Managing health services organizations:
Gespeichert in:
Hauptverfasser: | , , |
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Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
Baltimore, Md. [u.a.]
Health Professions Press
1992
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Ausgabe: | 3. ed. |
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
Beschreibung: | XXIII, 732 S. graph. Darst. |
ISBN: | 1878812092 |
Internformat
MARC
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245 | 1 | 0 | |a Managing health services organizations |c Jonathon S. Rakich ; Beaufort B. Longest ; Kurt Darr |
250 | |a 3. ed. | ||
264 | 1 | |a Baltimore, Md. [u.a.] |b Health Professions Press |c 1992 | |
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700 | 1 | |a Longest, Beaufort B. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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adam_text | Contents
About the Authors xix
Preface : xxi
Acknowledgments xxiii
PART I A Framework of Management in Health Services Organizations 1
Chapter 1 The Management Process and Managerial Roles 3
Health Care and Health Services 4
Health Services Organizations 4
Focus of the Book 4
Management in HSOs 5
Types of Managers 5
The Management Process 6
Management Functions 7
Senior Management Activities 9
Managerial Roles 9
Organizational Culture and Philosophy 12
Philosophy About Customers and Continuous Quality Improvement 13
Philosophy About Employees—The Human Resource Perspective 13
Philosophy About Stakeholders 13
Senior Management and Culture 14
A Management Model for HSOs 14
Input-Conversion-Output Perspective 15
Linkage, Change, and Continuous Improvement 18
External Environment (A Systems Perspective) 18
Macroenvironment 19
Health Care Environment 19
Framework and Structure of the Book 19
About Part II: The Health Services Environment 20
About Part III: Structuring Health Services Organizations 20
About Part IV: Strategic Planning and Interorganizational Linkages
for Health Services Organizations 20
About Part V: Problem Solving, Quality Improvement, and Control
in Health Services Organizations 20
About Part VI: Managing People in Health Services Organizations 21
About Part VII: Human Resources Management in Health Services
Organizations 21
Summary 21
Discussion Questions 22
Case Study 1: The CEO s Day 22
Case Study 2: American Hospital Association Role and Functions of
Executive Management 24
Case Study 3: A Management Function Questionnaire 26
Notes 26
Bibliography 28
PART II The Health Services Environment 31
Chapter 2 The Health Care Delivery System 33
Conceptual Framework of Health Care 33
v
vi Contents Health and System Goals 33
Lack of Synchrony 35
A Brief History of Health Services in the United States 35
Technology 35
Morbidity and Mortality 36
Social Welfare 36
Other Systems 38
Federal Initiatives 38
Present Structure of the Health Services System 41
Classification and Types of HSOs 41
Profit or Not for Profit 41
Ownership 43
Length of Patient Stay 43
Role in Health Services System 43
Health Services Workers 45
Education of Managers 47
Licensure, Certification, and Registration of Caregivers 48
Physicians 49
Nonphysician Caregivers 51
Shortages of Personnel 54
State and Federal Regulation of HSOs 54
Inspections 54
Planning and Rate Regulation 54
UR, PSROs, and PROs 56
Diagnosis-Related Groups 57
Resource Utilization Groups 57
Ambulatory Patient Groups 58
Resource-Based Relative Value Scale 58
Other Regulators 59
Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations 59
Associations for Persons and Organizations 61
Personal Professional Associations 61
Organizational Professional Associations 62
Educational Accreditors 63
Managers 63
Physicians 63
Nurses 65
Medical Specialty Boards 65
Financing Health Services 66
Expenditure Trends 66
Sources and Uses of Funds in Health Care 66
Trends and Developments in the System 77
International Comparisons 78
International Health Care Expenditures 78
International Satisfaction with Health Care Systems 81
Canada s Universal, Comprehensive Health Care System 83
The Canadian System 83
A Comparison with the United States 84
Observations 87
Summary 88
Discussion Questions 89
Case Study 1: Gourmand and Food—A Fable 89
Notes 91
Bibliography 95
Contents vii
Chapter 3 Ethical Considerations 99
Sources of Law 99
Relationship of Law to Ethics 100
Moral Philosophies 102
Teleology 102
Deontology 103
Natural Law 103
John Rawls and the Concept of Social Contract 103
Philosophical Bases for Ethics 104
