55
3. DOMESTIC IMPLEMENTATION 16
III. CORE CONCEPTS 17
1. THE EQUALITY MODEL 17
2. EQUALITY AND EQUITY 18
IV. WOMEN S MULTIPLE IDENTITIES 19
V. RESPECT, PROTECT, FULFIL 19
E. INTERPRETIVE PROCESSES AND MECHANISMS 20
I. GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS 20
II. CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS 22
III. INDIVIDUAL COMMUNICATIONS AND INQUIRY 22
IV. SUGGESTIONS, DECISIONS, AND STATEMENTS 23
V. STATUS OF INTERPRETIVE MECHANISMS AS SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 23
VI. CONTRIBUTIONS BY NGOS 24
F. INTERPRETING AND APPLYING CONVENTION NORMS: SUBSTANTIVE AND
CONTEXTUAL ISSUES 25
IMAGE 2
X J V TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. THE CONVENTION AS A HUMAN RIGHTS INSTRUMENT 25
II. RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS 26
III. THE CONVENTION, NON-DEROGABILITY, AND CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW
28
IV. INTEGRATING GENDER PERSPECTIVES INTO THE HUMAN RIGHTS WORK OF THE
UNITED NATIONS ^
V. CHALLENGES BASED ON RELIGION AND CULTURE 30
VI. THE CHALLENGES OF GLOBALIZATION 31
G. THE CONVENTION IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY 32
PREAMBLE 35
A. INTRODUCTION 3O
B. TRAVAUX PREPARATOIRES 3S
C. ISSUES OF INTERPRETATION 38
I. STRUCTURE OF THE PREAMBLE 38
II. CONTENTS OF THE PREAMBLE PARAGRAPHS 39
ARTICLE 1 51
A. INTRODUCTION 52
I. BACKGROUND 52
II. CONCEPTS OF EQUALITY AND DISCRIMINATION 53
1. FORMAL EQUALITY 53
2. SUBSTANTIVE EQUALITY 54
3. TRANSFORMATIVE EQUALITY 55
4. EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY 56
5. EQUALITY OF RESULT OR EQUALITY OF OUTCOME 56
III. COMPARISON WITH CORRESPONDING ARTICLES IN OTHER HUMAN RIGHTS
INSTRUMENTS 57
B. TRAVAUX PREPARATOIRES 57
C, ISSUES OF INTERPRETATION 59
I. ANALYSIS OF THE TEXT 59
1. ANY DISTINCTION, EXCLUSION OR RESTRICTION MADE ON THE BASIS OF
[SEX] 59
2. SEX, GENDER AND SEXUALITY 59
3. WHICH HAS THE EFFECTOR PURPOSE OF 60
4. IMPAIRING OR NULLIFYING THE RECOGNITION, ENJOYMENT OR EXERCISE BY
WOMEN 60 5. IRRESPECTIVE OF THEIR MARITAL STATUS 61
6. ON A BASIS OF EQUALITY OF MEN AND WOMEN 61
7. OR HUMAN RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS IN THE POLITICAL, ECONOMIC,
SOCIAL, CULTURAL, CIVIL OR ANY OTHER FIELD 62
II. INTERPRETATION BY THE COMMITTEE 62
1. GENERAL APPROACH 62
2. SEX AND GENDER 64
3. SEXUALITY/SEXUAL ORIENTATION 64
4. CONCEPTS OF EQUALITY 64
A) FORMAL AND SUBSTANTIVE EQUALITY 64
B) DE JURE AND DE FACTO EQUALITY 65
C) DIRECT AND INDIRECT DISCRIMINATION 65
D) EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY/EQUALITY OF OUTCOME OR RESULT 66
E) EQUALITY AND EQUITY 66
5. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ARTICLE 1 AND ARRICLE 4 67
6. RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS TO WHICH THE CONVENTION APPLIES 67
A} BROADER APPLICATION: VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN 68
~. INTERSECTIONALITV (58
D. RESERVATIONS JQ
IMAGE 3
TABLE OF CONTENTS XV
ARTICLE 2 71
A. INTRODUCTION 72
B. TRAVAUX PREPARATOIRES 73
C. ISSUES OF INTERPRETATION 74
I. CHAPEAU 75
1. STATES PARTIES CONDEMN DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN IN AIL ITS
FORMS 75 2. AGREE TO PURSUE BY ALL APPROPRIATE MEANS AND WITHOUT DELAY
A POLICY OF ELIMINATING DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN 76
