Przemoc między szlachtą sieradzką w XVII wieku: opis zjawiska
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Warszawa
Oficyna Wydawnicza Aspra-JR
2011
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Violence among the nobility of the Sieradz region in the 17th century |
| Beschreibung: | 204, [1] s. 21 cm. |
| ISBN: | 9788375452907 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804148807594672128 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Spis
tresei
Wstęp
...................................................... 7
Liczby
..................................................... 14
Poranienia i zabójstwa
-
zjawisko masowe
................... 27
Napastnicy
................................................. 30
Rodziny szlacheckie
................................... 30
Stopień zamożności
................................... 34
Znaczenie polityczne i prestiż rodzin
.................... 45
Kobiety
.............................................. 55
Służba szlachecka
.......................................... 58
Chłopi
.................................................... 62
Mieszczanie
............................................... 67
Duchowni
................................................. 71
Żołnierze
.................................................. 74
Rodziny agresywne, osoby raniące wielokrotnie
.............. 76
Kowalscy
............................................. 83
Magnuscy
............................................ 87
Zalescy
............................................... 90
Inne rodziny
.......................................... 94
Rodzaje agresji
.............................................101
Zranienia, zabójstwa
..................................101
Kradzieże, rabunki
....................................122
Napady na dwory i zagrody
-
nieprawne zajazdy
i pseudozajazdy
.....................................129
Zelżenia, pobicia
......................................152
Zgwałcenia kobiet
.....................................154
Spis
tresei
Przyczyny agresji
...........................................157
Waśnie rodzinne
......................................158
Sąsiedztwo
............................................163
Podsumowanie
.............................................167
Summary
..................................................175
Indeks osób, rodów i rodzin
.................................180
Indeks miejscowości
........................................202
Violence Among the Nobility
of the
Sieradz
Region in the 17th Century
Summary
The book endeavours to describe the phenomenon of violence
-
manslaughter, affliction of physical injuries, assaults on manor houses
and cottages owned by minor nobility, battery and verbal abuse
-
committed amongst the nobles of two medium sized districts
(Sier¬
adz
and Szadek) of the
Sieradz
Voivodship during the 17th century.
The themes treated by this study encompass the frequency of acts of
aggression, their forms and the families among which violence was
particularly common. The source materials scrutinized to this end
were furnished by the judicial acts
oí
the
Sieradz
royal court for the
nobles
(sąd grodzki),
which recorded grievances initiating legal mo¬
tions against the perpetrators. The majority of these are short notes
with statements reporting that the person standing before the court
official received injuries of one kind or another. These statements as
a rule contain detailed descriptions of the wounds, sometimes also
exhaustive accounts of the circumstances in which the damage come
about, in particular assaults on manor houses. The extant materials
were researched for the years
1600-1610, 1651-1660, 1691-1700,
and additionally for the year
1680.
Due to the fact that some of the
acts are only partially extant, and some have been lost altogether, the
utilized sources apply to
28
years.
175
Summary
___________________________________________________
On the whole, the research revealed records of
с
5900
cases
ofinjury
committed by members of the noble estate, peasants and townsfolk (Ta¬
bles
1 -5),
including nearly
20%
of instances where the perpetrators were
not identified. This number is coupled by
289
cases of violence resulting
in death (Table
6).
Statistically, each year brought on average
211
cases
ofinjury,
reaching the high point
(324)
in
1680
and the mean of
248
dur¬
ing the years
1651-1660.
Nevertheless, the number of the perpetrators
was by far greater, since the calculations consider only the chief culprits
(the so called principals ), who frequently were assisted by various ac¬
complices. The complete material demonstrates that during the whole of
the covered period the nobles
-
the social stratum discussed in this study
-
were responsible for
с
61%
ofall
instances
ofinjury,
while the peasants
for
с
31%
(Table
1;
cases involving undiscovered culprits were not con¬
sidered). Noblemen are to be found among
56%
of victims of aggression
of other noblemen, while peasants comprise
31% ofthat
group.
84%
of
the victimized nobles suffered at the hands of members of their own es¬
tate, while only
11%
received wounds from the peasants (Table
2).
