Zastosowanie i technologie wytwarzania dziegciu przez społeczeństwa międzyrzecza Dniepru i Łaby od VI do II tysiąclecia BC: = The production and use of wood tar between the Dnieper and Elbe rivers from the 6th to the 2nd millennium BC
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Poznań
Wydawnictwo Poznańskie
2010
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Archaeologia Bimaris / Monografie
4 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache. - Dateiformat der CD-ROM-Beil.: PDF Bibliogr. s. 243-255 |
| Beschreibung: | 261 s. Ill., graph. Darst. 30 cm CD-ROM (12 cm) |
| ISBN: | 9788371776076 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Zastosowanie i technologie wytwarzania dziegciu przez społeczeństwa międzyrzecza Dniepru i Łaby od VI do II tysiąclecia BC |b = The production and use of wood tar between the Dnieper and Elbe rivers from the 6th to the 2nd millennium BC |c Sławomir Pietrzak ; Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, Instytut Prahistorii |
| 246 | 1 | 1 | |a The production and use of wood tar between the Dnieper and Elbe rivers from the 6th to the 2nd millennium BC |
| 264 | 1 | |a Poznań |b Wydawnictwo Poznańskie |c 2010 | |
| 300 | |a 261 s. |b Ill., graph. Darst. |c 30 cm |e CD-ROM (12 cm) | ||
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| 490 | 1 | |a Archaeologia Bimaris / Monografie |v 4 | |
| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache. - Dateiformat der CD-ROM-Beil.: PDF | ||
| 500 | |a Bibliogr. s. 243-255 | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 6000-2000 v.Chr. |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Smoły drzewne / produkcja i handel / Europa Wschodnia / do 1500 |2 jhpk | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Smoły drzewne / wykorzystanie / Europa Wschodnia / do 1500 |2 jhpk | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Zabytki prehistoryczne / Europa Wschodnia |2 jhpk | |
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| 810 | 2 | |a Monografie |t Archaeologia Bimaris |v 4 |w (DE-604)BV039865890 |9 4 | |
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| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 330.09 |e 22/bsb |f 0901 |g 47 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804148807275905024 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Spis
tresei
Od Autora
...............................................................11
WSTĘP
................................................................15
A. Cel pracy
..........................................................15
B.
Zakres rzeczowy
.....................................................16
С
Zakres chorologiczno-chronologiczny
........................................16
D.Historia badań
.......................................................17
E. Metoda i metodologia badań
..............................................19
F. Układpracy
........................................................19
I. DOKUMENTACJA DZIEGCIARSTWA HISTORYCZNEGO
.........................21
1.
Terminologia: definicja pojęcia dziegieć/dziegciarstwo
.............................21
2.
Dziegieć w świetle źródeł pisanych
..........................................23
2.1.
Dokumentacja technologiczna
..........................................23
2.2.
Dokumentacja funkcjonalna
...........................................23
3.
Dane lingwistyczne
....................................................24
II.
PODSTAWY ŹRÓDŁOWE DO TECHNOARCHEOLOGICZNYCH BADAŃ DZIEGCIARSTWA
. 29
1.
Surowce stosowane do produkcji dziegciu
.....................................29
1.1.
Budowa chemiczna drewna
............................................29
1.2.
Budowa chemiczna kory
.............................................35
2.
Procedura otrzymywania dziegciu
..........................................38
2.1.
Perspektywa archeologiczna
...........................................38
2.2.
Perspektywa technologiczno-chemiczna
...................................43
3.
Właściwości fizyczne i chemiczne produktów termicznego rozkładu drewna
...............44
3.1.
Właściwości fizyczne i chemiczne dziegciu brzozowego
.........................44
3.2.
Właściwości fizyczne i chemiczne dziegciu sosnowego
..........................47
4.
Przygotowanie i techniki obróbki dziegciu
.....................................50
5.
Pozostałości dziegciu
—
dane archeologiczne
..................................52
5.1.
Substancje dziegciowe zbrylone
.........................................53
5.1.1.
Duże, pozlepiane fragmenty
.......................................53
8
Zastosowanie i technologie wytwarzania dziegciu przez społeczeństwa międzyrzecza Dniepru i Łaby
5.1.2.
