International handbook on unfair competition:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
München [u.a.]
Beck [u.a.]
2013
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Literaturangaben |
| Beschreibung: | XXXIV, 653 S. |
| ISBN: | 9783832972653 383297265X 9783406633102 9781849463683 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a International handbook on unfair competition |c ed. by Frauke Henning-Bodewig |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | IMAGE 1
CONTENTS - SUMMARY
TABLE OF CONTENTS VII
GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS XXVII
TABLE OF AUTHORS XXXI
A. INTRODUCTION 1
§ 1 UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW - AN INTRODUCTION TO A COMPLEX TOPIC .. 1
B. INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION AGAINST UNFAIR COMPETITION 9
§ 2 INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION AGAINST UNFAIR COMPETITION 9
C. REGIONAL PROTECTION AGAINST UNFAIR COMPETITION 39 § 3 OVERVIEW 39
§ 4 EUROPEAN UNION 41
§ 5 REGIONAL AGREEMENTS IN NORTH AMERICA, SOUTH AMERICA, AFRICA,
CARIBBEAN, ASIA 76
D. COUNTRY REPORTS 83
§ 6 AUSTRALIA 83
§ 7 AUSTRIA 106
§ 8 BRAZIL 136
§ 9 CANADA 164
§ 10 CHINA 188
§ 11 FRANCE 207
§ 12 GERMANY 231
§ 13 HUNGARY 261
§ 14 INDIA 285
§ 15 ITALY 313
§ 16 JAPAN 342
§ 17 LITHUANIA 377
§ 18 NETHERLANDS 399
§ 19 POLAND 423
§ 20 SOUTH AFRICA 456
§ 21 SPAIN 481
§22 SWEDEN 511
§ 23 SWITZERLAND 547
§ 24 TURKEY 583
§ 25 UNITED KINGDOM 600
§ 26 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 621
VII
HTTP://D-NB.INFO/1019531126
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
A. INTRODUCTION 1
§ 1 UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW - AN INTRODUCTION TO A COMPLEX TOPIC 1
I. THE ROOTS OF UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW 1
1. COUNTERBALANCE TO THE PRINCIPLE OF LAISSEZ-FAIRE IN TRADE 1
2. THE (INITIAL) COMMON GROUND: PROTECTION OF THE HONEST ENTREPRENEUR
2 3. THE ADDITIONAL FACTOR: CONSUMER PROTECTION 2
4. THE (NEW) COMMON GROUND: UNDISTORTED COMPETITION 3
II. UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW AS A SEPARATE FIELD OF LAW? 4
III. THE CORE O F UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW 5
1. BETWEEN IP LAW, ANTITRUST LAW AND CONSUMER PROTECTION 6
2. (SOME) SUBJECT MATTERS OF UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW 7
IV. CONCLUSION 8
B. INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION AGAINST UNFAIR COMPETITION 9 § 2
INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION AGAINST UNFAIR COMPETITION 9