What
raises interest is the fact that women comprise
16%
of the total of the
wounded nobles. Their representation among the perpetrators is also not
uncommon (usually alongside their husbands or sons); often they also
inspired aggressive deeds. Thus, the nobility brawled and inflicted inju¬
ries chiefly among themselves. Among the
289
instances of manslaughter,
the nobles were responsible for
60%
of the cases, the peasants for
32%,
while
8%
of them were committed by townsfolk. These statistics
- 221
injury cases and killings on average per each year
-
demonstrates that the
life of the discussed community encompassed quite a lot of violence and
bloodshed, committed predominantly by the nobles.
Among the families, the members of which were particularly fre¬
quently mentioned with respect to acts of aggression, one finds the
names: Bartochowski, Bielowski,
Dąbrowski, Dłuski, Gawłowski,
Grodziecki, Jankowski, Kowalski, Krobanowski, Kwiatkowski, Mag-
nuski, Papieski, Poleski, Rembieski, Suchorski, Wężyk, Zabłocki, Zal-
eski and Żeromski.
Only slightly less frequently appear the names of
176
_____________________________________________________________
Summary
29
other family clans. The other several hundred surnames mentioned
in the acts repeat far less often, or even incidentally. Both the perpetra¬
tors and the victims of aggression belong chiefly to the lower strata
of the nobility: the so called partial-holders
{szlachta cząstkowa),
or
those who farmed their land personally
{szlachta zagrodowa).
Far less
frequently one finds in connection with acts of violence members of
the middle segment of the nobility, owners of one or two villages,
while the appearance of rich nobles is exceptional.
The most common form of violence was armed assault committed
on highways or in towns. The aggressors would surprise their victims
riding on horseback or in carriages. The scenarios of such incidents
could be various. Sometimes the attackers waited for their prey in hid¬
ing. In other instances the attackers pursued their victims on horses and
opened fire upon sighting, frequently without prior warning. Injuries,
sometimes fatal, were inferred with sabres, but also with farming uten¬
sils like pitchforks or with simple sticks. The victims would frequently
be robbed of monies, arms, even cheap clothing. In the towns, brawls
happened on streets, at marketplaces and in taverns. With regard to the
phenomenon of aggression special attention must be reserved for attacks
on manor houses, which as a rule took place during the night. Among
these there can be distinguished two different types: actions which in¬
cluded an actual invasion of the house and the adjacent buildings, and
armed manifestations of hostility with no actual incursion, aimed at
threatening the victims. In the first instance the owner and other per¬
sons captured (if they failed to escape) would sometimes be injured.
Killings were exceptional, but beatings and humiliation of the victims
was a rule. Robbery in such assaults was frequent. Money, jewellery, pre¬
cious objects, documents would be taken; even furniture could fall prey
of the angry attackers, who frequently left behind a lot of destruction.
Fanning utensils, animals and crops were also noted among the prop¬
erty robbed. It happened that whole
famiües
would be removed from
their homesteads. The number of aggressors in such assaults usually was
considerable, encompassing ten to twenty persons or even more. Peas-
177
Summary
ants
-
serfs of the chief of such a band
-
would be included in the party,
to collect and transport the robbed property; in particular the livestock
etc. The scenario of the second type of assaults was different. The ag¬
gressors would enter the courtyard of the victim on horseback, offend
verbally the owners (who usually remained barricaded inside the build¬
ings), discharge firearms at the walls and the windows of the houses,
and after threatening that they would soon be back, leave the premises.
In such instances, homicide appears to be the extreme manifestation of
prolonged feuds between individuals or whole clans, and acts of mount¬
ing aggression. Usually, if murder was involved, it was intentional and
planned. Nevertheless, incidental deaths also happened, sometimes in
result of severe wounds received during brawls.
The general grounds for the acts of violence are easy to establish
and describe, although in individual cases the reasons for each and
every fight frequently escape explanation. This is primarily due to the
character of the source materials used in the study. The majority of the
complaints and protestations inscribed into the judicial records con¬
tain the statement that there was no particular reason for the incurred
injury. Hence, according to the law, no court trial followed. It can be
safely assumed that a large part of the fights, particularly when the
names of the sides were uncommon in the acts, were results of inciden¬
tal quarrels or misunderstandings, not infrequently committed under
the influence of previously consumed alcohol. But a considerable por¬
tion of the violent acts was the result of feuds which sometimes lasted
for many years. These would be played out between individuals, whole
families or within families, between blood-relations and relatives. Of¬
ten bloody quarrels were initiated by neighbourhood misunderstand¬
ings or arguments between owners of portions of the same village, be¬
tween owners and tenants, or between owners of bordering villages.