3. ALL APPROPRIATE MEANSV (ALL) APPROPRIATE MEASURES 77
4. AND, TO THIS END, UNDERTAKE 78
II. ARTICLE 2(A) 78
1. DIRECT INCORPORATION OF THE CONVENTION INTO DOMESTIC LAW 79
2. AND TO ENSURE, THROUGH LAW AND OTHER APPROPRIATE MEANS, THE PRACTICAL
REALIZATION OF THIS PRINCIPLE 82
III. ARTICLE 2(B) 83
IV. ARTICLE 2(C) 84
V. ARTICLE 2(D) 85
VI. ARTICLE 2(E) 86
VII. ARTICLE 2(F) 90
VIII. ARTICLE 2(G) 92
D. OTHER ISSUES OF APPLICATION 93
I. FEDERAL STATES/STATES WITH DECENTRALIZED OR DEVOLVED GOVERNANCE
ARRANGEMENTS 93 II. TERRITORIAL APPLICATION OF THE CONVENTION 93
III. EXTRATERRITORIAL APPLICATION OF THE CONVENTION 94
IV. CONDUCT OF STATES PARTIES AS PARTICIPANTS IN INTERNATIONAL
ORGANIZATIONS 96 V. RATIFICATION OF OTHER INSTRUMENTS 97
E. RESERVATIONS 97
ARTICLE 3 101
A. INTRODUCTION 101
B. TRAVAUX PREPARATOIRES 103
C. ISSUES OF INTERPRETATION 103
I. STATES PARTIES SHALL TAKE IN ALL FIELDS 103
II. IN PARTICULAR IN POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND CULTURAL FIELDS
105 III. AIL APPROPRIATE MEASURES 107
IV. INCLUDING LEGISLATION 108
V. TO ENSURE THE FULL DEVELOPMENT AND ADVANCEMENT OF WOMEN 108 VI.
FOR THE PURPOSE OF GUARANTEEING THEM THE EXERCISE AND ENJOYMENT OF
HUMAN RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS 112
VII. ON A BASIS OF EQUALITY WITH MEN 114
D. EQUALITY IN CONTEXT 114
I. FORMAL, SUBSTANTIVE, AND TRANSFORMATIVE EQUALITY 114
E. STATES PARTIES OBLIGATIONS 115
I. IMPLEMENTATION: RESPECT, PROTECT, PROMOTE AND FULFIL 115
1. OBLIGATION TO RESPECT 11(3
2. OBLIGATION TO PROTECT 119
3. OBLIGATION TO PROMOTE AND FULFIL 120
F. CONCLUSIONS 121
ARTICLE 4 123
A. INTRODUCTION 124
I. BACKGROUND 124
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
II. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF ARTICLE 4 126
1. SPECIAL MEASURES ARE INTEGRAHO DE FACTO EQUALITY 126
2. PROTECTING MATERNITY IS INTEGRAL TO DEVELOPMENT AND SUSCAINABILITY
127 3. SPECIAL 1 27
4. MANDATORY NATURE 2
5- FINANCING OF SPECIAL MEASURES 2
6. TIME SCALE 1 29
III. COMPARISON TO CORRESPONDING ARTICLES IN OTHER HUMAN RIGHTS
INSTRUMENTS 129
B. TRAVAUX PREPARATOIRES 30
C. ISSUES OF INTERPRETATION-ARTICLE 4(1) 30
I. PROMOTIONAL EQUALITY 30
1. ACCELERATING DE FACTO EQUALITY 130
2. SPECIAL MEASURES 31
3. SPECIAL MEASURES ARE NOT DISCRIMINARORY 131
4. SYSTEMIZATION OF TSMS IN DIFFERENT CONTEXTS 131
5. TEMPORARY 3J
II. ISSUES OF POLICY ^^
1. MERIT 134
2. TARGET BENEFICIARIES 134
3. BURDEN ON THIRD PARTIES 35
III. AREAS OF APPLICATION 135
1. SCOPE OF PROMOTIONAL SPECIAL MEASURES 135
2. INTERSECRIONALITY 136
D. ISSUES OFLNTERPRETATION-ARTICLE 4(2) 136
I. MATERNITY 136
1. PROCREATION-BIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCE 136
2. CHILDREARING 137
ARTICLE 5 141
A. INTRODUCTION 142
I. THE PLACE AND FUNCTION OF ARTICLE 5 IN THE CONVENTION 142
1. GENDER STEREOTYPES AND FIXED PARENTAL GENDER ROLES 142
2. THE PLACE OF ARTICLE 5 IN THE CONVENTION 143
3. TRANSFORMARIVE EQUALITY AND STRUCTURAL DISCRIMINATION 143
4. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ARTICLE 5 AND DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN
144 5. EQUALITY, DIGNITY, AND DIVERSITY 145
II. GENDER STEREOTYPES AND FIXED PARENTAL GENDER ROLES 146
1. IDEAS ABOUT THE INFERIORITY OR SUPERIORITY OF EITHER OF THE SEXES 146
2. GENDER AND GENDER STEREOTYPES 147
3. FIXED PARENRAL GENDER ROLES 147
4. THE PERSISTENCE OF GENDER STEREOTYPES 148
5. GENDER STEREOTYPES AND INTERSECTIONAL DISCRIMINATION 149
III. THE CONCEPT OF CULTURE IN THE CONTEXT OF ARTICLE 5 150
IV. RELATED PROVISIONS IN OTHER HUMAN RIGHTS DOCUMENTS 151
B. TRAVAUX PREPARATOIRES 151
I. THE BASIS FOR THE ARTICLE 151
II. DEVELOPMENTS DURING THE DRAFTING PROCESS 152
C. THE COMMITTEE S INTERPRETATION OF ARTICLE 5 153
I. REFERENCES IN COMMITTEE DOCUMENTS 153
II. ARTICLE 5 IN RELATION TO THE PROHIBITION OF DISCRIMINATION AGAINST
WOMEN 154 1. DIRECT DISCRIMINATION 154
2. INDIRECT DISCRIMINATION 155
3. STRUCTURAL DISCRIMINATION 155
III. THE COMMITTEE S APPROACH TO CULTURE 155
1. THE COMMITTEES RESPONSE TO CULTURAL ESSENTIALISM 155
IMAGE 5
TABLE OF CONTENTS XVII
2. CULTURAL PRACTICES AND BELIEFS UNDER THE SCOPE OF ARTICLE 5 156
A) TRADITIONAL HARMFUL PRACTICES AND BELIEFS 156
B) MACHISMO 157
C) PROTECTIVE MATERNITY LAWS 157
D) BREADWINNER MODELS AND SHARING RESPONSIBILITIES WITHIN THE FAMILY 158
E) GENDER STEREOTYPING IN EDUCATION AND THE MEDIA 159
3. CULTURE AND RELIGION CANNOT JUSTIFY DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN 159
D. ISSUES OF IMPLEMENTATION 161
I. THE NATURE OFTHE OBLIGATIONS UNDER ARTICLE 5 161
1. ALL APPROPRIATE MEASURES TO MODIFY PATTERNS OF CONDUCT AND TO ENSURE
EDUCATION 161 2. MEASURES TO MODIFY STEREOTYPED REPRESENTATIONS OF WOMEN
IN EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS, IN ADVERTISING, AND IN THE MEDIA 161
A) THE STATE PARTY S OBLIGATION TO CHANGE STEREOTYPES 161
B) THE STATE PARTY S OBLIGATION TO INTERVENE IN PUBLIC EXPRESSIONS OF
GENDER STEREOTYPES 162
3. MEASURES TO ELIMINATE STRUCTURAL DISCRIMINARION AND TO PROMOTE THE
SHARING OF FAMILY RESPONSIBILITIES 163
A) REVEALING STRUCTURAL DISCRIMINATION 163
B) ABOLISHING AND AMENDING LAWS AND POLICIES THAT SUSTAIN STRUCTUTAL
DISCRIMINATION 163
C) ADOPTING NEW LAWS AND PUBLIC POLICIES 164
4. TEMPORARY SPECIAL MEASURES TO IMPLEMENT ARTICLE 5 164
II. THE EXTENT OFTHE OBLIGATIONS 165
1. IMMEDIATE OR GRADUAL IMPLEMENTATION 165
2. PUBLIC AND PRIVATE LIFE 166
3. JUSRICIABILITY 166
4. RESERVARIONS 167
ARTICLE 6 169
A. INTRODUCTION 170