A. THE PARIS CONVENTION 10
I. THE PARIS CONVENTION AND THE REPRESSION OF UNFAIR COMPETITION 11 1.
BASIC FEATURES OF THE PARIS CONVENTION 11
2. THE REPRESSION OF UNFAIR COMPETITION AS PART OF INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY
LAW 12 3. THE MAIN PRINCIPLES OF THE PARIS CONVENTION 14
A) NATIONAL TREATMENT AND MINIMUM PROTECTION 14
B) DIRECT APPLICATION OF THE MINIMUM STANDARD? 16
C) HIGHER STANDARDS O F PROTECTION/REVERSE DISCRIMINATION 16
4. INTERPRETATION OF THE PARIS CONVENTION 17
A) AUTONOMOUS INTERPRETATION 17
B) THE IMPORTANCE OF THE LAW WHERE A CONFLICT OCCURS 18
C) NATIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR PROTECTION 19
5. ARTICLE 10 BLS PARIS CONVENTION IN DETAIL 19
A) OVERVIEW 19
B) PURPOSE OF PROTECTION 20
C) SCOPE OF APPLICATION: ACTS OF COMPETITION 21
D) THE BENCHMARK: HONEST PRACTICES 22
E) SPECIFIC INCIDENCES OF UNFAIR COMPETITION 25
AA) RISK OF CONFUSION 25
BB) DISCREDITING COMPETITORS 26
CC) MISLEADING ALLEGATIONS 26
6. ENFORCEMENT/THE RIGHT OF ACTION 27
II. THE 1996 WIPO MODEL PROVISIONS 28
1. BACKGROUND 28
2. OVERVIEW 29
A) SCOPE OF APPLICATION; PURPOSE OF PROTECTION 29
B) EXTENDED LISTS OF EXAMPLES 29
C) ENFORCEMENT 30
B. TRIPS 30
I. BASIC FEATURES OF TRIPS: THE PARIS-PLUS -APPROACH 31
II. TRIPS AND THE REPRESSION OF UNFAIR COMPETITION 32
1. REGULATED INCIDENCES: INDICATIONS O F ORIGIN, TRADE SECRETS 32
2. INCORPORATION OF ARTICLE LOBIS PC BY GENERAL REFERENCE? 33
A) ARTICLE 2(1) TRIPS 33
B) THE HAVANA CLUB DECISION 34
C) CONSEQUENCES OF HAVANA CLUB FOR ARTICLE 10 B,S P C 35
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C CURRENT SITUATION 36
SPECIFIC ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 36
C. REGIONAL PROTECTION AGAINST UNFAIR COMPETITION 39
§ 3 OVERVIEW 39
§ 4 EUROPEAN UNION 41
I. INTRODUCTION 44
II. UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW - ITS BASE IN THE TFEU AND THE EUROPEAN
INTERNAL MARKET 45
1. RELEVANT PROVISIONS 45
2. JURISPRUDENCE OF THE CJEU 46
A) DASSONVILLE 46
B) CASSIS DE DIJON 46
C) KECK 47
III. THE DIRECTIVE ON UNFAIR COMMERCIAL PRACTICES (UCPD) 48
1. HISTORY 48
A) FORERUNNER DIRECTIVES: MISLEADING AND COMPARATIVE ADVERTISING .... 48
B) THE HISTORY OF THE UCPD 49
2. THE PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF THE UCPD 49
A) THE PURPOSE O F THE UCPD 49
B) THE SCOPE OF APPLICATION 50
AA) PERSONAL SCOPE 50
BB) FACTUAL SCOPE 51
3. THE STRUCTURE 52
A) ANNEX I 53
B) THE SMALL GENERAL CLAUSES 53
AA) MISLEADING COMMERCIAL PRACTICES 53
(1) MISLEADING ACTIONS 54
(2) MISLEADING OMISSIONS 54
BB) AGGRESSIVE COMMERCIAL PRACTICES 55
C) THE GRAND GENERAL CLAUSE 56
4. ENFORCEMENT 56
A) ENFORCEMENT 56
B) ENFORCEMENT AND SELF-REGULATION 57
5. THE UCPD BEFORE THE CJEU 58
A) PRELIMINARY RULINGS 58
B) THE UCPD AND SALES PROMOTIONS 58
C) THE UCPD AND THE INVITATION TO PURCHASE 59
D) THE UCPD AND THE RELATION BETWEEN THE GENERAL CLAUSES 60
E) THE UCPD AND CONTRACT LAW 61
IV. DIRECTIVE CONCERNING MISLEADING AND COMPARATIVE ADVERTISING 61 1.
MISLEADING ADVERTISING 61
A) SCOPE OF APPLICATION 61
B) PROHIBITION OF MISLEADING ADVERTISING 62
2. COMPARATIVE ADVERTISING 63
A) SCOPE OF APPLICATION 63
B) REQUIREMENTS OF COMPARATIVE ADVERTISING 64
AA) COMPARATIVE ADVERTISING IS NOT MISLEADING (ARTICLE 4 LIT. A) 64 BB)
COMPARATIVE ADVERTISING COMPARES GOODS OR SERVICES MEETING THE SAME
NEEDS OR INTENDED FOR THE SAME PURPOSE (ARTICLE 4 LIT. B) 64 CC)
COMPARATIVE ADVERTISING OBJECTIVELY COMPARES ONE OR MORE MATE
RIAL, RELEVANT, VERIFIABLE AND REPRESENTATIVE FEATURES OF THOSE GOODS OR
SERVICES, WHICH MAY INCLUDE THE PRICE (ARTICLE 4 LIT. C) 64
DD) COMPARATIVE ADVERTISING DOES NOT DISCREDIT OR DENIGRATE THE TRADE
MARKS, TRADE NAMES OR OTHER DISTINGUISHING SIGNS OF A COMPETITOR
(ARTICLE 4 LIT. D) 64
EE) FOR PRODUCTS WITH DESIGNATION O F ORIGIN, COMPARATIVE ADVERTISING
RELATES TO PRODUCTS WITH THE SAME DESIGNATION (ARTICLE 4 LIT. E) 64
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FF) COMPARATIVE ADVERTISING DOES NOT TAKE UNFAIR ADVANTAGE OF THE
REPUTATION OF THE TRADEMARK OR OTHER DISTINGUISHING MARKS OF A
COMPETITOR (ARTICLE 4 LIT. F) 64
GG) COMPARATIVE ADVERTISING DOES NOT PRESENT GOODS OR SERVICES AS
IMITATIONS OR REPLICAS OF GOODS OR SERVICES BEARING A PROTECTED TRADE
MARK OR TRADE NAME (ARTICLE 4 LIT. G) 65
HH) COMPARATIVE ADVERTISING DOES NOT CREATE CONFUSION IN THE MARKET
PLACE BETWEEN THE ADVERTISER AND A COMPETITOR (ARTICLE 4 LIT. H) 65 3.