Małe, drobne fragmenty
..........................................53
5.2.
Substancje dziegciowe na ceramice
......................................53
5.2.1.
Pozostałości poprodukcyjne
.......................................53
5.2.2.
Lepiszcza i uszczelnienia
.........................................54
5.2.3.
Barwniki
...................................................
56
5.3.
Substancje dziegciowe na przedmiotach użytkowych
...........................56
5.4.
Nagary
.........................................................
57
5.5.
Inne
..........................................................
58
5.5.1.
Środek do konserwacji oraz uszczelniania łodzi i okrętów
....................58
5.5.2.
Środek do balsamowania
.........................................
DO
5.5.3.
Dziegieć w obrzędowości i medycynie pierwotnej
.........................59
6.
Postępowanie badawcze
—
pozyskiwanie źródeł
................................60
III. ZAKRES I METODYKA BADAŃ LABORATORYJNYCH
...........................63
1.
Pomiar temperatury topnienia
.............................................
6
2.
Badania rozpuszczalności
................................................
3.
Chromatografia cienkowarstwowa
(TLC)
......................................
4.
Obserwacje mikroskopowe
...............................................
5.
Spektrofotometria w podczerwieni
..........................................
/-o
6.
Spektrometria masowa
(MS)
..............................................
/-o
7.
Spektrometria magnetycznego rezonansu jądrowego (NMR)
.........................
8.
Spektrometria elektronowego rezonansu paramagnetycznego (EPR)
....................
IV.
INTERPRETACJA BADAŃ FIZYKOCHEMICZNYCH
.............................
71
71
1.
Identyfikacja technologii produkcji badanych substancji
............................
1.1.
Rezultaty studiów nad substancjami dziegciowymi
.............................
1.1.1.
Grupa technologiczna I
..........................................
73
1.1.2.
Grupa technologiczna
II
..........................................
75
1.1.3.
Grupa technologiczna III
.........................................
77
1.1.4.
Grupa technologiczna
IV
.........................................
78
1.2.
Rezultaty studiów nad substancjami bitumicznymi
.............................
78
1.2.1.
Grupa technologiczna
V
..........................................
78
1.3.
Rezultaty studiów nad substancjami kompozytowymi
...........................
78
1.3.1.
Grupa technologiczna
VI
.........................................
81
2.
Rozpoznanie aplikacji badanych substancji
....................................
81
2.1.
Rezultaty studiów nad pozostałościami poprodukcyjnymi
........................
90
2.2.
Rezultaty studiów nad lepiszczami
.......................................
95
2.3.
Rezultaty studiów nad uszczelnieniami naczyń
...............................
99
2.4.
Rezultaty studiów nad barwnikami
.......................................
3.
Zróżnicowanie technologii produkcji i aplikacji dziegciu w obrębie poszczególnych cykli
systemów kulturowych
.................................................
WYKAZ NAZW ORAZ STRUKTUR SUBSTANCJI CHEMICZNYCH
......................
lU
Spis
treta
9
V. KATALOG
WYNIKÓW BADAŃ FIZYKOCHEMICZNYCH
.........................129
1.
Pomiar temperatury topnienia
............................................130
2.
Badania rozpuszczalności
...............................................138
3.
Chromatografia cienkowarstwowa
(TLC)
.....................................154
4.
Obserwacje mikroskopowe
..............................................159
5.
Spektrofotometria w podczerwieni
(IR)
......................................197
6.
Spektrometria masowa
(MS)
.............................................219
7.
Spektrometria magnetycznego rezonansu jądrowego (NMR)
.........................220
8.
Spektrometria elektronowego rezonansu paramagnetycznego (EPR)
....................223
Zakończenie
............................................................241
Bibliografia
.............................................................243
Streszczenie
.............................................................257
Katalog źródeł
........................................................
płyta CD
SUMMARY
The Production and Use of Wood Tar Between the Dnieper
and Elbe Rivers from the 6th to the
2nd
Millennium
ВС
Introduction
The dissertation is interdisciplinary in its cognitive dimension as it combines two perspectives: a humanistic
one (that of archaeology) and a scientific one (that of physics and chemistry). It owes its existence to multifa-
ceted co-operation, bringing together the humanities and natural sciences and drawing on the experience of
English-speaking countries (so-called Archaeological Sciences
—
see, for instance, the organizational structu¬
re of Oxford University).