Respect for Persons 104
Beneficence 105
Nonmaleficence 105
Justice 106
Summary 106
Codes of Ethics 106
Health Services Codes of Ethics 107
Institutions 107
The Professions 107
Managers 108
Physicians 108
Nurses 109
Patient Bills of Rights 109
Ethical Issues Affecting Governance and Management 110
Fiduciary Duty 110
Conflict of Interest Ill
Confidential Information 113
Ethics and Marketing 113
Conflicts of Interest in Managed Care 115
Biomedical Ethical Issues 118
Resource Allocation 118
Consent 119
Experimentation 120
Death and Dying 122
Advance Medical Directives (AMDs) 125
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome 130
Preventing and Solving Ethical Problems 135
Organizational Culture and Philosophy 135
Institutional Ethics Committees 135
Infant Care Review Committees 137
Specialized Assistance 138
Summary 139
Discussion Questions 139
Case Study 1: What s a Manager To Do? 140
Case Study 2: Bits and Pieces 140
Case Study 3: Demarketing To Avoid Bankruptcy 141
Case Study 4: Choices 142
Case Study 5: Benefiting the Elderly by Infecting Them
with Influenza 143
Notes 143
Bibliography 145
Chapter 4 Legal Considerations 149
Public Processes that Produce the Law 149
The Legislative Process: Proposing and Enacting Laws 149
The Regulatory Process: Administrative Law and Rule Making 150
viii Contents The Judicial Process: Court Systems 152
Executive Orders 152
Contracts 153
Elements of a Contract 153
Breaches of Contract 153
Torts Involving Individual Providers 154
Distinguishing Tort from Contract Liability 154
Intentional Torts 154
Negligent Practice 155
Malpractice Crises 159
Torts and HSOs 161
Background 161
Agency and Corporate Liability 161
Developing Legal Areas 162
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome-Related Litigation 162
Antitrust Litigation 164
Charitable Status of HSOs 166
The Legal Process 168
Special Considerations for the Manager 169
Record Keeping 170
Effective Use of House and Retainer Counsel 170
Testifying 171
Other Means of Dispute Resolution 171
Summary 172
Discussion Questions 173
Case Study 1: Reporting Suspected Child Abuse or Neglect 173
Case Study 2: Effective Consent 174
Case Study 3: The Missing Needle Protector 175
Case Study 4: Is This the Most Efficient Way? 176
Notes 176
Bibliography 177
Chapter 5 Health Services Technology 179
History and Background 181
Types of Technologies 181
Definitive Technologies 181
Halfway Technologies 181
Competing Technologies 181
Cost-Saving Technologies 182
Effect of Technology on Health Status 183
Forces Affecting Development and Diffusion of Technology 183
Medical Education and Practice 183
Reimbursement 184
The Public 185
Competitive Environment 185
Federal Government Responses to Diffusion of Technology 186
Food and Drug Administration 186
Professional Standards Review Organizations and Professional
Review Organizations 187
Certificate of Need 187
Technology Assessment 188
HSO Technology Decision Making 190
Review and Planning 191
Technology Evaluation and Acquisition Methods 191
Current Methods of Technology Assessment 192
Contents ix
Managing Medical Technology Equipment 193
Joint Commission 194
Clinical Engineering 194
Summary 196
Discussion Questions 197
Case Study 1: The Feasibility of BEAM 198
Case Study 2: Stay Out of My Backyard! 199
Case Study 3: Let s Do a Joint Venture 199
Case Study 4: Why Can t You Keep My Lab Running?! 200
Case Study 5: Isn t There a Better Way? 201
Notes 201
Bibliography 203
PART III Structuring Health Services Organizations 205
Chapter 6 Concepts of Organization Design 207
Classical Organization Design Concepts 209
Division of Work 210
Authority and Responsibility Relationships 212
Departmentation 214
Span of Control 218
Coordination 219
Summary of the Classical Organization Design Concepts 223
The Informal Organization 225
The Nature of Informal Organizations 225
Why People Form Informal Groups 226
Key Parameters of Informal Groups 226
Positive Aspects of the Informal Organization 228
Living with the Informal Organization 230
An Integrated View of Organization Design 230
Choosing an Organization Design 234
Summary 234
Discussion Questions 235
Case Study 1: A New Approach on the Nursing Units 238
Case Study 2: The New Administrative Resident 238
Case Study 3: I Cannot Do It All! 239
Case Study 4: The Secretaries 239
Case Study 5: Somebody Has To Be Let Go 240
Notes 241
Bibliography 242
Chapter 7 How HSOs Are Organized 245
Background 245
Legal Status 246
Organizational Structure 247
Governing Bodies 247