ENFORCEMENT 65
V. PRODUCT- AND MEDIA-SPECIFIC DIRECTIVES AND REGULATIONS 66
1. OVERVIEW 66
2. THE REGULATION ON NUTRITION AND HEALTH CLAIMS MADE ON FOODS 66
A) PURPOSE O F THE REGULATION 66
B) SCOPE OF APPLICATION 67
AA) NUTRITION CLAIMS 67
BB) HEALTH CLAIMS 68
3. DIRECTIVE 2000/31/EC ON ELECTRONIC COMMERCE 69
A) PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF THE DIRECTIVE 69
B) STRUCTURE OF THE DIRECTIVE 70
C) THE COUNTRY OF ORIGIN PRINCIPLE 70
AA) THE PRINCIPLE 70
BB) COUNTRY OF ORIGIN PRINCIPLE AND APPLICABLE LAW 71
VI. SUMMARY 72
VI. ANNEXES 72
VI .SPECIFIC ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 75
§ 5 REGIONAL AGREEMENTS IN NORTH AMERICA, SOUTH AMERICA, AFRICA,
CARIBBEAN, ASIA 76 I. NORTH AMERICA: NAFTA 77
II. SOUTH AMERICA: MERCOSUR/CAN 77
1. HISTORY 77
2. CAN 78
3. MERCOSUR 79
III. CARIBBEAN: CARICOM 79
IV. AFRICA: ARIPO/OAPI/COMESA/SADC 80
1. ARIPO 80
2. OAPI 80
3. COMESA 80
4. SADC 81
V. ASIA: ASEAN 81 .
SPECIFIC ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 82
D. COUNTRY REPORTS 83
§ 6 AUSTRALIA 83
I. BACKGROUND AND GENERAL APPROACH TO UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW 84
II. THE LEGAL BASIS OF UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW AND ITS RELATION TO
NEIGHBOURING AREAS OF LAW 87
1. FEDERAL ACTS OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA 87
2. ACTS OF THE STATES AND TERRITORIES 92
3. CASE LAW 93
III. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 95
IV. GENERAL CLAUSE AGAINST UNFAIR COMPETITION (OR LACK OF IT) 95
V. MARKETING 95
1. ADVERTISING 96
2. SALES PROMOTION 99
3. DIRECT MARKETING 100
VI. PROTECTION OF COMPETITORS AGAINST UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES 100
1. IMITATION AND PARASITIC BEHAVIOUR 101
2. CONFUSION 101
3. IMPEDIMENT 101
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CONTENTS
4. DENIGRATION 101
5. PROTECTION OF KNOW HOW 102
VII. SPECIFIC PROTECTION OF CONSUMERS AGAINST UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES 102
1. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE DUTIES 102
2. AGGRESSIVE COMMERCIAL PRACTICES 102
3. PRIVACY 103
VIII. ENFORCEMENT 103
SPECIFIC ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 104
§ 7 AUSTRIA 106
I. BACKGROUND AND GENERAL APPROACH TO UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW 107 1.
HISTORY 107
2. EUROPEAN INFLUENCE 108
3. CONCEPT 109
4. ENFORCEMENT 109
II. LEGAL BASIS OF UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW AND RELATION TO NEIGHBOURING
AREAS OF LAW 110
1. MAIN STATUTES 110
2. STATUTE AND JUDICIAL PROCESS I L L
3. RELATION TO NEIGHBOURING AREAS OF THE LAW I L L
III. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 113
1. PURPOSES 113
2. SYSTEMATIC FEATURES 113
3. SCOPE OF APPLICATION 114
A) COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY 114
B) ACT OF COMPETITION 115
C) COMMERCIAL PRACTICE 116
IV. THE GENERAL CLAUSE AGAINST UNFAIR COMPETITION 116
1. INTRODUCTION 116
2. RELATION OF THE GENERAL CLAUSE WITH OTHER PROVISIONS 118
3. THE INTERPRETATION OF THE GENERAL CLAUSE 118
4. THE DE-MINIMIS CRITERION 119
V. MARKETING 120
1. INTRODUCTION 120
2. MISLEADING ADVERTISING 121
3. COMPARATIVE ADVERTISING 122
4. PROHIBITION OF PROMOTIONAL BONUSES 122
VI. PROTECTION O F COMPETITORS AGAINST UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES 123
1. MISAPPROPRIATION/IMITATION 123
A) GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 123
B) IDENTICAL IMITATION 124
C) CONFUSION 124
D) PARASITIC BEHAVIOUR 125
E) SYSTEMATIC IMITATION 125
F) ILLEGAL PROCURANCE OF KNOW-HOW 125
2. IMPEDIMENT 125
3. BREACH O F LAW 126
4. DENIGRATION 127
5. PROTECTION OF KNOW-HOW 127
VII. SPECIFIC PROTECTION OF CONSUMERS AGAINST UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES 128
1. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE DUTIES 128
2. AGGRESSIVE COMMERCIAL PRACTICES 129
A) INTRODUCTION 129
B) COERCION 129
C) HARASSMENT 129
D) OTHER UNDUE INFLUENCE 130
3. CANVASSING FOR CUSTOMERS ( KUNDENFANG ) 130
A) INTRODUCTION 130
B) ADVERTISING WITH GIFTS 131
XII
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CONTENTS
C) EMOTIONAL ADVERTISING 131
VIII. ENFORCEMENT 132
1. INTRODUCTION 132
2. INJUNCTIONS (CEASE AND DESIST ORDERS) 132
3. PUBLICATION OF THE JUDGEMENT 133
4. COMPETENT COURTS 133
5. TEMPORARY INJUNCTIONS 133
6. ENFORCEMENT OF COURT DECISIONS AND SETTLEMENTS IN COURT 134
7. COSTS O F LITIGATION 134
SPECIFIC ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 135
§ 8 BRAZIL 136
I. BACKGROUND AND GENERAL APPROACH TO UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW 137 1.
OVERVIEW 137
2. MODERN UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW 139
3. UNFAIR COMPETITION PRACTICE 140
II. LEGAL BASIS OF UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW AND RELATIONS TO NEIGHBOURING
AREAS OF LAW 141
1. INTERNATIONAL AND CONSTITUTIONAL LEGAL BASIS 141
2. LEGISLATION AND RELATIONS TO NEIGHBOURING AREAS OF LAW 142
A) TIES TO INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY LAW 142
B) TIES TO CONSUMER PROTECTION LAW 143
C) TIES TO ANTITRUST LAW 143
3. SELF-REGULATION 144
III. BASIC CONSIDERATIONS 144
1. PURPOSE OF PROTECTION 144
2. SYSTEMATIC FEATURES 145
IV. GENERAL CLAUSE AGAINST UNFAIR COMPETITION 146
V. MARKETING 148
1. ADVERTISING 148
2. AMBUSH MARKETING 149
3. SALES PROMOTION 150
VI. PROTECTION OF COMPETITORS AGAINST UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES 151
1. CONFUSION 151
A) CONFUSION PURSUANT TO ART. 195 LPI 151
B) CONFUSION PURSUANT TO ART. 209 LPI 152
2. PARASITIC BEHAVIOUR AND IMPEDIMENT 153
3. DENIGRATION 154
4. PROTECTION OF TEST DATA AND KNOW-HOW 155
VII. SPECIFIC PROTECTION O F CONSUMERS AGAINST UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES
155 1. THE CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT 155
2. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE 157
3. AGGRESSIVE COMMERCIAL PRACTICES 158
4. PRIVACY AND DIRECT MARKETING 158
VIII. ENFORCEMENT 159
1. OVERVIEW 159
2. ADMINISTRATIVE ENFORCEMENT 159
3. CIVIL ENFORCEMENT 160
A) CEASE-AND-DESIST LETTERS 160
B) PRELIMINARY INJUNCTIONS 160
C) MAIN PROCEEDINGS 161
D) ENFORCEMENT O F THE JUDGMENT 162
4. CRIMINAL ENFORCEMENT 162
5. SELF-REGULATION 162
SPECIFIC ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 163
§ 9 CANADA 164
I. BACKGROUND AND GENERAL APPROACH TO UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW 165 II. THE
LEGAL BASIS O F UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW AND ITS RELATION TO NEIGHBOUR
ING AREAS OF LAW 168
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CONTENTS
1. FEDERAL LAW 168
2. PROVINCIAL AND TERRITORIAL LAW 173
3. CASE LAW 175
III. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 177
IV. GENERAL CLAUSE AGAINST UNFAIR COMPETITION (OR LACK OF IT) 178
V. MARKETING 178
1. ADVERTISING 178
2. SALES PROMOTION 181
3. DIRECT MARKETING 181
VI. PROTECTION O F COMPETITORS WITH REGARD TO UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES 182
1. IMITATION AND PARASITIC BEHAVIOUR 182
2. CONFUSION 182
3. IMPEDIMENT 182
4. DENIGRATION 182
5. PROTECTION OF KNOW HOW 182
VII. SPECIFIC CONSUMER PROTECTION AGAINST UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES 182 1.
INFORMATION DISCLOSURE DUTIES 183
2. AGGRESSIVE COMMERCIAL PRACTICES 183
3. PRIVACY 183
VIII. ENFORCEMENT 183
SPECIFIC ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 186
§ 10 CHINA 188
I. BACKGROUND AND GENERAL APPROACH TO UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW 189 II.
LEGAL BASIS OF UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW AND RELATIONS TO NEIGHBOURING
AREAS OF LAW 192
III. BASIC CONSIDERATIONS 193
IV. GENERAL CLAUSE AGAINST UNFAIR COMPETITION 195
V. MARKETING 196
1. ADVERTISING 196
A) DECEPTIVE ADVERTISING 196
B) COMPARATIVE ADVERTISING 197
C) CONCEALED ADVERTISING 197
D) SPECIFIC PRODUCTS AND MEDIA 198
2. SALES PROMOTION 198
A) REBATES 198
B) FREE GIFTS AND JOINT OFFERS 198
C) PROMOTIONAL GAMES 198
3. DIRECT MARKETING (BUT SEE VII.) 199
VI. PROTECTION OF COMPETITORS AGAINST UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES 199
1. IMITATION, PARASITIC BEHAVIOUR AND CONFUSION 199
2. IMPEDIMENT 200
3. DENIGRATION 201
4. PROTECTION OF TRADE SECRETS 201
5. COMMERCIAL BRIBERY 202
6. BID-RIGGING 203
VII. SPECIFIC PROTECTION O F CONSUMERS AGAINST UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES
203 VIII. ENFORCEMENT 204
1. DUAL TRACK MECHANISM 204
2. ADMINISTRATIVE ENFORCEMENT 204
3. ENFORCEMENT BEFORE THE COURT 205
4. CRIMINAL ENFORCEMENT 205
SPECIFIC ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 206
§ 11 FRANCE 207
I. BACKGROUND AND GENERAL APPROACH TO UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW 208 1.
TERMINOLOGY AND APPLICABLE LAWS 208
2. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT 210
3. THE REGULATION OF UNFAIR COMMERCIAL PRACTICES IN CONTEXT 210
4. THE OBJECTIVES 211
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CONTENTS
5. ENFORCEMENT THROUGH PRIVATE PARTY COMPLAINTS 211
6. ACTUAL IMPORTANCE OF UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW 212
II. RELATIONS OF UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW TO NEIGHBOURING AREAS OF LAW AND
SYSTEMATIC FEATURES 212
III. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 213
1. PURPOSE O F PROTECTION 213
2. SCOPE OF APPLICATION 214
IV. MAIN PROVISIONS ON UNFAIR COMPETITION 214
1. WORDING 214
A) GENERAL CLAUSE 214
B) UNFAIR COMMERCIAL PRACTICES 215
2. MAIN CRITERIA 216
V. MARKETING 217
1. ADVERTISING 217
A) FORMER LEGAL WORDING - POSITIVE LAW 217
B) DEFINITION OF ADVERTISING 218
C) COMPARATIVE ADVERTISING 218
D) RULES FOR SPECIFIC PRODUCTS 220
2. SALES PROMOTIONS; FREE GIFTS 220
VI. PROTECTION OF COMPETITORS AGAINST UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES 221
1. IMITATION 221
2. PARASITIC BEHAVIOUR 222
3. CONFUSION 224
4. DENIGRATION 225
5. PROTECTION OF KNOW HOW 225
VII. SPECIFIC PROTECTION OF CONSUMERS AGAINST UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES 226
1. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE DUTIES 226
2. AGGRESSIVE COMMERCIAL PRACTICES 227
VIII. ENFORCEMENT 228
1. PLAINTIFFS AND COURTS 228
2. INJUNCTIONS AND DAMAGES 228
3. LOCUS STANDI 229
SPECIFIC ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 230
§ 12 GERMANY 231
I. BACKGROUND AND GENERAL APPROACH TO UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW 232 1.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT 232
A) THE TORT LAW ROOTS 232
B) THE UWG OF 1909 (AND ITS UNEXPECTED SUCCESS) 233
C) THE UWG OF 2004 (AND THE REFORM OF 2008) 234
2. BASIC FEATURES OF THE ACT AGAINST UNFAIR COMPETITION (UWG 2004) 235
III. RELATIONS TO NEIGHBOURING AREAS OF LAW 237
1. A SEPARATE FIELD OF LAW - BUT WITH CLOSE RELATIONS TO NEIGHBOURING
AREAS 237 2. ANTITRUST LAW 237
3. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS 237
4. GENERAL CONSUMER PROTECTION LAW 239
III. BASIC CONSIDERATIONS: PURPOSE OF PROTECTION, SCOPE OF APPLICATION
240 1. PURPOSE OF PROTECTION 240
2. SCOPE OF APPLICATION 240
IV. GENERAL CLAUSE AGAINST UNFAIR COMPETITION 241
V. MARKETING 243
1. MISLEADING COMMERCIAL PRACTICES 244
A) MISLEADING THROUGH POSITIVE STATEMENTS (SECT. 5 UWG) 244 B)