The object of my study is the products of destructive distillation of wood and bark, namely wood tars. An in¬
creased interest of archaeologists in such finds, recently shared by the representatives of hard sciences too, goes
back to the moment when remains of this kind were macroscopically identified (humanistic methods of analy¬
sis) during excavations.
The production of wood tar is the first technological-chemical process in the history of mankind. Archaeometric stu¬
dies carried out so far of the production and application of wood-tar substances in prehistory show that
lhe
products of
destructive wood distillation were known already in the Mesolithic almost across Europe. Finds of a similar nature were
made in the Early and Middle Neolithic as well,
i.e.
in the middle of the 6th millennium
ВС,
and are linked to the socie¬
ties of the Linear-Incised Pottery culture. Particularly clear evidence of an increase in the share of wood tar applications
in archaeological materials comes from the 4th millennium
ВС.
This corresponds with the period when culturally diver¬
se societies inhabited lands between the Dnieper and Elbe rivers. Owing to its culture-making potential, the area is cru¬
cial to learning more about such applications. This is true of both agricultural and pastoral societies.
These questions have not been dealt with comprehensively yet. The reason was the use of only humanistic
methods of analysis in attempts to identify and reconstruct various methods of making wood tar until the
1
980s.
The sole value of such studies, aimed at archaeological identification of this group of organic sources, was de¬
scriptive. The main reason for this situation was the absence of any research projects into these questions.
I. Historical Wood Tar Industry. Basic Terms.
As a point of departure I attempted to define basic terms related to the production and use of wood-tar substan¬
ces in prehistory. Lack of precision and ambiguity of the terms used in the relevant literature made it necessary
for me to organize them first. As a result, definitions used became less ambiguous, more readily understood,
and could be properly applied. And so, wood tar means here all hardly volatile products of heat destruction of
wood and bark of different tree species.
Next, relying on written sources and ethnographic descriptions, information on the production and application
of wood-tar substances is presented. Despite the fact that the information comes from later times than the period
discussed here, it presents an interesting comparative material for the study of prehistoric wood-tar industry.
The final part of this chapter focuses, on the one hand, on the tracing of the origin of the words
dziegieć
and
dziegciarstwo (Polish for wood tar and wood-tar industry , respectively) and, on the other, on the analysis of
symbolic-linguistic meanings of the application of the substance among prehistoric societies.
258
Zastosowanie i technologie wytwarzania dziegciu przez społeczeństwa międzyrzecza Dniepru i Łaby
II.
The
Source Base
of the Techno-Archaeological Studies of the Wood
-Таг
Industry
The questions discussed in this chapter made it necessary to reach out to forestry and the chemical technology
of wood processing, in particular to the chemical structure of wood and bark as the main raw materials from
which prehistoric societies obtained wood tar. The knowledge of the chemical composition of the raw mate¬
rials used and products obtained is very important for the successive interpretation of archaeological prepara¬
tions studied, using physicochemical analyses (identification of original materials, i.e. tree and bark species).
For the isolation and identification of diagnostic substances ( molecular markers ) help to identify organic sub¬
stances and determine the vegetable origin of the examined materials that survived in a fossilized state.
Next, the discussion continues to describe different procedures of obtaining wood tar: from the most primi¬
tive one (without the use of any ceramic vessels) to the most advanced ones (with the use of a three-chamber
production kit). The use of different technologies for making wood tar by prehistoric producers resulted in
a different content of impurities, which had an impact on its later use.
The second chapter discusses also the preparation and working of wood tar in the past as well as archaeologi¬
cal, fossil forms of wood tar remains. There are four basic categories distinguished among them, taking into ac¬
count the criterion of form and, consequently, that of function too: caked wood-tar substances, wood-tar sub¬
stances on pottery, wood-tar substances on everyday objects (tools or weapons), and carbon deposits.
The final part of this chapter is devoted to the rules governing the treatment of wood-tar substances during
excavations and later office studies. The rales have a tremendous impact on the state of preservation of the sub¬
stances and, consequently, determine their interpretation possibilities.
