Comerţul exterior al României cu ţările din sud-estul Europei: (1878 - 1914)
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Romanian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Bucureşti
Oscar Print
2009
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 227 S. |
| ISBN: | 9789736682407 |
Internformat
MARC
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804148765587668992 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | r
CUPRINS
Cuvânt înainte
.........................................................................................4
Abrevieri
..................................................................................................7
CAPITOLUL
I
Spaţiul
sud-est
european şi realităţile lui economice
.................................9
CAPITOLUL
II
Idei şi concepţii privind comerţul exterior
..............................................73
CAPITOLUL III
Politica vamală şi tarifară a României
....................................................83
CAPITOLUL
IV
Convenţiile şi tratatele comerciale ale României cu ţările din sud-estul
Europei
.................................................................................................109
CAPITOLUL
V
Comerţul exterior al României cu ţările din sud-estul Europei. Valori şi
ponderi
.................................................................................................157
Concluzii
..............................................................................................192
Conclusions
.........................................................................................196
Anexe
...................................................................................................201
Bibliografie
..........................................................................................221
Conclusions
Without following a different path and strategy as compared
to those of the international trade, Romanian foreign trade has
however some particularities generated by the level of economic
development. The export continued to be based on agricultural
products and raw materials and the import on processed and half-
processed goods. The overwhelming weight of agricultural products
in export reflected their dependency on nature s whims, scarce
harvests, on how modern the methods of cultivating the land were.
On the external market, the presence of the Romanian products was
dependent upon its fluctuations, the partners interests and the
competition.
During the last decades of the XlXth century and the
beginning of the XXth century, Romania s main trade partners were
the developed states in Central and Eastern Europe, thus reflecting
the character of the national economy. According to statistical data,
five big powers accounted for
90-95%
in Romania s trade while the
trade with the South-Europe had a secondary place:
5.33%
in
1901,
4.19
in
1910, 4.37%
in
1912.
The agrarian countries of South
-
East
Europe had a weak industry and an outdated agriculture; they lack
the domestic capital, the means of transportation and the
communications infrastructure and were predominantly exporting
agricultural products and raw materials. These countries were sure
and advantageous markets for processed and half-processed products
of developed countries. The interconnection between the economics
and the politics explains the geographical area of the trade. The
interests of the great powers and tlieir tariff and trade policy has
influenced in terms of quantity and value the foreign trade in the
196
area. Tightly linked to the development of the production factors,
foreign trade influence in its rum the level of production, the
productivity and the national income. At a first view, the
resemblances in socio-economic and export terms between countries
of South-east Europe may lead to the conclusion
-
by all means not
true
-
that there was no active and continuous trade between these
countries and that the exchange of merchandises, when taking place
was irrelevant, seldom and chaotic. But just one look at the statistics
of countries in the area shows continuity in the mutual exchange of
goods, which in some cases had some considerable value, while in
other cases was merely negligible. Reports of Romanian diplomats
located in Constantinople, Sofia, Belgrade or Athens were offering
information about possibilities of placing Romanian salt or wood, of
cereals, flour, animals and animal products, while the good quality
and transport facilities represented an uncontested asset.
In the period under analysis, trade agreements concluded by
Romania with its partners in South-East Europe as well as with some
other countries were based on the most favoured nation clause. This
guaranteed both the penetration under equal treatment of Romanian
merchandises on the markets of Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria, Greece
and Serbia and the removal at the same time of high, even
prohibitive tariffs applied in the time period between the agreements.
As far as Ottoman Empire is concerned, the final act was always
accompanied by a table which consolidated or reduced the entry
taxes for a number of products of great interest for the sovereign
power. The negotiations were sometimes long and difficult due to the
almost identical composition of export and to the involvement of
some of the Great Powers with economical and political interests in
this part of Europe. Trade agreements, treaties and commercial
arrangements with South-European countries were expiring around
197
the period of adopting a new customs tariff. The signing of new such
acts was always done on the basis of similar acts concluded between
Romania and the Great Powers. Romania s trade relations with
South-East Europe were sometimes tensioned, marked by different
exaggerated and even prohibitive taxes applied for a while by the
other parties trying to impose over their partner changes in the tariff
policy rejected by the European powers and hoping that this will be
accepted. Sometimes, in their inflexibility, parities went as far as to
starting a customs war, as happened twice with the Ottoman Empire
(1886-1887
and
1900)
and once with Greece (July
1906 -
July
1907).
For Romania as for Bulgaria, Greece and Serbia the most
important trading partner in the area was, during the period under
analysis, the Ottoman Empire with a trade in figures representing in
1906
over
43
million Romanian Lei
(43.812.639
which means
4.72%)
and
49
millions Romanian Lei in
1907 (49.514.141
which
means
4.95%).