MISLEADING BY OMISSION (SECT. 5 A UWG) 245
2. COMPARATIVE ADVERTISING 246
3. CONCEALED ADVERTISING 247
4. OTHER FORMS OF ADVERTISING 247
5. DIRECT MARKETING 247
6. SALES PROMOTION 248
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CONTENTS
A) TRANSPARENCY REQUIREMENTS 248
B) UNDUE INFLUENCE ON THE DECISION-MAKING 249
VI. SPECIFIC PROTECTION OF COMPETITORS AGAINST UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES
249 1. DISCREDITING OF A COMPETITOR (SECT. 4 NOS. 7 AND 8 UWG) 249
2. IMITATION (SECT. 4 NO. 9 UWG) 250
3. IMPEDIMENT OF A COMPETITOR (SECT. 4 NO. 10 UWG) 252
A) GENERAL PRINCIPLES 252
B) CASE GROUPS 253
4. BREACH O F LAW (SECT. 4 NO. 11 UWG) 254
5. TRADE SECRETS 254
VII. SPECIFIC PROTECTION OF CONSUMERS AGAINST UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES 255
1. AGGRESSIVE MARKET PRACTICES 255
2. UNDUE INFLUENCE ON THE DECISION-MAKING, EXPLOITATION OF CREDULITY
ETC. (SECT. 4 NOS. 1 AND 2 UWG) 255
3. HARASSMENT, PESTERING (SECT. 7 UWG) 255
4. INFORMATION DUTIES 256
VIII. ENFORCEMENT 256
1. SANCTIONS 257
A) INJUNCTIVE RELIEF; REMOVAL 257
B) DAMAGES (SECT. 9 UWG) 257
C) CONFISCATION OF PROFITS (SECT. 10 UWG) 258
2. PROCEDURE 258
A) COMPETENT COURTS 258
B) WARNING LETTER; PROTECTIVE BRIEF 258
C) PLACE OF VENUE 259
3. COSTS 259
SPECIFIC ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 259
§ 13 HUNGARY 261
I. BACKGROUND AND GENERAL APPROACH TO UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW 262 II.
LEGAL BASIS OF UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW AND RELATIONSHIP WITH NEIGHBOUR
ING AREAS OF LAW 263
1. THE COMPETITION ACT 263
2. ACT O N THE PROHIBITION OF UNFAIR COMMERCIAL PRACTICES AGAINST CONSU
MERS 264
3. ADVERTISING ACT 264
4. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE RULES ON UNFAIR COMPETITION AND PRIVATE LAW
264 5. SELF-REGULATION 265
III. BASIC CONSIDERATIONS 265
IV. GENERAL CLAUSE AGAINST UNFAIR COMPETITION 265
V. PROTECTION OF COMPETITORS AGAINST UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES 267
1. DENIGRATION - DISCREDITING COMPETITORS 267
2. PROTECTION OF TRADE SECRET 268
A) THE DEFINITION OF A TRADE SECRET 268
B) ACTS INFRINGING TRADE SECRETS 269
C) PROTECTION OF KNOW-HOW 270
3. PROHIBITION OF CALLS TO BOYCOTT 271
4. RISK O F CONFUSION 272
A) FACTORS FOR ESTABLISHING CONFUSION 272
B) EXAMPLES FROM COURT PRACTICE 273
C) CONNECTION TO IP LAW 274
5. UNFAIR INFLUENCING OF A BIDDING PROCESS 275
VI. MARKETING 276
1. B2C RELATIONSHIP 276
2. B2B RELATIONSHIP 277
3. COMPARATIVE ADVERTISING 278
VII. SPECIFIC PROTECTION OF CONSUMERS AGAINST UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES 279
1. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE DUTIES 279
2. SALES PROMOTION: REBATES, FREE GIFTS 279
XVI
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3. SALES PROMOTION: PROMOTIONAL GAMES 280
4. AGGRESSIVE COMMERCIAL PRACTICES (HARASSMENT, COERCION ETC.) 280 VIII.
ENFORCEMENT 281
1. RIGHT OF ACTION 281
2. COURT PROCEEDINGS 281
A) CIVIL LAW CLAIMS 281
B) PRELIMINARY OR INTERIM INJUNCTIONS 282
3. HCO PROCEEDINGS 283
A) COMPETENCE OF THE HCO 283
B) HCO S DECISIONS 283
4. CRIMINAL LAW 284
SPECIFIC ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 284
§ 14 INDIA 285
I. BACKGROUND TO UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW IN INDIA 286
II. LEGAL BASIS OF UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW AND RELATIONS TO NEIGHBOURING
AREAS OF LAW 287
1. MAIN STATUTES TO COMBAT UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES AND THEIR RELATION
INTER SE 287
2. ISSUES OF OVERLAP BETWEEN DIFFERENT STATUTES 288
3. COURT DECISIONS AS GENUINE BASIS OF LAW 289
4. RELATION BETWEEN PARIS CONVENTION, TRIPS AGREEMENT AND INDIAN LAW 289
III. UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW: PURPOSE, SCOPE AND CRITERIA 290
IV. UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES IN MARKETING 291
1. DECEPTIVE ADVERTISEMENTS 291
2. COMPARATIVE ADVERTISING 292
3. RULES FOR SPECIFIC PRODUCTS AND MEDIA 295
A) FOOD 296
B) MEDICINE 296
C) MEDIA 296
4. FALSE SPONSORSHIP 297
5. MISLEADING INFORMATION ABOUT PRODUCTS/SERVICES 300
6. SALES PROMOTION THROUGH GIFT SCHEMES 301
7. AMBUSH MARKETING 302
V. PROTECTION OF COMPETITORS AGAINST UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES 303
1. CONFUSION AND IMITATION 303
2. DILUTION AND PARASITIC BEHAVIOUR OF COMPETITOR 304
3. DISPARAGEMENT O F GOODS/SERVICES OF COMPETITOR 305
4. PROTECTION OF TRADE SECRETS 305
VI. SPECIFIC PROTECTION OF CONSUMERS AGAINST UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES 308
1. NON-DISCLOSURE OF INFORMATION, HIDDEN CONDITIONS AND HALF TRUTHS 308
2. FALSE WARRANTY OR GUARANTEE 309
3. UNSOLICITED MARKETING CALLS 310
VII. ENFORCEMENT ISSUES 311
SPECIFIC ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 312
§ 15 ITALY 313
I. BACKGROUND AND GENERAL APPROACH TO UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW 314 1.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT 314
2. PRESENT STATUS OF UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW IN ITALY AND ITS RELATION TO
GENERAL TORT LAW 315
3. OBJECTIVES 315
II. LEGAL BASIS OF UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW AND RELATIONS TO NEIGHBOURING
AREAS OF LAW 316
1. ART. 2598 CIVIL CODE AND OTHER PROVISIONS 316
2. RELATION TO ANTI-TRUST LAW 318
3. RELATION TO CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS 319
4. RELATION TO INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS 319
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III. BASIC CONSIDERATIONS 320