III. Description of the Source Base
—
an archaeological perspective
The purpose of this chapter is to outline a general cultural situation between the Dnieper and Elbe rivers from
the 6th to the
2nd
millennium
ВС.
Within the studied area, a territory of the highest cognitive significance (diagnostic territory) was marked out,
covering a cycle of cultural systems of the Baltic drainage: the cultures of Linear-Incised Pottery, Late Band Pottery,
Funnel Beakers, Globular Amphorae, the cultures of the Trzciniec cycle, and the cultures of the
Lusatian
cycle. A re¬
ference zone for the finds of wood-tar substances made within the diagnostic territory is a comparative area, compri¬
sing three cultural centres of wood-tar industry development (the cycle of cultural systems of the steppes and fo¬
rest-steppes of eastern Europe: Tripolye, Pre-Yamnaya and Catacomb Grave cultures; the cycle of cultural systems
of the forest zone of eastern Europe: the Dnieper-Donets, Zedmar, Neman, Comb, East Trzciniec, North Belarussian
cultures; the cycle of cultural systems of the Carpathian Basin: the East Linear Band Pottery,
Bükk
cultures), show¬
ing a distinctive character in both cultural and material spheres (including the production and use of wood tar).
The presentation of the cultural background, against which groups covered by the present dissertation deve¬
loped, helped to outline relationships within individual cycles of cultural systems included in the diagnostic ter¬
ritory (the cycle of the cultural systems of the Baltic drainage) and the comparative area (the cycle of the cultural
systems of the steppe and forest-steppe of eastern Europe, the cycle of cultural systems of the forest zone of ea¬
stern Europe and the cycle of cultural systems of the Carpathian Basin) as well as connections between individu¬
al cultural units, making them up. This part of the dissertation leaves out descriptions of the cultural units whose
materials were not covered by the standard analytical procedure used in the study. The second part of the chapter
discusses in general terms the stages of cultural development in the lands spreading between the Dnieper and
Elbe rivers.
IV. The Scope and Methodology of Laboratory Analyses
Many organic substances recorded during excavations show extensive structural changes, making it difficult to
reliably identify their original form and function. The identification of recorded substances is of vital impor¬
tance as further, more detailed laboratory analyses and archaeological interpretations depend on it.
Physicochemical methods are used to examine vegetable materials preserved at archaeological sites in the
form that prevents their identification, using standard microscopic analyses. This is the case as a rule when
Summary
259
wood-tar remains have the form of lumps of amorphous mass or layers adhering to the surfaces of vessels, tools
and weapons, deprived of any traces of anatomic structure.
The physicochemical methods help identify wood-tar substances and distinguish them from substances of
animal origin or organic earthborn materials (asphalt, crude oil, or bituminous materials). In the study of the
available remains of hypothetical wood tar , a wide gamut of physicochemical methods were used. Their use
was necessitated by the high complexity of the problems to be solved.
An assessment of similarities and differences between the methods of destructive wood distillation used then
was one of major questions faced by modern physicochemical methods of analysis. By no means a less impor¬
tant research objective, an attempt to determine the function of hypothetical wood tar was followed by another
objective of the present dissertation, i.e. finding and identifying any impurities in samples subjected to analysis.
A final objective was to determine the way each substance (wood tar) was applied to the surface.
Before applying physicochemical methods to the study of fossil objects, it has to be realized that such
methods are far more effective if results of relevant analyses, carried out on present-day materials, are available
for comparison with
subfossil
specimens. At the current stage of advancement of such research, this meant in
practice that plant species and their organs living today had to be analyzed for the purpose of comparing them
with samples obtained from archaeological sites.
One of the main methods of analysis was infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR). Conclusions were supported
by the results of thin-layer chromatography
(TLC),
solubility tests in organic solvents and water solutions of
acids (HC1) and bases (NaOH), measurements of melting point and microscopic observations, using optical and
electron microscopes. Additionally, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) was used to measure spectra. Also,
in the case of several samples, advanced molecular analytical methods were employed: spectrometry of nuclear
magnetic resonance (NMR) and gas chromatography (GC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS).