I. HISTORICAL CONTEXT AND MAIN CONCEPTS 170
II. ROLE OFTHE CONVENTION 171
III. CEDAW COMMITTEE PRACTICE 173
1. CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS 173
2. GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS 173
3. OPTIONAL PROTOCOL 174
B. TRAVAUX PREPARATOIRES 175
I. ARTICLE 6 PLACEMENT AND BREVITY 175
II. SCOPE OF SUBJECT MATTER 176
1. ALL FORMS OF TRAFFIC 176
2. EXPLOITATION OF PROSTITUTION 176
3. OTHER HARMS 177
C. ISSUES OF INTERPRETATION 177
I. ALL FORMS OF TRAFFIC 177
II. EXPLOITATION OF PROSTITUTION 178
D. EQUALITY IN CONTEXT 180
I. FORMAL AND SUBSTANTIVE EQUALITY 180
II. TRANSFORMATIVE EQUALITY 181
III. DIRECT AND INDIRECT DISCRIMINATION 182
IV. INTERSECTIONAL DISCRIMINATION 182
E. STATES PARTIES OBLIGATION 183
I. NATURE OFTHE OBLIGATION 183
1. ALL APPROPRIATE MEASURES 183
2. IMMEDIATE IMPLEMENTATION 184
3. SPECIFIC AND NON-SPECIFIC OBLIGATIONS 184
IMAGE 6
XVIII TABLE OF CONTENTS
II. IMPLEMENTATION 1^5
1. OBLIGATION TO RESPECT 186
A) NO PROSECUTION OF TRAFFICKED WOMEN FOR STATUS OFFENCES 186
B) NO ROUTINE DETENTION OF TRAFFICKED WOMEN 186
C) RESPECT FOR ESTABLISHED RIGHTS 86
D) TRAFFICKED WOMEN S AND GIRLS CITIZENSHIP AND NATIONALITY RIGHTS 187
E) DISCRIMINATION AGAINST PROSTITUTES 187
0 PROMPT AND ACCURATE IDENTIFICATION OF TRAFFICKED WOMEN 188
2. OBLIGATION TO PRORECR
A) CRIMINAL JUSTICE RESPONSES TO END IMPUNITY 189
B) PROTECTION AND SUPPORT FOT VICTIMS 189
C) LEGAL ASSISTANCE, PROTECTION, AND TEMPORARY RESIDENCE PERMITS 190 D)
SAFE AND PREFERABLY VOLUNTARY RETURN AND OPRIONS FOR RESIDENCY IN
APPROPRIATE CASES 190
E) SAFE, FAIR, AND EQUAL LABOUR MIGRARION OPPORTUNITIES 191
F) SPECIAL PROTECTIVE AND PUNITIVE MEASURES IN CONFLICT CONTEXTS 191
G) SPECIAL PROTECTION FOR GIRL VICTIMS OF TRAFFICKING 192
3. OBLIGATION TO FULFIL 192
A) ACCESS TO REMEDIES 192
B) DATA COLLECTION 192
C) ADDRESSING DEMAND AS A ROOT CAUSE OF TRAFFICKING 193
D) PROMOTING TRAFFICKING AWARENESS IN ALL SECTORS OT SOCIETY 194
E) STRUCTURAL REMEDIES TO ADDRESS THE CAUSES OF TRAFFICKING AND
EXPLOITATION OF PROSRIRUTION 194
F) BILATERAL AND MULTILATERAL COOPERATION 196
G) COOPERATION WITH CIVIL SOCIETY IN THE DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF
ANRI-TRAFFICKING INTERVENTIONS 196
ARTICLE 7 197
A. INTRODUCTION 198
B. TRAVAUX PREPARATORIES 200
C. ISSUES OF INTERPRETATION 201
I. CHAPEAU 201
1. POLITICAL AND PUBLIC LIFE OF THE COUNTRY 201
II. ARTICLE 7(A) 202
1. POLITICAL SYSTEM 202
2. CHOICE OF ELECTORAL SYSTEM 202
III. ARTICLE 7(B) 203
1. GOVERNMENR POLICY 203
2. PUBLIC OFFICE AND PUBLIC FUNCTIONS 203
3. WOMEN IN THE MILITARY 204
4. PRIVATIZATION 205
5. WOMEN S ACCESS TO TRADIRIONAL FORMS OF POWER 205
6. WOMEN IN POST-CONFLICT RECONSTRUCTION 206
IV. ARTICLE 7(C) 206
1. NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS 207
2. ASSOCIATIONS CONCERNED WITH POLITICAL AND PUBLIC LIFE 207
3. WOMEN IN POLITICAL PARTIES 208
4. WOMEN IN TRADE UNIONS 208
5. FAIR REPRESENTATION ON CORPORATE BOARDS 209
D. EQUALITY IN CONTEXT 209
I. FORMAL EQUALITY 209
II. SUBSTANTIVE EQUALITY 209
III. TRANSFORMATIVE EQUALITY INCLUDING ELIMINATION OF STRUCTURAL
OBSTACLES AND GENDER STEREOTYPING 211
IV. DIRECT VS INDIRECT DISCRIMINATION 212
V. INTERSECTIONAL DISCRIMINATION T
IMAGE 7
TABLE OF CONTENTS XIX
E. STATES PARTIES OBLIGATIONS 214
I. NATURE OF THE OBLIGATIONS 214
1. ALL APPROPRIATE MEASURES INCLUDING THE NEED FOR THE APPLICATION OF
TSMS 214 A) TYPES OF TSMS IN POLITICAL AND PUBLIC LIFE 214
2. IMMEDIATE VS GRADUAL IMPLEMENTATION 215
II. IMPLEMENTATION 216
1. OBLIGATION TO RESPECT 216
2. OBLIGATION TO PROTECT 216
3. OBLIGATION TO FULFIL 217
III. JUSTICIABILITY 218
IV. RESERVATIONS 218
ARTICLE 8 221
A. INTRODUCTION 221
B. TRAVAUX PREPARATOIRES 222
C. ISSUES OF INTERPRETATION 223
I. OPPORTUNITY TO REPRESENT THEIR GOVERNMENTS AT THE INTERNATIONAL LEVEL
223 II. OPPORTUNITY TO PARTICIPATE IN THE WORK OF INTERNATIONAL
ORGANIZATIONS 223 III. SPECIFICATIONS OF ARTICLE 8 IN INTERNATIONAL
ORGANIZATIONS 224
IV. INTERNATIONAL CIVIL SERVICE 225
V. WOMEN IN CONFLICT RESOLUTION, PEACE-KEEPING, AND PEACE-BUILDING
MISSIONS 226 D. EQUALITY IN CONTEXT 227
I. FORMAL EQUALITY 227
II. SUBSTANTIVE EQUALITY 227
III. TRANSFORMATIVE EQUALITY INCLUDING ELIMINATION OF STRUCTURAL
OBSTACLES AND GENDER STEREOTYPING 227
IV. DIRECT VS INDIRECT DISCRIMINATION 228
V. INTERSECTIONAL DISCRIMINATION 228
E. STATES PARTIES OBLIGATIONS 228
I. NATURE OF THE OBLIGATIONS 228
1. ALL APPROPRIATE MEASURES 228
2. NEED FOR THE APPLICATION OF TSMS 229
3. IMMEDIATE VS GRADUAL IMPLEMENTATION 229
II. IMPLEMENTATION 229
1. OBLIGATION TO RESPECT 229
2. OBLIGATION TO PROTECT 230
3. OBLIGATION TO FULFIL 230
III. JUSTICIABILITY 230
IV. RESERVATIONS 231
ARTICLE 9 233
A. INTRODUCTION 233
B. TRAVAUX PREPARATOIRES 235
C. ISSUES OF INTERPRETATION 237
I. ARTICLE 9(1) EQUALITY AND NON-DISCRIMINATION IN RESPECT OF WOMEN S
NATIONALITY 238 1. ELIMINATING THE CONCEPT OF DEPENDENT NATIONALITY 241
II. ARTICLE 9(2) EQUALITY WITH RESPECT TO THE NATIONALITY OF CHILDREN
243 III. THE RIGHT TO A PASSPORT AND ARTICLE 9 245
D. EQUALITY IN CONTEXT 245
I. FORMAL EQUALITY 245
II. SUBSTANTIVE EQUALITY 246
III. INTERSECTIONAL DISCRIMINATION 246
E. STATES PARTIES OBLIGATIONS 24 7
I. NATURE OF THE OBLIGATIONS 247
IMAGE 8
TABLE OF CONTENTS
II. IMPLEMENTATION 1. OBLIGATION TO RESPECT AND PROTECT 2. OBLIGATION TO
FULFIL III. RESERVATIONS
ARTICLE 10
A. INTRODUCTION I. EDUCATION AS A HUMAN RIGHT: INTERNATIONAL AND
REGIONAL PERSPECTIVES B. TRAVAUX PREPARATOIRES I. ARTICLE 10(A)