1. IMPACT OF REPRESSION OF MISLEADING ADVERTISING ON THE PURPOSE OF
UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW 320
2. IMPACT OF THE REGULATION OF COMPARATIVE ADVERTISING ON THE PURPOSE OF
UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW 321
3. THE DIRECTIVE 2005/29/EC CONCERNING UNFAIR B2C COMMERCIAL PRAC TICES
322
4. IMPLEMENTATION OF DIRECTIVE 2005/29/EC 323
IV. GENERAL CLAUSE AGAINST UNFAIR COMPETITION 325
1. THE GENERAL CLAUSE OF ART. 2598 NO.3 OF THE CIVIL CODE 325
2. THE GENERAL CLAUSE APPLICABLE TO B2C COMMERCIAL PRACTICES 326 V.
MARKETING 327
1. PROVISIONS APPLICABLE TO MARKETING ACTIVITIES 327
2. DEFINITION OF ADVERTISING. HIDDEN ADVERTISING 327
3. MISLEADING ADVERTISING 328
4. COMPARATIVE ADVERTISING 329
5. ADVERTISING OF SPECIFIC TYPES OF PRODUCTS 329
6. SPECIAL SALES 329
7. DIRECT MARKETING 330
VI. PROTECTION OF COMPETITORS AGAINST UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES 331
1. SCOPE OF PROTECTION 331
2. ACTS LIKELY TO CREATE A RISK OF CONFUSION 332
3. SLAVISH IMITATION 332
4. COMMERCIAL DENIGRATION 333
5. UNFAIR APPROPRIATION OF THE MERITS OF A COMPETITOR S PRODUCT OR
ENTERPRISE 334
6. OTHER FORMS OF UNFAIR COMPETITION PROHIBITED BY THE GENERAL CLAUSE ..
334 VII. SPECIFIC PROTECTION OF CONSUMERS AGAINST UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES
336 VIII. ENFORCEMENT 337
1. ACTIONS BEFORE THE ORDINARY COURTS 337
2. ACTIONS BY QUALIFIED CONSUMER ASSOCIATIONS FOR INJUNCTION 338
3. ACTION BY INDIVIDUAL CONSUMERS AND CLASS ACTION FOR COMPENSATION OF
DAMAGES 339
4. ADMINISTRATIVE ENFORCEMENT 339
SPECIFIC ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 341
§ 16 LAPAN 342
I. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT 343
II. BASIC PARAMETERS 345
1. LEGISLATIVE PROVISIONS 345
2. BENEFICIARIES 347
3. SANCTIONS 349
III. PROTECTION AGAINST THE MISAPPROPRIATION OF ANOTHER S ACHIEVEMENTS
349 1. BY CAUSING CONFUSION (PASSING-OFF ACTION) 349
A) OBJECT 350
B) RECOGNITION 350
C) SIMILARITY 351
D) JAPANESE PECULIARITIES 352
E) SIMILARITY AND CONFUSION 354
F) CONFUSION IN THE BROAD SENSE 356
2. EXPLOITATION O F THIRD PARTY EFFORTS BY OTHER MEANS 358
A) PROTECTION OF FAMOUS MARKS AGAINST DILUTION 358
B) PROTECTION OF FAMOUS MARKS AGAINST REGISTRATION 360
C) REGISTRATION OF A MARK BY AN AGENT 360
D) DOMAIN NAME GRABBING 361
E) PROTECTION OF TRADE SECRETS 361
F) SLAVISH IMITATION 363
G) PUBLICITY RIGHTS 365
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IV. PROTECTION AGAINST DEFAMATORY STATEMENTS 368
1. LIBEL AND SLANDER 368
2. UNJUSTIFIED THREATS 368
3. COMPARATIVE ADVERTISING 369
V. OTHER FORMS OF INTERFERENCE 369
1. INTERFERENCE WITH THE BUSINESS OPERATION OF A COMPETITOR 369
2. SUPPLY OF CIRCUMVENTION DEVICES 370
VI. PROTECTION AGAINST MISLEADING INDICATIONS 370
1. MISLEADING INDICATIONS AS TO THE ORIGIN OF GOODS OR SERVICES 371
2. OTHER PROPERTIES OF THE PRODUCT 371
3. DISGUISE OF PRICE 372
VII. PROBLEMS RELATED TO LAW ENFORCEMENT 372
1. CIVIL COURTS 372
A) TAKING EVIDENCE 373
B) IN CAMERA PROCEEDINGS 373
C) CLAIMS TO INJUNCTIVE RELIEF 374
D) CLAIMS TO DAMAGES 374
E) CLAIMS TO AN APOLOGY 375
2. ADMINISTRATIVE MEASURES 375
3. PENAL SANCTIONS 375
VIII. OUTLOOK AND REFORM EFFORTS 375
SPECIFIC ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 376
§ 1 7 LITHUANIA 377
I. BACKGROUND AND GENERAL APPROACH TO UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW 378 1.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT 378
2. INFLUENCE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AND EUROPEAN LAW 379
II. LEGAL BASIS OF UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW AND RELATIONS TO NEIGHBOURING
AREAS OF LAW 380
1. LEGAL BASIS OF UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW 380
2. RELATION TO ANTITRUST LAW 380
3. RELATION TO INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS 381
4. RELATION TO UNFAIR COMMERCIAL PRACTICES 382
5. RELATION TO CIVIL LAW 383
III. BASIC CONSIDERATIONS 383
1. PURPOSE OF PROTECTION 383
2. GENERAL CLAUSE AND SPECIFIC REGULATION 384
IV. GENERAL CLAUSE AGAINST UNFAIR COMPETITION - 384
1. DEFINITION 384
2. MAIN CRITERIA 385
V. MARKETING 386
1. ADVERTISING 386
A) DEFINITION OF ADVERTISING 386
B) DECEPTIVE ADVERTISING 386
C) COMPARATIVE ADVERTISING 388
D) CONCEALED ADVERTISING 388
E) RULES FOR SPECIFIC PRODUCTS AND MEDIA 388
AA) LAW ON PHARMACY 388
BB) LAW ON ALCOHOL CONTROL 389
CC) LAW ON TOBACCO CONTROL 389
DD) LAW ON THE PROVISION OF INFORMATION TO THE PUBLIC 390
2. SALES PROMOTION 390
3. DIRECT MARKETING 391
VI. PROTECTION OF COMPETITORS AGAINST UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES 391
1. IMITATION 391
2. CONFUSION 392
3. IMPEDIMENT, DENIGRATION, PROTECTION OF KNOW-HOW 392
VII. SPECIFIC PROTECTION OF CONSUMERS AGAINST UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES 393
1. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE DUTIES 393
XIX
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2. AGGRESSIVE COMMERCIAL PRACTICES 394
3. PRIVACY 394
VIII. ENFORCEMENT 394
1. CAPACITY TO BRING ACTIONS 394
2. REMEDIES 395
3. COURTS 396
4. COSTS 397
NETHERLANDS 399
I. BACKGROUND AND GENERAL APPROACH TO UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW 400 II.
LEGAL BASIS OF UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW AND RELATIONS TO NEIGHBOURING
AREAS OF LAW 402
1. LAW OF UNFAIR COMPETITION EMBODIED IN REGULATIONS AND CASE LAW 402 2.
RELATIONS TO OTHER AREAS OF LAW 403
A) ANTI-TRUST 403
B) CONSUMER PROTECTION 403
C) CONTRACT LAW 403
3. RELATION TO IP LAWS - PRE-EMPTIVE EFFECT 403
III. BASIC CONSIDERATIONS 404
IV. GENERAL CLAUSE AGAINST UNFAIR COMPETITION (OR LACK OF IT) 405
V. MARKETING 405
1. ADVERTISING 405
A) LEGAL BACKGROUND 405
B) DEFINITION 406
C) MISLEADING ADVERTISING (6:194 AND 193 C ET SEQ. CIVIL CODE) 407 D)
COMPARATIVE ADVERTISING 408
2. SPECIAL FORMS OF MARKETING 409
A) PROSPECTUS LIABILITY 409
B) MEDICINES 410
C) MEDIA ACT 410
D) TOBACCO 410
E) COMMODITIES 410
F) GAMES O F CHANCE AND PROMOTIONAL GAMES 410
3. SELF-REGULATION 411
A) DUTCH ADVERTISING CODE 411
B) ADVERTISING FOR MEDICINES 411
VI. PROTECTION OF COMPETITORS AGAINST UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES 412
1. INTRODUCTION 412
2. SLAVISH IMITATION 412
A) THE PLAINTIFFS PRODUCT MUST BE DISTINCTIVE 413
B) THE DEFENDANT S PRODUCT MUST BE LIKELY TO CONFUSE THE PUBLIC 413 C)