V. Results of Physicochemical Analyses
To attain the objective set at the beginning,
218
samples of hypothetical wood tar were used, coming from
80
archaeological sites (Neolthic
—
Bronze Age), situated between the Dnieper and Elbe rivers. The samples
were selected for laboratory analyses pursuant to macroscopic evaluation.
The results of analyses of all archaeological preparations subjected to physicochemical examinations as well
as standard samples of different wood-tar types obtained in laboratories are given in tables or in the form of
microscopic photographs or
spectroscopie
spectra. In each section of the chapter, containing results of laborato¬
ry examinations, samples were arranged according to chronological and cultural criteria, i.e. according to the
cycles of cultural systems and then according to
taxonomic
units (cultural circles and archaeological cultures).
All the samples of wood-tar substances were analyzed according to the following criteria:
—
state of excavation records (i.e. macroscopic and microscopic identification of artefact forms),
—
raw materials (identification of original raw materials, i.e. species of trees and bark used to produce wood tar),
—
technology (identification of the methods of producing and processing wood-tar substances),
—
function (establishing the use of objects on which traces of wood tar survived, including the manner of its
application).
VI. Interpretation of Physicochemical Analyses
This chapter deals with the archaeological interpretation of the results divided into the groups of technologies
of producing, modifying and applying wood tar.
The laboratory analyses indicate that all the analyzed samples may be identified with, either:
—
wood-tar substances,
—
bituminous substances
—
composite substances.
All the groups of substances listed above, owing to their properties
—
reflected in the results of the physico-
chemical analyses
—
were divided into six basic technological groups. Technological groups
MV
encompass
wood-tar substances of different degrees of thermal degradation. In most cases, archaeological samples
assi-
260
Zastosowanie i technologie wytwarzania dziegciu przez społeczeństwa międzyrzecza Dniepru i Łaby
gned
to these groups represent
medium
or heavy wood-tar fractions that melt completely or partially at about
300
deg. C,
dissolve in organic solvents, but do not dissolve in water or water solutions of acids (HCl) and bases
(NaOH). Technological group V comprises bituminous substances (eaithborn), whereas the effects of high tem¬
peratures and a hybrid, organic-mineral character of wood tar (composite substances) are typical of samples ma¬
king up group VI. All the technological groups were distinguished, relying on common properties of samples:
the content of esters (COOR), carboxylic acids (COOH) and their salts (carboxylates, RCOO-), and minerals, as
well as their behaviour in organic solvents and thermal degradability.
Analyses whose purpose was to identify the application of all tar substances subjected to physicochemical
tests showed it was necessary to divide them into four basic functional categories:
postproduction
remains, bin¬
ders, vessel seals and colorants. Samples were assigned to individual categories, relying on their properties reve¬
aled above all during macroscopic inspection and microscopic examinations supported by other physicochemi¬
cal analyses.
The samples, divided into the four categories, are for the most part tar substances found on ceramic vessel
walls while the share of preparation cakes is rather small and that of finds of such substances on flint objects is
lower still.
The results of my research show that Europe s prehistoric societies knew various technologies of making
wood tar: from the most primitive (involving the use of a single ceramic vessel) to very advanced ones
(involving the use of two- and three-chamber reactors).
The oldest finds show that wood tar was used in Europe as early as the Palaeolithic. Neolithic and Bronze
Age sites in Europe supply a lot of material evidence for different wood-tar applications. The most important
findings of archaeometric analyses include:
—
early use of wood-tar for decorating pottery by painting it in central Europe (a black colorant was fixed by
holding vessels at high temperatures) instead of mineral colorants, based on iron and manganese oxides, com¬
monly used in the south (Balkans),
—
presence of iron compounds in wood tar used as a colorant; the compounds seem to be an intentional ad¬
mixture whose spatial distribution of grains corresponds to the size of blood cells,
—
the use of wood-tar substances by the societies of linear-band pottery cultures on the Polish lands in the
middle of the 6th millennium
ВС,
—
purposeful modification of tar properties using heat processing or even mineral fillers (to improve adhe¬
sion of the applied material to the ceramic surface and limit material abrasibility; these measures are used in pre¬
sent-day plastics technology as well!),
—
the use of heavy fractions of wood tars to seal inner and outer surfaces of ceramic vessels which, owing to
their properties, were used for storing and processing liquid products,
—
the use of wood tar by prehistoric societies as a binder, having the nature of a composite material made up
of an organic part and, larger by volume, mineral part,
—
the use of heavy fractions of wood tars as a binder to mount ornaments, cut in bark, on outer surfaces of
ceramic vessels,
—
a significant similarity of the chemical composition of samples, coming from two different archaeologi¬
cal sites, which is evidence of (a) a strict adherence to the recipe for making wood tar (identical method of pro¬
duction and possible later processing) or (b) obtaining both samples from the same batch produced to satisfy the
needs of two settlements, linked to the Funnel Beaker culture societies (specialization of production),
—
a new technique of decorating vessels with wood tar of dense consistence (pitch) which was intentionally
used to improve the appearance of outer surfaces of vessels (form of inlay),
—
the use of cataplasm of birch tar and herbs (European stoneseed), having medicinal properties, to dress
wounds (a grave find) points to its purposeful application.