II. ARTICLE 10(B) III. ARTICLE 10(C) IV. ARTICLE 10(0 V. ARTICLE 10(G)
VI. ARTICLE 10(H) C. ISSUES OF INTERPRETATION
I. TAKING ALL APPROPRIATE MEASURES II. EQUALITY I. ARTICLE 10(A) 2.
ARTICLE 10(B)
3. ARTICLE 10(C) A) ENCOURAGING COEDUCATION 4. ARTICLE 10(D) 5. ARTICLE
10(E)
6. ARTICLE 10(F) 7. ARTICLE 10(G) 8. ARTICLE 10(H)
D. EQUALITY IN CONTEXT I. FORMAL EQUALITY II. MOVING BEYOND FORMAL
EQUALITY III. SUBSTANTIVE EQUALITY
IV. TRANSFORMATIVE EQUALITY V. DIRECT DISCRIMINATION VI. INDIRECT
DISCRIMINATION VII. TEMPORARY SPECIAL MEASURES (TSMS) VIII.
INTERSECTIONAL DISCRIMINATION E. STATES PARTIES OBLIGATIONS
I. THE NATURE OF STATE OBLIGATIONS II. IMPLEMENTATION 1. OBLIGATION TO
RESPECT 2. OBLIGATION TO PROTECT
3. OBLIGATION TO FULFIL III. RESERVATIONS
ARTICLE 11
A. INTRODUCTION I. ILO AND OTHER UN AGENCIES II. BEIJING PLATFORM TOR
ACTION III. MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS B. TRAVAUX PREPARATOIRES
I. DITTOING PERSPECTIVES IN WESTERN, SOCIALIST, AND DEVELOPING ECONOMIES
II. REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION III. FAMILY RESPONSIBILITIES
248 248 248 249
253
254 255 256 257
257 258 258 258 258
259 259 260 260
262 263 265 265
266 267 269 269
270 271 271 271 272 273 273
274 274 275 275 275 275 276 276 278
279
281 281 282 282 283 283 283 283
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TABLE OF CONTENTS XXI
IV. COSTS OF MATERNITY PROTECTIONS AND SOCIAL SERVICES 284
V. PENSIONABLE AGE AND PART-TIME WORK 284
C. ISSUES OF INTERPRETATION 284
I. CONCEPTS 284
II. ARTICLE 11(1) 285
III. ARTICLE LL(L)(A) 285
1. INALIENABILITY AND CULTURAL RESTRICTIONS ON WOMEN S RIGHT TO WORK 285
2. REALIZATION OF FULL EMPLOYMENT 286
3. AVAILABILITY AND ACCESSIBILITY OF DECENT WORK 287
IV. ARTICLE LL(L)(B) 288
1. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES 288
2. SELECTION FOR EMPLOYMENT 289
V. ARTICLE LL(L)(C) 289
1. FREE CHOICE OF PROFESSION AND EMPLOYMENT 289
2. EQUAL TREATMENT IN EMPLOYMENT CONDITIONS 290
3. SEXUAL HARASSMENT 290
4. VOCATIONAL TRAINING, RETRAINING, AND RECURRENT TRAINING 291
5. PART-TIME WORK 291
VI. ARTICLE 11 (L)(D) 292
VII. ARTICLE LL(L)(E) 294
1. COVERAGE OF SOCIAL SECURITY SCHEMES 294
2. RETITEMENT 295
3. PAID LEAVE 295
V I I I. ARTICLE L L ( L ) ( F) 296
1. SAFE AND HEALTHY WORKING CONDITIONS 296
2. SAFEGUARDING OF THE FUNCTION OF REPRODUCTION 297
3. SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN THE WORK ENVIRONMENT 297
IX. ARTICLE 11(2) 298
X. ARTICLE 11 (2)(A) 299
1. PROHIBITION OF DISMISSAL 299
2. DISCRIMINATION IN CONDITIONS OF EMPLOYMENT AND IN ACCEPTANCE TO
EMPLOYMENT 299 XL ARTICLE ]L(2)(B) 299
1. RIGHT TO LEAVE 299
2. WITH PAY OR COMPARABLE SOCIAL BENEFITS 300
3. PROTECTION OF EMPLOYMENT STATUS 301
XII. ARTICLE LL(2)(C) 301
1. AFFORDABLE AND ACCESSIBLE CHILD CARE FACILITIES 301
2. ENCOURAGE OR PROVIDE 301
XIII. ARTICLE LL(2)(D) 302
XIV. ARTICLE 11(3) 302
D. EQUALITY IN CONTEXT 303
I. FORMAL AND SUBSTANTIVE EQUALITY 303
II. DIRECT AND INDIRECT DISCRIMINATION 303
III. ELIMINATION OF STRUCTURAL DISCRIMINATION INCLUDING GENDER
STEREOTYPING 304 IV. TRANSFORMATIVE EQUALITY 304
V. INTERSECTIONAL DISCRIMINATION 305
E. STATES PARTIES OBLIGATIONS 307
I. NATURE OF THE PROHIBITION OF DISCRIMINATION 307
1. ALL APPROPRIARE MEASURES , INCLUDING THE NEED FOR APPLICATION OF
TSMS 307 2. IMMEDIATE OR GRADUAL IMPLEMENTATION 307
II. IMPLEMENTATION 307
III. RESERVATIONS 309
ARTICLE 12 311
A. INTRODUCTION 312
IMAGE 10
XXII TABLE OF CONTENTS
B. TRAVAUX PREPARATOIRES 314
C. ISSUES OF INTERPRETATION 315
I. HEALTH AND ITS SEX AND GENDER DIMENSIONS 315
II. THE FIELD OF HEALTH CARE 317
III. ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE SERVICES 317
IV. REPRODUCTIVE AND SEXUAL HEALTH SERVICES 320
D. EQUALITY IN CONTEXT 323
I. FORMAL EQUALITY 323
II. SUBSTANTIVE EQUALITY 324
III. TRANSFORMATIVE EQUALITY 325
IV. DIRECT VS INDIRECT DISCRIMINATION 326
V. INTERSECTIONAL DISCRIMINATION 326
VI. TEMPORARY SPECIAL MEASURES (TSMS) 327
E. STATES PARTIES OBLIGATIONS 327
I. NATURE OF THE OBLIGATIONS 327
1. ALL APPROPRIATE MEASURES 327
2. IMMEDIATE VS GRADUAL IMPLEMENTATION 329
3. SPECIFIC/NON-SPECIFIC 330
II. IMPLEMENTATION 330
1. OBLIGATION TO RESPECT 330
2. OBLIGATION TO PROTECT 331
3. OBLIGATION TO FULFIL 332
III. RESERVATIONS 332
F. CONCLUSION 332
ARTICLE 13 335
A. INTRODUCTION 336
B. TRAVAUX PREPARATOIRES 337
C. ISSUES OF INTERPRETATION 337
I. CHAPEAU 338
1. TO ELIMINATE DISCRIMINATION ... IN OTDET TO ENSURE... THE SAME
RIGHTS 338
2. IN OTHER AREAS OT ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL LIFE 339
A) ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL RIGHTS NOT PROTECTED BY OTHER CEDAW PROVISIONS
339 B) CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS NECESSARY FOR PARTICIPATING IN
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL LIFE 3 40 C) ACCESS TO RESOURCES AND OPPORTUNITIES
IN SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC LIFE 341 D) CONCLUSION: SCOPE OF APPLICATION OF
THE CHAPEAU 342
AA) RIGHT TO SELF-EMPLOYED ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES 342
BB) RIGHT TO FOOD 342
CC) RIGHT TO ADEQUATE HOUSING 344
DD) RIGHT TO AN ADEQUATE STANDARD OF LIVING 345
EE) RIGHT TO WATER 347
FF) RIGHT TO SANITATION 347
GG) TAX LAWS 348
HH) RIGHT TO PARTICIPATE IN SOCIAL LIFE 348
II) RIGHT TO COMMUNICATION IN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL LIFE 349
IS. ARTICLE 13(A): THE EQUAL RIGHT TO FAMILY BENEFITS 349
1. CONCEPTS 349
2. EQUALITY IN CONTEXT 350
III. ARTICLE 13LB): THE EQUAL RIGHT TO BANK LOANS, MORTGAGES, AND O T H
ER FORMS OF FINANCIAL CREDIT 351
1. CONCEPTS 351
2. EQUALITY IN CONTEXT 351
IV. ARTICLE 13(C): THE EQUAL RIGHT TO PARTICIPATE IN RECREATIONAL
ACTIVITIES. SPORTS, AND ALL ASPECTS OF CULTURAL LIFE 352
1. CONCEPTS 352
2. EQUALITY IN CONTEXT 353
IMAGE 11
1.
2. 3. 4. 5.