THE DEFENDANT S PRODUCT MUST BE SIMILAR TO THE PLAINTIFF S PRODUCT
REGARDING FEATURES THAT ARE NOT IMPORTANT FOR THE RELIABILITY AND
USEFULNESS OF THE PRODUCT 414
D) THE DEFENDANT MUST HAVE FAILED IN DOING WHAT IS REASONABLY POSSIBLE
TO PREVENT CONFUSION ( NEEDLESS CONFUSION ) 414
3. THE IMITATION OF BADGES OF TRADE 415
4. DENIGRATION 415
5. PROTECTION OF KNOW HOW 416
6. INDUCING BREACH OF CONTRACT 417
VII. SPECIFIC PROTECTION OF CONSUMERS AGAINST UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES 418
1. AGGRESSIVE TRADING PRACTICES 418
2. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE DUTIES 418
3. SOME SPECIFIC RULES 418
A) INERTIA SELLING 418
B) DOOR-TO-DOOR SELLING AND TIMESHARE 419
C) DIRECT MARKETING 419
VIII. ENFORCEMENT 419
1. PRIVATE ENFORCEMENT 419
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CONTENTS
2. PUBLIC ENFORCEMENT 420
3. SELF-REGULATION 421
SPECIFIC ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 421
§ 19 POLAND 423
I. BACKGROUND AND GENERAL APPROACH TO UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW 424 II.
LEGAL BASIS OF UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW AND RELATIONS TO NEIGHBOURING
AREAS OF LAW 427
III. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 430
IV. GENERAL CLAUSE AGAINST UNFAIR COMPETITION 432
V. MARKETING 435
1. PROVISIONS REGARDING ADVERTISING 435
2. UNLAWFUL ADVERTISING 435
3. UNFAIR ADVERTISING 437
A) GENERAL CLAUSE 437
B) HUMAN DIGNITY 437
C) HARASSING ADVERTISING 438
D) MISLEADING ADVERTISING 438
4. SPECIFIC TORTS OF UNFAIR COMPETITION 438
A) COMPARATIVE ADVERTISING 439
B) SALES PROMOTION 439
C) RESTRICTIONS ON FREEDOM OF PRICING 439
D) SALES WITH PREMIUMS 440
E) GAMES OF CHANCE 440
F) LOYALTY PROGRAMMES 440
G) DIRECT MARKETING 441
VI. PROTECTION OF COMPETITORS AGAINST UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES 441
1. IMITATION OF PRODUCTS 441
2. PARASITIC COMPETITION 442
3. MISLEADING INDICATIONS 442
A) SYMBOLS OF AN ENTERPRISE 443
B) BUSINESS NAME 443
C) GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATION OF ORIGIN 444
D) INDICATIONS O F ORIGIN AND DESCRIPTIVE INDICATIONS OF GOODS AND
SERVICES 444
E) BENCHMARK FOR CONFUSION 445
5. SPECIFIC COMMUNICATION PRACTICES 445
6. DISCLOSURE OF BUSINESS SECRETS 446
7. UNFAIR INTERFERENCE WITH AN ENTREPRENEUR S CONTRACTUAL RELATIONSHIP
.... 447 8. IMPEDING ACCESS TO THE MARKET 448
9. SALE OF OWN-BRAND PRODUCTS 449
10. CORRUPTION OF PUBLIC OFFICIALS 449
11. PERFORMING SERVICES SUPPLIED ELECTRONICALLY OR BASED ON CONDITIONAL
ACCESS 449
12. OBVIOUSLY GROUNDLESS COMPLAINTS 450
VII. SPECIFIC PROTECTION OF CONSUMERS AGAINST UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES 450
VIII. ENFORCEMENT 452
SPECIFIC ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 455
§ 20 SOUTH AFRICA 456
I. BACKGROUND AND GENERAL APPROACH 457
II. LEGAL BASIS AND RELATIONS TO NEIGHBOURING AREAS 461
1. UNLAWFUL COMPETITION IN SOUTH AFRICAN COMMON LAW 461
2. UNLAWFUL COMPETITION IN SOUTH AFRICAN STATUTORY LAW 462
A) TRADE MARKS ACT 462
B) COMPANIES ACT 463
C) CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT 463
D) COPYRIGHT ACT 464
E) COMPETITION IN CONFLICT WITH A STATUTORY PROVISION 464
XXI
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CONTENTS
3. RELATIONS TO NEIGHBOURING AREAS 465
A) INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW 465
B) ANTI-TRUST LAW 466
C) TORT LAW 467
D) CONTRACT LAW 467
E) CONSUMER LAW 468
III. BASIC CONSIDERATIONS 468
IV. LACK OF GENERAL CLAUSE - COMMON LAW APPLICABLE 469
V. MARKETING 470
1. DECEPTIVE ADVERTISING 471
2. COMPARATIVE ADVERTISING 471
3. CONCEALED ADVERTISING 472
4. SALES PROMOTION 472
5. DIRECT MARKETING 472
VI. PROTECTION OF COMPETITORS AGAINST UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES 473
1. IMITATION 473
2. PARASITIC BEHAVIOUR 474
3. CONFUSION 475
4. IMPEDIMENT 476
5. DENIGRATION 476
6. PROTECTION OF KNOW-HOW 477
7. BREACH OF LAW 478
VII. SPECIFIC PROTECTION OF CONSUMERS AGAINST UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES 478
1. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE DUTIES 478
2. AGGRESSIVE COMMERCIAL PRACTICES 479
3. PRIVACY 479
VIII. ENFORCEMENT 479
SPECIFIC ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 480
§ 21 SPAIN 481
I. GENERAL APPROACH TO SPANISH UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW 483
II. LEGAL BASIS OF UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW AND RELATIONS TO NEIGHBOURING
AREAS OF LAW 484
1. LEGAL BASIS OF UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW 484
A) GENERAL ADVERTISING ACT 484
B) CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT 486
C) RETAIL TRADE ACT 486
D) CONSUMER PROTECTION AND COMMERCE ACTS O F THE AUTONOMOUS REGIONS 486
2. RELATIONS TO NEIGHBOURING AREAS OF LAW 487
A) INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW 487
B) ANTITRUST LAW 487
C) TORT AND CONTRACT LAW 488
III. BASIC CONSIDERATIONS 488
1. PURPOSE 488
2. SCOPE OF APPLICATION 488
3. SYSTEMATIC FEATURES 490
4. RELATIONS BETWEEN THE GENERAL CLAUSE AND THE SPECIFIC PROVISIONS OF
THE ACT 490
IV. THE GENERAL CLAUSE 491
1. WORDING 491
2. FUNCTION 492
3. CRITERIA 493
4. ONE SPECIFIC CASE OF APPLICATION OF THE GENERAL CLAUSE 493
V. MARKETING 494
1. ADVERTISING 494
A) OVERVIEW 494
B) COMPARATIVE ADVERTISING 495
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CONTENTS
C) MISLEADING ACTIONS AND MISLEADING OMISSIONS 496
AA) OVERVIEW 496
BB) MISLEADING ACTIONS: PECULIARITIES 497
CC) MISLEADING OMISSIONS 498
DD) THE BLACK LIST 498
EE) CRIMINAL LAW 499
2. SALES PROMOTION 499
3. DIRECT MARKETING 499
VI. PROTECTION O F COMPETITORS AGAINST UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES 500
1. IMITATION 500
2. PARASITIC BEHAVIOUR (EXPLOITATION OF ANOTHER S ACHIEVEMENTS, REPUTA
TION) 501
3. CONFUSION 501
4. IMPEDIMENT 501
5. DENIGRATION 502
6. TRADE SECRETS 502
7. BREACH O F LAW 502
8. INCITEMENT TO THE BREACH OF CONTRACTS 503
9. SALE AT A LOSS 503
10. DISCRIMINATION AND ECONOMIC DEPENDENCY 503
VII. SPECIFIC PROTECTION OF CONSUMERS AGAINST UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES 504
1. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE DUTIES 504
2. AGGRESSIVE COMMERCIAL PRACTICES 505
3. PRIVACY (ESP. TELEPHONE MARKETING) 505
VIII. ENFORCEMENT 506
1. ACTIONS 506
2. LOCUS STANDI 507