Role and Functions 247
Composition 248
Committees 248
Relationship to the CEO 249
Management 251
Function 251
Qualifications 251
Relationships 251
Professional Staff Organization 252
History 253
x Contents PSO Organization 253
Clinical Departmentation 255
Managing the PSO 255
The Credentialing Process 255
PSO Membership 256
Privileges 257
PSO Discipline 258
Special Issues in Credentialing 258
Integration 259
Impaired Clinicians 259
Continuing Function of the PSO 260
Organization of Selected HSOs 260
Acute Care Hospitals 261
Nursing Facilities 269
Ambulatory Health Services 274
Hospices 277
Managed Care 280
Birth Centers 285
Home Health Agencies 288
Summary 293
Discussion Questions 293
Case Study 1: The Medical Staff 294
Case Study 2: The Emergency Department 294
Case Study 3: Authority Relationships 295
Case Study 4: The Orthopedic Surgery Group Practice 296
Case Study 5: The Right Thing To Do 296
Notes 297
Bibliography 301
PART IV Strategic Planning and Interorganizational Linkages for Health Services
Organizations 303
Chapter 8 Strategic Planning and Marketing 305
Planning Defined 305
Planning and the Management Model 306
Planning Characteristics 307
Type of Planning 307
Time Frame of Planning and Who Plans 307
Approach to Planning 308
Planning Outcomes 309
Mission 309
Objectives 309
Organization Strategies and Operational Programs 310
Policies and Procedures 311
HSO Planning Environment 312
Health Services Marketing—An Environmental Link 313
Marketing Concept 314
Marketing Audit 314
Elements of Marketing (PPPP and SCAP) 315
HSO Strategic Planning 319
I: Formulating Objectives 319
II: Strategic Assessment 322
III: Strategy Choice 325
Stakeholders and Strategic Planning 332
Contents xi
Summary 333
Discussion Questions 335
Case Study 1: Hospital Marketing Effectiveness Rating Instrument 335
Case Study 2: HSO Strategic Assessment 338
Case Study 3: Closing Pediatrics 338
Case Study 4: National Health Insurance 338
Case Study 5: Violation 339
Notes 340
Bibliography 343
Chapter 9 Interorganizational Relationships 347
Linkages Among Organizations 347
Market Transactions 349
Phases of Negotiation 350
Voluntary Interorganizational Relationship Transactions 351
Co-opting 352
Coalescing and Loose Coupling 352
Quasi Firm 353
Ownership 354
Effective Linkages 355
Involuntary Interorganizational Relationship Transactions 355
Regulatory Agency Relationships 356
Managing Interdependence 356
Managing Interorganizational Linkages 357
Types of Interdependence 357
Linkage Costs 358
Corporate Restructuring 358
Multiorganizational Arrangements 360
Types of Arrangements 361
Growth and Extent of Multiorganizational Arrangements 362
Multihospital Systems and Alliances 363
Problems and Benefits 364
Diversification 365
Impetus for Hospital Diversification 366
Context of Hospital Diversification 367
Types of HSO Diversification Activities 368
Outcomes of Hospital Diversification 369
Joint Ventures 370
Problems with Joint Ventures 371
Elements of Successful Joint Ventures 372
Summary 373
Discussion Questions 373
Case Study 1: Does It Make Sense? 374
Case Study 2: How To Turn an Intimidating Government Bureaucracy
into a Partner and Ally 374
Case Study 3: Community Health Plan 375
Notes 376
Bibliography 378
PART V Problem Solving, Quality Improvement, and Control in Health Services
Organizations 381
Chapter 10 Managerial Problem Solving and Decision Making 383
Decision Making 383
Types of Decisions 384
xii Contents Managerial Problem Solving 385
Problem-Solving Process and Model 386
Conditions that Initiate Problem Solving 387
Problem-Solving Activities 388
Problem Analysis (Recognition and Definition) [1] 390
Making Assumptions [2] 391
Identifying Tentative Alternative Solutions [3] 391
Developing and Applying Decision Criteria [4] 392
Selecting and Implementing the Alternative Solution [5] 392
Implications for the Health Services Manager 392
Factors Influencing Problem Solving and Decision Making 393
Problem Solver Attributes 393
The Situation 394
Environmental Constraints 395
Implications for the Health Services Manager 396
Group Problem Solving 396
Quality Circles as a Problem-Solving and Quality Improvement
Technique 397
Other Group Formats 398
Problem-Solving and Decision-Making Styles 398
Situational Variables (Problem Attributes) 399
Situations and Styles 399
Use of the Model 399
Implications for the Health Services Manager 402
Summary 402
Discussion Questions 402
Case Study 1: The New Charge Nurse 403
Case Study 2: The Nurse Aide 403
Case Study 3: Preferred Provider Organization 404