COVERAGE EQUALITY HEALTH AND FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION SELF-HELP GROUPS
AND COOPERATIVES C. ISSUES OF INTERPRETATION
TABLE OF CONTENTS
D. STATES PARTIES OBLIGATIONS I. NATURE OF THE OBLIGATION II.
IMPLEMENTATION-RESPECT, PROTECT, AND FULFIL III. RESERVATIONS
ARTICLE 14 357
A. INTRODUCTION 358
I. W HO IS A RURAL WOMAN? 359
II. RURAL WOMEN: FROM DEVELOPMENT TO RIGHTS 360
III. RURAL WOMEN WITHIN UN STTUCTURES 361
B. TRAVAUX PREPARATOIRES 361
I. OTHER ISSUES DISCUSSED AND AMENDMENTS MADE 362
362 363 363 363 363
363
I. ARTICLE 14(1) 364
1. SIGNIFICANT ROLES WHICH RURAL WOMEN PLAY IN THE ECONOMIC SURVIVAL OF
THEIR FAMILIES 364
II. ARTICLE 14(2) 365
1. PARTICIPATION 365
2. ARTICLE 14(2)(A) 366
3. ARTICLE I4(2)(B) 366
4. ACCESSING INFORMATION 368
5. ARTICLE I4(2)(C) 369
6. ARTICLE 14(2)(D) 370
7. ARTICLE 14(2)(E) 372
8. ARTICLE 14(2)(F) 373
9. ARTICLE I4(2)(G) 374
A) APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY 374
B) EQUAL TREARMENT IN LAND 374
C) LAND REFORM AND RESETTLEMENT 375
10. ARTICLE I4(2)(H) 376
A) HOUSING 377
B) WATER 378
C) ELECTRICITY, COMMUNICATION, AND TRANSPORT 379
D. EQUALITY IN CONTEXT 380
I. FORMAL EQUALITY 380
II. SUBSTANTIVE EQUALITY 380
III. TTANSFORMATIVE EQUALITY 381
IV. DIRECT DISCRIMINATION 381
V. INDIRECT DISCRIMINATION 381
VI. INTERSECTIONALITY 382
VII. TEMPORARY SPECIAL MEASURES (TSMS) 382
E. STATES PARTIES OBLIGATIONS 382
I. OBLIGATION TO RESPECT 383
II. OBLIGATION TO PROTECT 383
III. OBLIGATION TO FULFIL 383
F. RESERVATIONS 385
ARTICLE 15 387
A. INTRODUCTION 388
B. TRAVAUX PREPARATOIRES 389
IMAGE 12
X X JV TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. ARTICLE 15(1) 3 9
II. ARTICLE 15(2) 3 9
III. ARTICLE 15(3) 3 91
IV. ARTICLE 15(4) 3 91
C. ISSUES OF INTERPRETATION - 2
I. ARTICLE 15(1) 3 92
1. EQUALITY AND ADMINISTRATION OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE 39*.
II. ARTICLE 15(2) 3 ?5
1. IDENTICAL LEGAL CAPACITY 395
2. EQUALITY IN CONTRACTUAL AND PROPERTY TRANSACTIONS 3JO
3. EQUALITY IN ACCESS TO PROCEDURES IN CIVIL COURTS AND TRIBUNALS 398
III. ARTICLE 15(3) 3 98
IV. ARTICLE 15(4) 399
D. EQUALITY IN CONTEXT 400
I. FORMAL EQUALITY 400
II. SUBSTANTIVE EQUALITY 400
III. TRANSFORMATIVE EQUALITY INCLUDING ELIMINATION OF STRUCTURAL
OBSTACLES AND GENDER STEREOTYPING 401
IV. INTERSECTIONAL DISCRIMINATION 402
E. STATES PARTIES OBLIGATIONS 404
I. NATURE OF THE OBLIGATION 404
II. IMPLEMENTATION 404
III. RESERVATIONS 405
F. CONCLUSION 406
ARTICLE 16 409
A. INTRODUCTION 410
I. PRELIMINARY HISTORY 412
II. TRAVAUX PREPARATOIRES 413
111. GENERAL RECOMMENDARION 21 415
B. ISSUES OF INTERPRETATION 415
I. CHAPEAU 415
1. ALL APPROPRIATE MEASURES... AND IN PARTICULAR 415
2. THE SAME RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES 416
3. MARRIAGE AND FAMILY RELATIONS 416
4. DE FACTO RELATIONSHIPS 417
5- UNREGISTERED MARRIAGES AS DE FACTO UNIONS 418
6. POLYGAMY 419
7. EQUALITY IN THE FAMILY AND MULTIPLE LEGAL SYSTEMS 420
II. ARTICLE 16(1) 422
1. ARTICLE 16(L)(A) THE SAME RIGHT TO ENTER INTO MARRIAGE 422
2. ARTICLE 16(L)(B) THE SAME RIGHT FREELY TO CHOOSE A SPOUSE AND TO
ENTER INTO MARRIAGE ONLY WITH THEIR FREE AND FULL CONSENT 422
A) ARRANGED MARRIAGE AND FORCED MARRIAGE 423
3. ARTICLE I6(L)(C) THE SAME RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES DURING MARRIAGE
AND AT ITS DISSOLUTION 425
A) DURING MARRIAGE 425
B) DISSOLUTION OF MARRIAGE 425
AA) GROUNDS FOR DIVORCE 425
BB) PROCESS AND PROCEDURE 426
4. ARTICLE 16(L)(D) THE SAME RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES AS PARENTS,
IRRESPECTIVE OF THEIR MARITAL STATUS, IN MATTERS RELATING TO THEIR
CHILDREN; IN ALL CASES THE INTERESTS OF THE CHILDREN SHALL BE PARAMOUNT
427
A) CHILD CUSTODY IN DIVORCE: IN ALL SUCH CASES, THE INTEREST OF THE
CHILDREN SHALL BE PARAMOUNT 428
BJ CHILDREN BORN OUT OF WEDLOCK 429
IMAGE 13
TABLE OF CONTENTS XXV
5. ARTICLE 16( L)(E) THE SAME RIGHTS TO DECIDE FREELY AND RESPONSIBLY ON
THE NUMBER AND SPACING OF THEIR CHILDREN AND TO HAVE ACCESS TO THE
INFORMATION, EDUCATION, AND MEANS TO ENABLE THEM TO EXERCISE THESE
RIGHTS 429
6. ARTICLE 16(L)(F) THE SAME RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES WITH REGARD TO
GUARDIANSHIP, WARDSHIP, TRUSTEESHIP, AND ADOPTION OF CHILDREN, OR
SIMILAR INSTITUTIONS WHERE THESE CONCEPTS EXIST IN NATIONAL LEGISLATION;
IN ALL CASES THE INTERESTS OF THE CHILDREN SHALL BE PARAMOUNT 430
7. ARTICLE 16(L)(G) THE SAME PERSONAL RIGHTS AS HUSBAND AND WIFE,
INCLUDING THE RIGHT TO CHOOSE A FAMILY NAME, A PROFESSION, AND AN
OCCUPATION 431
A) RIGHT TO CHOOSE A FAMILY NAME 431
B) RIGHT TO CHOOSE A PROFESSION AND AN OCCUPATION 432
8. ARTICLE 16(L)(H) THE SAME RIGHTS FOR BOTH SPOUSES IN RESPECT OF THE