The second place was occupied by Bulgaria, followed
by Greece and Serbia. It is worth mentioning that for Greece the
amount in figures for trade decreased in
1912
by half as compared
with
1901 (2.708.564
Romanian lei as compared to
5.301.446),
while
for Serbia the figures were barely over
1
million Lei for the period
between
1884
and
1912.
Reflecting the unilateral character of its own and its partners
economies, the export of Romania was dominated by raw materials
and agricultural products (cereals, animals and animal products,
wood and salt), with processed and half-processed merchandises
(sugar, construction materials, gasoline) starting to be present
towards the end years of the XDCth century and the beginning of the
XXth century. Cereals occupied the first place, notable quantities
being exported to the Ottoman Empire as well as Greece. For
198
example, in
1906
the deliveries towards the two above-mentioned
countries were of
22.600
thousands lei
(5.33%)
while in
1913
they
were of over
30.000
thousands lei
(6.19%).
Along with cereals, wood
had a decisive contribution to the increase in value of trade with
Balkan countries. In
1905
for example, out of a total value of wood
exported of
27.100
thousands lei, South-Eastern European partners
accounted for
6.593
thousands lei
(24%
out of the total). As for salt,
most important trading partners were Bulgaria and Serbia.
Towards the end of the first decade of the XXth century,
Romanian oil and especially its
dérivâtes
started to be increasingly
present on the Balkan markets. Thus, in
1909
Romania delivered
here
lampant
oil and
mazut
amounting for
2.964
thou lei
(8.1%
of the
total export of this item), in
1913
the amount increased to
9.189
thou
lei
(7.06%),
while in
1914
it came to
13.715
thou lei
(16.6%).
After
1900,
due to foreign competition, taxes raised when
leaving the country and artificially increased price as a result of
numerous transhipments some products
-
animals, animal products,
alcohol
-
decreased in value of exports and even disappeared from
the trade statistics although they were highly demanded on Greek
and Turkish markets before
1900.
Romania imported especially citrus fruits, olive oil, salty and
sour olives, some sweet products, canned fruits, tobacco, coal and
some construction materials (stone and marble). The suppliers for
most of these items were the Ottoman Empire and Greece. From
Bulgaria, Romania imported seeds and from Serbia coal and small
quantities of stone.
Romania s trade with South-East European countries were
carried out mostly via water routes. With the exception of Serbia, all
the other transports were done on the sea. Significant quantities of
flour,, wheat, animals, animal products and oil were unloaded in the
199
Danube
harbours of
Brăila
and
Galati
and in the sea harbour of
Constanza
with terminus points in Varna, Burgas, Patras,
Thessaloniki,
Athens, Corfu. From these harbours Romania received
back citrus fruits, tobacco, olive oil, coal and olives. The trade with
Bulgaria and Serbia was carried out for a small part though via land
transportation.
200
|
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| spelling | Buşă, Daniela Victoria Verfasser aut Comerţul exterior al României cu ţările din sud-estul Europei (1878 - 1914) Daniela Buşă Bucureşti Oscar Print 2009 227 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geschichte 1874-1914 gnd rswk-swf Wirtschaft (DE-588)4066399-1 gnd rswk-swf Export (DE-588)4016020-8 gnd rswk-swf Balkan (DE-588)4069099-4 gnd rswk-swf Rumänien (DE-588)4050939-4 gnd rswk-swf Rumänien (DE-588)4050939-4 g Balkan (DE-588)4069099-4 g Wirtschaft (DE-588)4066399-1 s Export (DE-588)4016020-8 s Geschichte 1874-1914 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024695710&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024695710&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Buşă, Daniela Victoria Comerţul exterior al României cu ţările din sud-estul Europei (1878 - 1914) Wirtschaft (DE-588)4066399-1 gnd Export (DE-588)4016020-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4066399-1 (DE-588)4016020-8 (DE-588)4069099-4 (DE-588)4050939-4 |
| title | Comerţul exterior al României cu ţările din sud-estul Europei (1878 - 1914) |
| title_auth | Comerţul exterior al României cu ţările din sud-estul Europei (1878 - 1914) |
| title_exact_search | Comerţul exterior al României cu ţările din sud-estul Europei (1878 - 1914) |
| title_full | Comerţul exterior al României cu ţările din sud-estul Europei (1878 - 1914) Daniela Buşă |
| title_fullStr | Comerţul exterior al României cu ţările din sud-estul Europei (1878 - 1914) Daniela Buşă |
| title_full_unstemmed | Comerţul exterior al României cu ţările din sud-estul Europei (1878 - 1914) Daniela Buşă |
| title_short | Comerţul exterior al României cu ţările din sud-estul Europei |
| title_sort | comertul exterior al romaniei cu tarile din sud estul europei 1878 1914 |
| title_sub | (1878 - 1914) |
| topic | Wirtschaft (DE-588)4066399-1 gnd Export (DE-588)4016020-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Wirtschaft Export Balkan Rumänien |
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