My research shows that the most popular application of wood tar was its use a binder to repair broken ves¬
sels, mount ornaments of birch bark on the outer walls of ceramic vessels (decorative applications), and inlay in¬
cised or impressed patterns. Next, wood tar was used for sealing the surfaces of ceramic vessels. In the latter
case, sealing could be used on both inner and outer walls of ceramic vessels, which then could be used to store
and process liquid products. Some special uses of wood tar include the mounting of stone and flint inserts (tools
and weapons) on wooden, bone and horn handles.
Wood tar in combination with herbs (European stoneseed) was the chief ingredient of medicines. The anti¬
pyretic, antiseptic and pharmacological properties of wood tar and herbs suggest that such a cataplasm was
Summary
261
used as a medicament among the societies of the Mierzanowice culture (ca.
1750
ВС).
Other unusual applica¬
tions of wood tar include its use as ancient chewing gum (wood-tar lumps with impressions of human teeth),
possibly because of quite large amounts of disinfectants released during chewing.
In the culture of Neolithic and Bronze Age populations, wood tar was used for medical and magic purposes.
These uses are evidenced by the presence of wood tar in ancient graves and by its application as a colorant (so¬
metimes mixed with blood) in ornamentation of ceramic vessels. In this context, a closer functional identifica¬
tion of wood tar applications points to some pre-ftmeral rituals. They include fastening scalps and death masks
popular with the societies of the Pre-Yamnaya and Catacomb cultures.
An increase in the number of finds of tar substances in the discussed area from the Neolithic to the Bronze
Age follows from the technological and world-view advancement, taking place across Europe, that may be seen
as a hypothetical stimulus of interest in the product. The time interval is the period when wood tars began to play
an important role in both the economy and other areas of life of Europe s prehistoric societies. Interesting pro¬
perties of these products and their diverse uses (including binding and colouring) make us continue or even
expand interdisciplinary studies of wood tar.
Conclusion
In the light of research suggestions made in the introduction, the dissertation by no means exhausts all
questions, relating to the production and use of wood-tar substances in the Neolithic and Bronze Age between
the Dnieper and Elbe rivers. What it does, however, is rather a defining of the cognitive potential of wood-tar
substances found during excavations. Today, they are frequently ignored when source materials are processed.
The dissertation is rather an introduction to further interdisciplinary archaeometric studies that ought to focus
on the expanding of the source base of wood-tar materials and their successive archaeometric analyses in ac¬
cordance with the suggested procedure.
One of the most pressing tasks, facing archaeometric studies of wood-tar substances produced in prehistoric
Europe, is the obtaining of a representative collection of source materials, originating with all the cycles of cul¬
tural systems. A special focus should be put on the comparative areas of: the cycle of the cultural systems of the
steppe and forest-steppe of eastern Europe, the cycle of cultural systems of the forest zone of eastern Europe and
the cycle of cultural systems of the Carpathian Basin. This will help in the future to trace carefully development
tendencies concerning the technology of production, and application of wood tar among European prehistoric
societies.