OWNERSHIP, ACQUISITION, MANAGEMENT, ADMINISTRATION, ENJOYMENT, AND
DISPOSITION OF PROPERTY, WHETHER FREE OF CHARGE OR FOR A VALUABLE
CONSIDERATION 432
A) ACQUISITION AND OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT, AND ADMINISTRATION DURING THE
MARRIAGE 432
B) DIVISION OF PROPERTY UPON DISSOLUTION OF MARRIAGE OR DE FACTO
RELATIONSHIP 433 C) INHERITANCE 435
III. ARTICLE 16(2) 436
1. DEFINITION: A CHILD 436
2. BETROTHAL AND MARRIAGE OF A CHILD 437
3. SHALL HAVE NO LEGAL EFFECT 437
4. MINIMUM AGE FOR MARRIAGE 438
5. MARRIAGE REGISTRATION 438
IV. EQUALITY IN CONTEXT 438
1. FORMAL EQUALITY 438
2. SUBSTANTIVE AND TRANSFORMATIVE EQUALITY 439
C. STATES PARTIES OBLIGATIONS 439
I. IMPLEMENTATION 439
1. OBLIGATION TO RESPECT 439
2. OBLIGATION TO PROTECT 440
3. OBLIGATION TO FULFIL 440
II. RESERVATIONS 441
1. WITHDRAWAL OF RESERVATIONS 442
2. RESERVATIONS AND THE OPTIONAL PROTOCOL 442
VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN 443
A. INTRODUCTION 443
B. GENERAL RECOMMENDATION 19 444
I. BACKGROUND TO GENERAL RECOMMENDATION 19 444
II. GENERAL RECOMMENDATION 19 447
III. SUBSEQUENT INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS 447
C. VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN: INTERPRETIVE ISSUES 450
I. VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN WITHIN AN EQUALITY PARADIGM 450
II. DEFINITION OF GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN 452
D. GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN: SITES AND FORMS 453
I. INTRODUCTION 453
II. VIOLENCE IN THE FAMILY 454
III. VIOLENCE OCCURRING IN THE COMMUNITY 456
1. PHYSICAL VIOLENCE IN THE COMMUNITY 456
2. EXPLOITATION 458
3. HARMFUL PRACTICES 458
4. WORKPLACE VIOLENCE 459
IV. VIOLENCE CONDONED OR PERPETRATED BY THE STATE 460
V. VIOLENCE IN ARMED CONFLICT 461
E. VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN: EQUALITY IN CONTEXT 463
I. FORMAL, SUBSTANTIVE, AND TRANSFORMATIVE EQUALITY 463
IMAGE 14
XXVI TABLE OF CONTENTS
II. INTERSECTIONAL DISCRIMINATION 464
F. STATES PARTIES OBLIGATIONS 465
I. NATURE OF STATES PARTIES OBLIGATIONS 465
1. APPROPRIATE AND EFFECTIVE MEASURES 465
2. DUTY OF DUE DILIGENCE 466
3. THE STANDARD OF DUE DILIGENCE 466
II. IMPLEMENTATION OF STATES PARTIES OBLIGATIONS 467
1. OBLIGATION TO RESPECT 468
2. OBLIGATION TO PROTECT 469
3. OBLIGATION TO PROMOTE AND FULFIL 471
G. CONCLUSIONS 473
ARTICLE 17 475
A. INTRODUCTION 476
B. TRAVAUX PREPARATOIRES 477
C. INTERNAL ORGANIZATION AND ENGAGEMENT WITH OTHER ENTITIES 478
I. SUBSIDIARY BODIES 478
II. INTERACTION WITH OTHER ENTITIES IN THE UN SYSTEM 479
III. THE COMMITTEE AND TREATY BODY REFORM 479
D. COMMITTEE PRACTICE 480
I. ARTICLE 17(1) 480
II. ARTICLE 17(2) 482
III. PRACTICE AND DEVELOPMENTS RELATING TO ARTICLE 17(3) AND (4) 482
IV. ARTICLE 17(5) 483
V. ARTICLE 17(6) AND 17(7) 483
VI. ARTICLE 17(8) 484
VII. ARTICLE 17(9) 484
ARTICLE 18 489
A. INTRODUCTION 489
B. TRAVAUX PREPARATOIRES 490
C. COMMITTEE PRACTICE 491
I. THE OBLIGATION TO SUBMIT COUNTRY REPORTS 491
1. ENCOURAGING THE SUBMISSION OF REPORTS-AVOIDING DUPLICATION IN
REPORTING 491 2. ALLOWING COMBINED REPORTS 492
3. PERSUADING STATES PARTIES TO SUBMIT REPORTS 493
II. REPORTING REQUIREMENTS 494
1. FORM AND CONTENTS OF REPORTS 495
2. NGOS AND THEIR INVOLVEMENT IN THE PREPARATION OF STATES PARTIES
REPORTS 497 III. THE COMMITTEE S ROLE 497
1. PREPARING FOR THE DIALOGUE WITH STATES PARTIES 497
2. THE CONSTRUCTIVE DIALOGUE 499
IV. PERIODIC REPORTING REQUIREMENTS AND COMMITTEE REVIEW 500
1. CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS 501
2. FORMAT OF THE CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS 501
3- PROCEDURE FOR ADOPTING CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS 503
4. FOLLOW-UP TO CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS 504
V. THE ROLE OF OTHER ENTITIES 505
1. INFORMATION FROM NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS INSTITUTIONS 505
2. INFORMATION FROM NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS 505
3. ROLE OF THE SECRETARIAT 507
ARTICLE 19 509
A. INTRODUCTION 509
IMAGE 15
TABLE OF CONTENTS XXVII
B. TRAVAUX PREPARATOIRES 509
C. COMMITTEE PRACTICE 509
I. ARTICLE 19(1) 509
II. ARTICLE 19(2) 512
ARTICLE 20 513
A. INTRODUCTION 513
B. TRAVAUX PREPARATOIRES 514
C. COMMITTEE PRACTICE 514
I. THE COMMITTEE SHALL NORMALLY MEET FOR A PERIOD OF NOT MORE THAN TWO
WEEKS ANNUALLY... 514
II. . .. IN ORDER TO CONSIDER THE REPORTS SUBMITTED IN ACCORDANCE WITH
ARTICLE 18 OF THE PRESENT CONVENTION. 517
III. THE MEETINGS OF THE COMMITTEE SHALL NORMALLY BE HELD AT UNITED
NATIONS HEADQUARTERS OR AT ANY OTHER CONVENIENT PLACE AS DETERMINED BY
THE COMMITTEE. 517
ARTICLE 21 519
A. INTRODUCTION 519