3. PRELIMINARY INJUNCTIONS AND PRELIMINARY PROCEEDINGS 508
4. BURDEN OF PROOF: SPECIALITY 509
5. COURTS 509
6. SELF-REGULATION 509
7. COSTS 510
SPECIFIC ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 510
§ 2 2 SWEDEN 511
I. BACKGROUND AND GENERAL APPROACH TO UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW 513 1.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT 513
2. GENERAL APPROACH 515
3. SYSTEMATIC PLACE OF THE DISCIPLINE 516
4. ENFORCEMENT 517
5. INFLUENCE OF EU LAW 517
6. IMPORTANCE 517
II. LEGAL BASIS OF UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW AND RELATIONS TO NEIGHBOURING
AREAS OF LAW 518
1. THE MAIN STATUTES TO COMBAT UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES, RELATIONS,
OVERLAPS 518 2. RELATION TO ADJACENT AREAS O F LAW AND REGULATION (IP,
ANTITRUST, GENERAL CONSUMER PROTECTION LAW) 519
III. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 521
1. PURPOSE OF PROTECTION 521
2. SCOPE OF APPLICATION 521
3. SYSTEMIC FEATURES 523
IV. GENERAL CLAUSE AGAINST UNFAIR COMPETITION 524
1. WORDING 524
2. MAIN CRITERIA 524
A) GOOD MARKETING PRACTICE 524
B) MATERIAL DISTORTION OF CONSUMERS ECONOMIC BEHAVIOUR 525
C) THE AVERAGE CONSUMER 526
V. MARKETING 527
1. ADVERTISING 527
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CONTENTS
A) MISLEADING ADVERTISING 527
AA) MISLEADING ACTIONS 527
BB) MISLEADING OMISSIONS 529
CC) INVITATION TO PURCHASE 530
B) COMPARATIVE ADVERTISING 531
C) PRODUCT-SPECIFIC ADVERTISING 532
AA) ALCOHOL 532
BB) TOBACCO 533
CC) MEDICINAL PRODUCTS 533
DD) ADVERTISING IN THE LIBERAL PROFESSIONS 533
D) MEDIA-SPECIFIC ADVERTISING 533
AA) RADIO AND TV ADVERTISING 533
BB) E-COMMERCE 534
CC) OUTDOOR ADVERTISEMENTS 534
2. SALES PROMOTION (REBATES, FREE GIFTS, JOINT OFFERS, PROMOTIONAL
GAMES) .. 535 3. DIRECT MARKETING (BUT SEE VII) 535
VI. PROTECTION OF COMPETITORS AGAINST UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES 535
1. IMITATION 535
2. PARASITIC BEHAVIOUR (EXPLOITATION OF ANOTHER S ACHIEVEMENTS AND REPU
TATION) 535
3. CONFUSING IMITATIONS 537
4. IMPEDIMENT OF COMPETITORS : 539
5. DENIGRATING AND DISCREDITING MARKETING 539
6. PROTECTION OF KNOW HOW AND TRADE SECRETS 540
7. BREACH O F LAW 540
VII. SPECIFIC PROTECTION OF CONSUMERS AGAINST UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES 541
1. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE DUTIES 541
2. AGGRESSIVE COMMERCIAL PRACTICES 541
3. PRIVACY (TELEPHONE MARKETING) 542
4. SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE MARKETING 542
VIII. ENFORCEMENT 543
1. AVENUES FOR ENFORCEMENT 543
2. REMEDIES 544
3. LOCUS STANDI 544
4. COMPETENT COURTS 545
5. LITIGATION COSTS 545
SPECIFIC ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 546
§ 23 SWITZERLAND 547
I. BACKGROUND AND GENERAL APPROACH TO UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW 549 1.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT 549
A) ARTICLE 50 CO 549
B) FAUC1943 549
C) FAUC1986 549 -
2. INFLUENCE O F INTERNATIONAL LAW 550
A) PARIS CONVENTION AND TRIPS 550
B) EUROPEAN LAW 550
C) GERMAN LAW 551
3. PROTECTIVE PURPOSE 551
4. ENFORCEMENT 552
5. ACTUAL IMPORTANCE OF UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW IN SWITZERLAND 552 II.
LEGAL BASIS O F UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW AND RELATIONS TO NEIGHBOURING
AREAS OF LAW 553
1. ADMINISTRATIVE REGULATIONS AGAINST MISLEADING PRODUCTS 553
2. RELATION TO ANTITRUST LAW 554
3. RELATION TO INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS 554
4. RELATION TO CIVIL LAW 555
5. INFLUENCE OF COURT DECISIONS 556
6. PRINCIPLES OF THE SWISS COMMISSION FOR FAIRNESS (SCF) 556
XXIV
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CONTENTS
III. BASIC CONSIDERATIONS 556
1. APPLICABILITY OF FAUC 556
2. RELATION BETWEEN GENERAL CLAUSE AND SPECIFIC REGULATIONS 557
IV. GENERAL CLAUSE (ARTICLE 2 FAUC) 558
1. SEMANTICS OF BEHAVIOUR AND BUSINESS CONDUCT 558
2. PRINCIPLE OF GOOD FAITH 559
3. IMPACT ON MARKET 559
V. MARKETING 560
1. ADVERTISING 560
A) DECEPTIVE ADVERTISING (ARTICLE 3 FAUC) 560
AA) THE NOTION OF ADVERTISING 561
BB) THE NOTION OF DECEPTION 561
CC) RELEVANT PERSPECTIVE 561
B) COMPARATIVE ADVERTISING (ARTICLE 3 LIT. E FAUC) 562
AA) THE NOTION OF COMPARISON 563
BB) THE NOTION OF UNFAIR COMPARISON 563
2. CONCEALED ADVERTISING (ARTICLE 3 LIT. I FAUC) 564
3. LOSS-LEADING OFFERS (ARTICLE 3 LIT. F FAUC) 564
4. SALES PROMOTIONS 565
A) CUSTOMER GIFTS 565
B) PROMOTIONAL GAMES 565
5. DIRECT MARKETING 566
VI. PROTECTION OF COMPETITORS AGAINST UNFAIR COMPETITION PRACTICES 566
1. IMITATION 567
2. CONFUSION 568
A) PURPOSE OF ARTICLE 3 LIT. D FAUC 568
B) PROTECTED SYMBOLS 568
C) POTENTIAL CONFUSION 569
3. PARASITIC BEHAVIOUR 570
A) IMITATIVE COMPARATIVE ADVERTISING (ARTICLE 3 LIT. E FAUC) 570 B)
ARTICLE 2 FAUC 571
4. IMPEDIMENT 572
5. DENIGRATION 572
6. PROTECTION OF KNOW HOW 573
A) ARTICLE 5 FAUC 573
B) ARTICLE 6 FAUC 574
C) ARTICLE 162 SWISS CRIMINAL CODE 574
7. BREACH OF LAW 574
VII. SPECIFIC PROTECTION OF CONSUMERS AGAINST UNFAIR COMPETITION
PRACTICES ... 575 1. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE 575
A) ARTICLE 3 LIT. I FAUC 575
B) ARTICLE 3 LIT. K-N FAUC 575
C) ARTICLE 3 LIT. S FAUC 576
2. AGGRESSIVE COMMERCIAL PRACTICES 576
3. PRIVACY 576
VIII. ENFORCEMENT 577
1. CAPACITY TO BRING ACTIONS 577
A) CUSTOMERS 577
B) PROFESSIONAL AND TRADE ORGANISATIONS 577
C) CONSUMER ORGANISATIONS 578
D) SWISS CONFEDERATION 578
E) SWISS COMMISSION FOR FAIRNESS 578
0 INJUNCTION 579
G) DAMAGES AND INDEMNIFICATION 579
H) DECLARATORY RELIEF 580
I) CRIMINAL SANCTIONS 580
2. THE COURTS 580
XXV
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CONTENTS
3. COSTS 581
SPECIFIC ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 581
§ 24 TURKEY 583
I. BACKGROUND, AND GENERAL APPROACH TO UNFAIR COMPETITION 584
1. INTRODUCTION 584
2. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TURKISH UNFAIR COMPETITION REGULATION
.. 585 II. LEGAL BASIS OF TURKISH UNFAIR COMPETITION 586
1. TURKISH CODE OF OBLIGATIONS (TCO) 586
2. TURKISH COMMERCIAL CODE (TCC) 587
3. SWISS FEDERAL UNFAIR COMPETITION CODE 587
III. EXAMPLES OF UNFAIR COMPETITION 588
IV. ENFORCEMENT 592
1. LEGAL CONSEQUENCES OF AN ACT OF UNFAIR COMPETITION 593
A) PROTECTION OF EVIDENCE 593
B) OTHER TEMPORARY REMEDIES 593
C) INTERIM INJUNCTIONS 593