The methodological experience acquired while studying the wood-tar industry of European prehistoric so¬
cieties should form groundwork for further interdisciplinary research projects. At their first stage (field work),
a standard procedure should involve a separation of organic materials according to the suggested criteria follo¬
wed by a careful selection of samples (office work) for specialized archaeometric analyses. The selection should
be thorough enough to meet the needs of both archaeological and physicochemical studies. Such research pro¬
jects should be followed by exhaustive studies, using different and the most effective analytical methods, both
archaeological and archaeometric ones. At this stage of research, a close co-operation between archaeologists
and scientists seems absolutely necessary.
It seems that the dissertation satisfactorily presented the cognitive value of wood-tar substances as a new, but
frequently underestimated, category of source materials. Their special value lies in the fact that they make it po¬
ssible to study prehistoric cultures from many angles.
Moreover, the dissertation contains a novel proposition, as it seems, of a multifaceted research project that
would integrate the efforts of the humanities and sciences. From this point of view, archaeometry, in this speci¬
fic case studying wood-tar substances whose state of preservation often prevents their macroscopic identifica¬
tion, helps to understand better their special position in the archaeology of organic substances
.
It must be stres¬
sed, however, that in spite of the application of physics and chemistry to archaeology, it is possible to draw pure¬
ly humanistic conclusions. Hopefully, this dissertation, if only in part, proves this point.
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Pietrzak, Sławomir |
| author_facet | Pietrzak, Sławomir |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Pietrzak, Sławomir |
| author_variant | s p sp |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV039867119 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)780108982 (DE-599)BVBBV039867119 |
| era | Geschichte 6000-2000 v.Chr. gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 6000-2000 v.Chr. |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4139307-7 CD-ROM gnd-carrier |
| genre_facet | CD-ROM |
| geographic | Elbe-Gebiet (DE-588)4234659-9 gnd Dnjepr-Gebiet (DE-588)4085448-6 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Elbe-Gebiet Dnjepr-Gebiet |
| id | DE-604.BV039867119 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:13:00Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788371776076 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024726544 |
| oclc_num | 780108982 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 261 s. Ill., graph. Darst. 30 cm CD-ROM (12 cm) |
| publishDate | 2010 |
| publishDateSearch | 2010 |
| publishDateSort | 2010 |
| publisher | Wydawnictwo Poznańskie |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Archaeologia Bimaris / Monografie |
| spelling | Pietrzak, Sławomir Verfasser aut Zastosowanie i technologie wytwarzania dziegciu przez społeczeństwa międzyrzecza Dniepru i Łaby od VI do II tysiąclecia BC = The production and use of wood tar between the Dnieper and Elbe rivers from the 6th to the 2nd millennium BC Sławomir Pietrzak ; Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, Instytut Prahistorii The production and use of wood tar between the Dnieper and Elbe rivers from the 6th to the 2nd millennium BC Poznań Wydawnictwo Poznańskie 2010 261 s. Ill., graph. Darst. 30 cm CD-ROM (12 cm) txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Archaeologia Bimaris / Monografie 4 Zsfassung in engl. Sprache. - Dateiformat der CD-ROM-Beil.: PDF Bibliogr. s. 243-255 Geschichte 6000-2000 v.Chr. gnd rswk-swf Smoły drzewne / produkcja i handel / Europa Wschodnia / do 1500 jhpk Smoły drzewne / wykorzystanie / Europa Wschodnia / do 1500 jhpk Zabytki prehistoryczne / Europa Wschodnia jhpk Handel (DE-588)4023222-0 gnd rswk-swf Holzpech (DE-588)7668000-9 gnd rswk-swf Produktion (DE-588)4047347-8 gnd rswk-swf Holzteer (DE-588)4370138-3 gnd rswk-swf Elbe-Gebiet (DE-588)4234659-9 gnd rswk-swf Dnjepr-Gebiet (DE-588)4085448-6 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4139307-7 CD-ROM gnd-carrier Dnjepr-Gebiet (DE-588)4085448-6 g Elbe-Gebiet (DE-588)4234659-9 