Disagreements concerning field borders, access to a pond or a stream,
letting cows out on a pasture belonging to another person, cutting out
one or two trees owned by somebody else, such trivia could also cause
fights. Misunderstandings or even hatred lasting for many years within
178
_____________________________________________________________
Summary
a family often stemmed from ownership problems. Widowed women
were particularly vulnerable to property claims forwarded by chil¬
dren stemming from previous marriages of their late husbands, by the
siblings of the deceased consorts and other relatives. This often was
the reason for assaults on homes and attempts of removal of the cur¬
rent possessor. Legal methods of making ones claims (actual or false)
good, were usually bypassed; aggression often erupted just at the in¬
formation of being sued. Such arguments and acts of violence happen
in all societies, but in the case of the community under inspection
-
inhabitants of just two small districts of a peaceful, as it is generally
assumed, region of
Wielkopolska
-
one is astonished by the scale of
the phenomenon encompassing hundreds
ofinjury
cases and killings,
which occurred every year during the whole of the 17th century.
The source materials demonstrate that day-to-day behaviour of a large
segment of the nobility, particularly the less prosperous element, by far
differed from the postulates voiced by writers and publicists, who pointed
to high ethics as characteristic features of the members of the privileged
society. On the contrary, there prevailed resentment, vengeance, cruelty,
bloody feuds and long-lasting family hatred. The victims of highway as¬
saults or attacks on homesteads were generally submitted to common
robbery and theft. The instance of the nobility of the
Sieradz
region dem¬
onstrates the intensity of the phenomenon and
caus
for a reassessment of
the accepted personality models of the 17th century nobility. These mod¬
els were constructed on the basis of the extant source materials, in particu¬
lar the local Diet acts, the acts of the national
Sejm
and other gatherings,
political and literary writings, diaries, and memoirs. The majority of these
testimonies was created by affluent or even rich nobles, who participated
in the political life of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, were better
educated and characterized by wider intellectual horizons. It is neverthe¬
less doubtful that the ideas and standards represented by these people can
be generalized for the whole of the noble estate.
Translated by
Jacek Soszyński
179
|
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| id | DE-604.BV039867347 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:13:00Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788375452907 |
| language | Polish |
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| physical | 204, [1] s. 21 cm. |
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| spelling | Kamler, Marcin 1935- Verfasser (DE-588)173108644 aut Przemoc między szlachtą sieradzką w XVII wieku opis zjawiska Marcin Kamler Warszawa Oficyna Wydawnicza Aspra-JR 2011 204, [1] s. 21 cm. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Violence among the nobility of the Sieradz region in the 17th century Geschichte 1600-1700 gnd rswk-swf Gewalt (DE-588)4020832-1 gnd rswk-swf Adel (DE-588)4000464-8 gnd rswk-swf Siedlce Region (DE-588)4407688-5 gnd rswk-swf Siedlce Region (DE-588)4407688-5 g Adel (DE-588)4000464-8 s Gewalt (DE-588)4020832-1 s Geschichte 1600-1700 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024726756&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024726756&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Kamler, Marcin 1935- Przemoc między szlachtą sieradzką w XVII wieku opis zjawiska Gewalt (DE-588)4020832-1 gnd Adel (DE-588)4000464-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4020832-1 (DE-588)4000464-8 (DE-588)4407688-5 |
| title | Przemoc między szlachtą sieradzką w XVII wieku opis zjawiska |
| title_auth | Przemoc między szlachtą sieradzką w XVII wieku opis zjawiska |
| title_exact_search | Przemoc między szlachtą sieradzką w XVII wieku opis zjawiska |
| title_full | Przemoc między szlachtą sieradzką w XVII wieku opis zjawiska Marcin Kamler |
| title_fullStr | Przemoc między szlachtą sieradzką w XVII wieku opis zjawiska Marcin Kamler |
| title_full_unstemmed | Przemoc między szlachtą sieradzką w XVII wieku opis zjawiska Marcin Kamler |
| title_short | Przemoc między szlachtą sieradzką w XVII wieku |
| title_sort | przemoc miedzy szlachta sieradzka w xvii wieku opis zjawiska |
| title_sub | opis zjawiska |
| topic | Gewalt (DE-588)4020832-1 gnd Adel (DE-588)4000464-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Gewalt Adel Siedlce Region |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024726756&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024726756&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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