B. TRAVAUX PREPARATOIRES 520
C. COMMITTEE PRACTICE 520
I. ARTICLE 21(1) 520
1. ASSESSING STATES PARTIES REPORTS 522
2. GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS 523
3. STATEMENTS 524
II. ARTICLE 21(2) 525
ARTICLE 22 527
A. INTRODUCTION 527
B. TRAVAUX PREPARATOIRES 527
C. COMMITTEE PRACTICE 528
ARTICLE 23 531
A. INTRODUCTION 531
B. TRAVAUX PREPARATOIRES 532
C. ISSUES OF INTERPRETATION 533
I. NOTHING IN THE PRESENT CONVENTION SHALL AFFECT ANY PROVISIONS THAT
ARE MORE CONDUCIVE TO THE ACHIEVEMENT OF EQUALITY BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN
WHICH MAY BE CONTAINED: 533
1. (A) IN THE LEGISLATION OF A STATE PARTY; OR 533
2. (B) IN ANY OTHER INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION, TREATY OR AGREEMENT IN
FORCE FOR THAT STATE 534
II. OTHER INTERNATIONAL LAW 535
D. INTERPRETATION BY THE COMMITTEE-GENERAL APPROACH 536
E. RESERVATIONS, DECLARATIONS, AND UNDERSTANDINGS 537
ARTICLE 24 539
A. INTRODUCTION 539
B. TRAVAUX PREPARATOIRES 540
C. ISSUES OF INTERPRETATION 540
I. UNDERTAKE TO ADOPT 541
II. ALL NECESSARY MEASURES 541
IMAGE 16
XXVIII TABLE OF CONTENTS
III. AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL 541
IV. AIMED AT ACHIEVING THE FULL REALIZATION 542
V. OF THE RIGHTS RECOGNIZED IN THE PRESENT CONVENTION 542
D. INTERPRETATION BY THE COMMITTEE-GENERAL APPROACH 542
I. PARLIAMENTS/LEGISLATURES 544
II. NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS INSTITUTIONS 544
E. RESERVATIONS, DECLARATIONS, AND UNDERSTANDINGS 545
ARTICLE 25 547
A. INTRODUCTION 547
B. TRAVAUX PREPARATOIRES 548
C. PRACTICE OF STATES PARTIES 548
D. ISSUES OF INTERPRETATION 548
I. ARTICLE 25(1) 548
1. CROWN DEPENDENCIES AND OVERSEAS TERRITORIES; FORMER COLONIES 549
A) UNITED KINGDOM 549
B) THE NETHERLANDS 550
C) NEW ZEALAND 550
D) HONG KONG 550
2. DE FACTO REGIMES, NON-STATE SUBJECTS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW, AND
MUNICIPALITIES 551 A) DE FACTO REGIMES, INCLUDING TAIWAN 551
B) HOLY SEE 551
C) SAO PAULO STATE, BRAZIL 552
D) SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA, USA 552
II. ARTICLE 25(2) 552
III. ARTICLE 25(3) 553
IV. ARTICLE 25(4) 554
V. ABSENCE OF A WITHDRAWAL CLAUSE 556
ARTICLE 26 557
A. INTRODUCTION 557
B. TRAVAUX PREPARATOIRES 557
C. PRACTICE OF STATES PARTIES 558
D. ISSUES OF INTERPRETATION 558
I. ARTICLE 26(1) 558
II. ARTICLE 26(2) 559
ARTICLE 27 561
A. INTRODUCTION 561
B. TRAVAUX PREPARATOIRES 561
C. PRACTICE OF STATES PARTIES 562
D. ISSUES OF INTERPRETATION 562
I. ARTICLE 27(1) 562
II. ARTICLE 27(2) 563
ARTICLE 28 565
A. INTRODUCTION 565
B. TRAVAUX PREPARATOIRES 566
C. RESERVATIONS TO THE CONVENTION 567
I. GENERAL RESERVATIONS 568
II. ARTICLES I TO 5 569
IMAGE 17
TABLE OF CONTENTS XXIX
III. ARTICLES 7-9 571
IV. ARTICLES 11-14 572
V. ARTICLES 15-16 573
D. ACTIVITY TO ADDRESS RESERVATIONS TO THE CONVENTION 575
I. OBJECTIONS BY STATES PARTIES 575
II. MEETING OF STATES PARTIES 579
III. THE WORK OF THE COMMITTEE 581
E. REMOVAL AND MODIFICATION OF RESERVATIONS 591
F. CONCLUSION 595
ARTICLE 29 597
A. INTRODUCTION 597
B. TRAVAUX PREPARATOIRES 598
C. PRACTICE OF STATES PARTIES 599
D. ISSUES OF INTERPRETATION 599
I. ARTICLE 29(1) 599
II. ARTICLE 29(2) 600
III. ARTICLE 29(3) 601
ARTICLE 30 603
A. INTRODUCTION 603
B. TRAVAUX PREPARATOIRES 603
C. PRACTICE OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL 604
D. ISSUES OF INTERPRETATION 604
OPTIONAL PROTOCOL 607
A. INTRODUCTION 608
B. BACKGROUND 608
I. NEGOTIATIONS OF THE CONVENTION 608
II. THE CAMPAIGN FOR FURTHER MONITORING PROCEDURES 609
III. THE DRAFTING PROCESS IN THE CSW 613
IV. THE WORK OF THE COMMITTEE UNDER THE OPTIONAL PROTOCOL 617
C. COMMENTARY 618
I. THE PREAMBLE 618
II. ARTICLE 1 619
III. ARTICLE 2 621
1. INDIVIDUALS OR GROUPS OF INDIVIDUALS 622
2. VICTIMS OF A VIOLATION 626
3. UNDER THE JURISDICTION OF THE STATE PARTY 628
4. THE RIGHTS SET FORTH IN THE CONVENTION 629
IV. ARTICLE 3 631
V. ARTICLE 4 632
1. ALL AVAILABLE DOMESTIC REMEDIES HAVE BEEN EXHAUSTED UNLESS THE
APPLICATION OF SUCH REMEDIES IS UNREASONABLY PROLONGED OR UNLIKELY TO
BRING EFFECTIVE RELIEF 634
2. THE SAME MATTER 640
3. INCOMPATIBLE 641
4. MANIFESTLY ILL-FOUNDED OR NOT SUFFICIENTLY SUBSTANTIATED 643
5. ABUSE OF THE RIGHT TO SUBMIT A COMMUNICATION 644
6. THE FACTS... OCCURRED PRIOR TO THE ENTRY INTO FORCE OF THE PROTOCOL
FOR THE STARE PARTY CONCERNED, UNLESS THOSE FACTS CONTINUED AFTER THAT
DATE 644 VI. ARTICLE 5 647
IMAGE 18
X
VII.
VIII.
IX. X. XI. XII. XIII.
XIV. XV. XVI. XVII. XVIII.
XIX. XX. XXI. XXII.
ARTICLE 6 ARTICLE 7
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. CONSIDERATION OF COMMUNICATIONS AND ITS OUTCOME 2. FOLLOW-UP
PROCEDURE ARTICLE 8 ARTICLE 9 ARTICLE 10
ARTICLE 11 ARTICLE 12 ARTICLE 13 ARTICLE 14