g Holzpech (DE-588)7668000-9 s Holzteer (DE-588)4370138-3 s Produktion (DE-588)4047347-8 s Handel (DE-588)4023222-0 s Geschichte 6000-2000 v.Chr. z DE-604 Monografie Archaeologia Bimaris 4 (DE-604)BV039865890 4 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024726544&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024726544&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Pietrzak, Sławomir Zastosowanie i technologie wytwarzania dziegciu przez społeczeństwa międzyrzecza Dniepru i Łaby od VI do II tysiąclecia BC = The production and use of wood tar between the Dnieper and Elbe rivers from the 6th to the 2nd millennium BC Smoły drzewne / produkcja i handel / Europa Wschodnia / do 1500 jhpk Smoły drzewne / wykorzystanie / Europa Wschodnia / do 1500 jhpk Zabytki prehistoryczne / Europa Wschodnia jhpk Handel (DE-588)4023222-0 gnd Holzpech (DE-588)7668000-9 gnd Produktion (DE-588)4047347-8 gnd Holzteer (DE-588)4370138-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4023222-0 (DE-588)7668000-9 (DE-588)4047347-8 (DE-588)4370138-3 (DE-588)4234659-9 (DE-588)4085448-6 (DE-588)4139307-7 |
| title | Zastosowanie i technologie wytwarzania dziegciu przez społeczeństwa międzyrzecza Dniepru i Łaby od VI do II tysiąclecia BC = The production and use of wood tar between the Dnieper and Elbe rivers from the 6th to the 2nd millennium BC |
| title_alt | The production and use of wood tar between the Dnieper and Elbe rivers from the 6th to the 2nd millennium BC |
| title_auth | Zastosowanie i technologie wytwarzania dziegciu przez społeczeństwa międzyrzecza Dniepru i Łaby od VI do II tysiąclecia BC = The production and use of wood tar between the Dnieper and Elbe rivers from the 6th to the 2nd millennium BC |
| title_exact_search | Zastosowanie i technologie wytwarzania dziegciu przez społeczeństwa międzyrzecza Dniepru i Łaby od VI do II tysiąclecia BC = The production and use of wood tar between the Dnieper and Elbe rivers from the 6th to the 2nd millennium BC |
| title_full | Zastosowanie i technologie wytwarzania dziegciu przez społeczeństwa międzyrzecza Dniepru i Łaby od VI do II tysiąclecia BC = The production and use of wood tar between the Dnieper and Elbe rivers from the 6th to the 2nd millennium BC Sławomir Pietrzak ; Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, Instytut Prahistorii |
| title_fullStr | Zastosowanie i technologie wytwarzania dziegciu przez społeczeństwa międzyrzecza Dniepru i Łaby od VI do II tysiąclecia BC = The production and use of wood tar between the Dnieper and Elbe rivers from the 6th to the 2nd millennium BC Sławomir Pietrzak ; Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, Instytut Prahistorii |
| title_full_unstemmed | Zastosowanie i technologie wytwarzania dziegciu przez społeczeństwa międzyrzecza Dniepru i Łaby od VI do II tysiąclecia BC = The production and use of wood tar between the Dnieper and Elbe rivers from the 6th to the 2nd millennium BC Sławomir Pietrzak ; Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, Instytut Prahistorii |
| title_short | Zastosowanie i technologie wytwarzania dziegciu przez społeczeństwa międzyrzecza Dniepru i Łaby od VI do II tysiąclecia BC |
| title_sort | zastosowanie i technologie wytwarzania dziegciu przez spoleczenstwa miedzyrzecza dniepru i laby od vi do ii tysiaclecia bc the production and use of wood tar between the dnieper and elbe rivers from the 6th to the 2nd millennium bc |
| title_sub | = The production and use of wood tar between the Dnieper and Elbe rivers from the 6th to the 2nd millennium BC |
| topic | Smoły drzewne / produkcja i handel / Europa Wschodnia / do 1500 jhpk Smoły drzewne / wykorzystanie / Europa Wschodnia / do 1500 jhpk Zabytki prehistoryczne / Europa Wschodnia jhpk Handel (DE-588)4023222-0 gnd Holzpech (DE-588)7668000-9 gnd Produktion (DE-588)4047347-8 gnd Holzteer (DE-588)4370138-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Smoły drzewne / produkcja i handel / Europa Wschodnia / do 1500 Smoły drzewne / wykorzystanie / Europa Wschodnia / do 1500 Zabytki prehistoryczne / Europa Wschodnia Handel Holzpech Produktion Holzteer Elbe-Gebiet Dnjepr-Gebiet CD-ROM |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024726544&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024726544&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV039865890 |
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