2. LAWSUITS 595
A) COMPETENT COURT 595
B) TYPES OF LAWSUITS 595
3. CLAIMANTS AND RESPONDENTS 596
A) CLAIMANTS 596
B) RESPONDENTS 597
4. THE EXECUTION OF COURT DECISIONS 598
5. STATUTE OF LIMITATION 598
6. CRIMINAL LIABILITY 598
SPECIFIC ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 599
§ 25 UNITED KINGDOM 600
I. INTRODUCTION 601
1. THE GENERAL APPROACH OF THE UNITED KINGDOM TO UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW
601
2. THE LACK OF A GENERAL LAW OF UNFAIR COMPETITION IN THE UNITED KINGDOM
603 II. UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW AND NEIGHBOURING AREAS OF LAW 604
1. COMPETITION LAW 604
A) THE LEGISLATION 604
B) ENFORCEMENT 604
2. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW 605
3. CONTRACT LAW 605
4. TORT LAW 606
III. THE PROTECTION OF COMPETITORS AGAINST UNFAIR COMPETITION: THE
COMMON LAW TORTS 607
1. INJURIOUS FALSEHOOD 607
A) THE ELEMENTS: A FALSEHOOD 607
B) THE ELEMENTS: MALICE AND DAMAGE 607
C) USE OF MALICIOUS FALSEHOOD 608
2. PASSING OFF 609
A) INTRODUCTION 609
B) THE ELEMENTS: GOODWILL 609
C) THE ELEMENTS: MISREPRESENTATION 609
D) THE ELEMENTS: DAMAGE 610
E) PASSING OFF AND MISAPPROPRIATION 611
F) DEFENCES TO PASSING OFF 611
G) PASSING OFF AND UNFAIR COMPETITION 612
IV. ANTI-COMPETITIVE PRACTICES AND CONSUMER PROTECTION: THE STATUTE LAW
612 1. INTRODUCTION 612
2. THE CONSUMER PROTECTION FROM UNFAIR MARKETING REGULATIONS (CPRS) 612
A) THE CPRS AND OTHER LEGISLATION 612
B) ELEMENTS OF UNFAIR MARKETING 613
C) DEFINITIONS 613
XXVI
IMAGE 20
CONTENTS
3. THE BUSINESS PROTECTION FROM MISLEADING MARKETING REGULATIONS 2008
(BPRS) 614
A) INTRODUCTION 614
B) THE ELEMENTS OF MISLEADING MARKETING 614
C) APPLYING THE COMPARATIVE ADVERTISING PROVISIONS 615
V. ENFORCEMENT 615
1. INTRODUCTION 615
2. ENFORCING THE COMMON LAW TORTS: PASSING OFF AND INJURIOUS FALSEHOOD .
616 A) WHICH COURT? 616
B) REMEDIES 616
3. ENFORCING THE CPRS AND THE BPRS 617
A) INTRODUCTION 617
B) CIVIL PROCEEDINGS 617
C) CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS 618
4. THE ADVERTISING STANDARDS AUTHORITY 618
VI. CONCLUSION 619
SPECIFIC ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 619
§ 2 6 UNITED STATES O F AMERICA 621
I. BACKGROUND AND GENERAL APPROACH TO UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW 622 1. THE
STRUCTURE OF UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW IN THE UNITED STATES 622
2. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT AND MODERN ENFORCEMENT 624
II. LEGAL BASIS OF UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW AND RELATIONS TO NEIGHBORING
AREAS OF LAW 625
1. AREAS OF LAW THAT RELATE TO UNFAIR COMPETITION 625
2. AREAS OF LAW THAT RELATE TO CONSUMER PROTECTION 626
3. ANTITRUST LAW 627
III. BASIC CONSIDERATIONS 628
1. THE GOALS OF UNFAIR COMPETITION 628
2. THE GOALS OF CONSUMER PROTECTION 629
IV. LACK OF A GENERAL CLAUSE AGAINST UNFAIR COMPETITION 631
1. SECTION 43(A) O F THE LANHAM ACT 631
2. SECTION 5 OF THE FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION ACT 633
3. THE TREND TO UNIFORMITY O F STATE LAWS 635
A) UNIFORM STATE STATUTES 635
B) RESTATEMENTS OF COMMON LAW 637
4. ARTICLE LOBIS OF THE PARIS CONVENTION 637
V. MARKETING 640
1. UNFAIR COMPETITION AND DECEPTIVE MARKETING 640
A) PASSING OFF 640
AA) EXPRESS PASSING OFF 641
BB) IMPLIED PASSING OFF 641
CC) REVERSE EXPRESS PASSING OFF 641
DD) REVERSE IMPLIED PASSING OFF 641
B) FALSE ADVERTISING AND PRODUCT DISPARAGEMENT 642
2. CONSUMER PROTECTION AND THE BARGAINING PROCESS 642
A) STATUTORY PROTECTIONS 642
B) FALSE ADVERTISING AND PRODUCT DISPARAGEMENT 643
VI. PROTECTION OF COMPETITORS AGAINST UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES 644
1. MISAPPROPRIATION OF TRADE VALUES 644
2. TRADE SECRETS 646
3. RIGHTS OF PUBLICITY 648
VII. SPECIFIC PROTECTION OF CONSUMERS AGAINST UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES 650
VIII. ENFORCEMENT 651
SPECIFIC ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 652
XXVII
|
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| id | DE-604.BV039821277 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:12:11Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783832972653 383297265X 9783406633102 9781849463683 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024681395 |
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| physical | XXXIV, 653 S. |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
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| publisher | Beck [u.a.] |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | International handbook on unfair competition ed. by Frauke Henning-Bodewig München [u.a.] Beck [u.a.] 2013 XXXIV, 653 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Literaturangaben Internationales Handelsrecht (DE-588)4027429-9 gnd rswk-swf Unlauterer Wettbewerb (DE-588)4061842-0 gnd rswk-swf Unlauterer Wettbewerb (DE-588)4061842-0 s Internationales Handelsrecht (DE-588)4027429-9 s DE-604 Henning-Bodewig, Frauke Sonstige (DE-588)170276236 oth DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024681395&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | International handbook on unfair competition Internationales Handelsrecht (DE-588)4027429-9 gnd Unlauterer Wettbewerb (DE-588)4061842-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4027429-9 (DE-588)4061842-0 |
| title | International handbook on unfair competition |
| title_auth | International handbook on unfair competition |
| title_exact_search | International handbook on unfair competition |
| title_full | International handbook on unfair competition ed. by Frauke Henning-Bodewig |
| title_fullStr | International handbook on unfair competition ed. by Frauke Henning-Bodewig |
| title_full_unstemmed | International handbook on unfair competition ed. by Frauke Henning-Bodewig |
| title_short | International handbook on unfair competition |
| title_sort | international handbook on unfair competition |
| topic | Internationales Handelsrecht (DE-588)4027429-9 gnd Unlauterer Wettbewerb (DE-588)4061842-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Internationales Handelsrecht Unlauterer Wettbewerb |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024681395&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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