ARTICLE 15 ARTICLE 16 ARTICLE 17 ARTICLE 18
ARTICLE 19 ARTICLE 20 ARTICLE 21
650 653 653
656 659 666 668 669
670 671 672 673
674 675 676 677
678 679
ANNEXE 1: TABLE OF GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS
ANNEXE 2: TABLE OF TREATIES ANNEXE 3: BIBLIOGRAPHY
681 683 689
INDI*EX 713
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1042224935 (DE-588)123624126 (DE-588)121570207 |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV039874622 |
| classification_rvk | PR 2213 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)779261447 (DE-599)BSZ339339330 |
| dewey-full | 323.34 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 323 - Civil and political rights |
| dewey-raw | 323.34 |
| dewey-search | 323.34 |
| dewey-sort | 3323.34 |
| dewey-tens | 320 - Political science (Politics and government) |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft Politologie |
| edition | 1. publ. |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4136710-8 Kommentar gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Kommentar |
| id | DE-604.BV039874622 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:13:10Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780199565061 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024733870 |
| oclc_num | 779261447 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-29 DE-12 DE-188 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-521 DE-739 DE-11 DE-20 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-703 DE-384 |
| owner_facet | DE-29 DE-12 DE-188 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-521 DE-739 DE-11 DE-20 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-703 DE-384 |
| physical | LVII, 731 Seiten |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateSearch | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | Oxford University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Oxford commentaries on international law |
| spelling | The UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women a commentary edited by Marsha A. Freeman, Christine Chinkin, Beate Rudolf ; assistant editors Susann Kroworsch, Allison Sherrier, Sarah Wittkopp 1. publ. Oxford Oxford University Press 2012 LVII, 731 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Oxford commentaries on international law Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women 1979 Dezember 18 (DE-588)4517635-8 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4136710-8 Kommentar gnd-content Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women 1979 Dezember 18 (DE-588)4517635-8 u DE-604 Freeman, Marsha A. Sonstige (DE-588)1042224935 oth Chinkin, Christine 1949- Sonstige (DE-588)123624126 oth Rudolf, Beate 1964- Sonstige (DE-588)121570207 oth SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024733870&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | The UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women a commentary Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women 1979 Dezember 18 (DE-588)4517635-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4517635-8 (DE-588)4136710-8 |
| title | The UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women a commentary |
| title_auth | The UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women a commentary |
| title_exact_search | The UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women a commentary |
| title_full | The UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women a commentary edited by Marsha A. Freeman, Christine Chinkin, Beate Rudolf ; assistant editors Susann Kroworsch, Allison Sherrier, Sarah Wittkopp |
| title_fullStr | The UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women a commentary edited by Marsha A. Freeman, Christine Chinkin, Beate Rudolf ; assistant editors Susann Kroworsch, Allison Sherrier, Sarah Wittkopp |
| title_full_unstemmed | The UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women a commentary edited by Marsha A. Freeman, Christine Chinkin, Beate Rudolf ; assistant editors Susann Kroworsch, Allison Sherrier, Sarah Wittkopp |
| title_short | The UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women |
| title_sort | the un convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women a commentary |
| title_sub | a commentary |
| topic | Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women 1979 Dezember 18 (DE-588)4517635-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women 1979 Dezember 18 Kommentar |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024733870&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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