Notes 405
Bibliography 406
Chapter 11 Quality and Productivity Improvement 407
Quality—Two Dimensions 408
Continuous Quality Improvement 409
CQI Model 410
CQI, Productivity Improvement, and Cost Effectiveness 412
Approaches to Quality Improvement 412
W. Edwards Deming 413
Joseph M. Juran 415
Philip B. Crosby 417
Statistical Control 418
Process Improvement—Two Models, Same Results 420
Understanding and Measuring a Process 420
Improvement and Problem Solving 423
The Improvement Team 424
CQI and Professional Autonomy 425
Productivity Improvement 426
Productivity and Productivity Improvement 426
CQI and Productivity Improvement 427
Analysis and Improvement of Work Systems and Job Design 428
Capacity Planning and Facilities Layout 430
Production Control, Scheduling, and Materials Distribution 430
Summary 431
Contents xiii
Discussion Questions 431
Case Study 1: Fed Up in Dallas 431
Case Study 2: The Carbondale Clinic 432
Case Study 3: Total Quality Management (TQM) Inventory 433
Case Study 4: Noninvasive Cardiovascular Laboratory (Revised) 436
Case Study 5: The Clinic Layout 437
Notes 438
Bibliography 440
Chapter 12 Control, Risk Management, Quality Assessment/Improvement, and
Resource Allocation 443
Control and Planning 443
Monitoring (Control) and Intervention Points 444
Output Control 444
Process Control 445
Input Control 445
Control Model 445
In Control Loop 446
Acceptance Control Loop 446
Required Change Control Loop 447
Positive Control Loop 447
Control and CQI 447
Control and Problem Solving 447
Control Considerations 447
Managerial Considerations 448
Design Considerations 448
Management Information Systems and Control 449
Types of MIS 449
MIS Uses 450
Risk Management and Quality Assessment and Improvement 451
Background 451
Risk Management 452
Assessing and Improving Quality 457
Final Comments 464
Control Methods 465
Budgeting 465
Case-Mix Accounting 467
Ratio Analysis 467
Network Programming 473
Use of Analytical Techniques in Resource Allocation 474
Volume Analysis with Revenue 475
Volume Analysis without Revenue 478
Capital Budgeting 479
Cost-Benefit Analysis 481
Simulation 482
Summary 484
Discussion Questions 486
Case Study 1: Admitting Department 486
Case Study 2: Centralized Reproduction 486
Case Study 3: Barriers to an Effective QA/I Program 487
Case Study 4: Don s Risk Management 488
Case Study 5: The Array Machine 489
Notes 489
Bibliography • 492
xiv Contents PART VI Managing People in Health Services Organizations 495
Chapter 13 Motivation 497
The Concept of Motivation 497
Motivation Modeled and Defined 498
Managerial Attitudes and Motivation 499
Motivation Theories 501
Content Theories 502
Maslow s Hierarchy of Needs 502
Alderfer s ERG Theory 503
Herzberg s Two-Factor Theory 505
McClelland s Learned Needs Theory 507
The Content Theories Summarized 508
Process Theories 508
Vroom s Expectancy Theory 509
Adams s Equity Theory 511
Locke s Goal-Setting Theory 512
Skinner s Reinforcement Theory 513
Toward Integrating the Theories of Motivation 515
Summary 516
Discussion Questions 517
Case Study 1: A Potential Conflict 517
Case Study 2: The Young Associate s Dilemma 517
Case Study 3: Clockwork 518
Case Study 4: Bill s Promotion 518
Case Study 5: What Needs Are Most Important to You? 519
Notes 521
Bibliography 523
Chapter 14 Leadership 525
Leadership Modeled and Defined 526
Power and Influence 528
Sources of Power 528
Leader Traits and Skills 530
Leader Behavior 531
Ohio State University Leadership Studies 532
University of Michigan Leadership Studies 532
Likert s System 4 Management Model 533
Blake and McCanse s Managerial Grid® 535
Tannenbaum and Schmidt s Continuum of Leader Decision-Making
Authority 536
Situational Theories of Leader Traits and Behavior 538
Fiedler s Contingency Theory 538
Hershey and Blanchard s Situational Leadership Model 541
Vroom-Yetton Model 543
House-Mitchell Path-Goal Theory of Leadership 545
Toward Integrating the Theories of Leadership 547
Summary 549
Discussion Questions 550
Case Study 1: Charlotte Cook s Problem 550
Case Study 2: The Presidential Search 551
Case Study 3: Is Leadership the Issue? 551
Case Study 4: You Didn t Tell Me! 552
Case Study 5: Supervisory Behavior Questionnaire 552
Notes 554
Bibliography 555
Contents xy
Chapter 15 Communication 557
Communication Defined and Modeled 559
Barriers to Effective Communication 561
Environmental Barriers 561
Personal Barriers 563
Managing Barriers to Effective Communication 564
Flow of Intraorganizational Communication 565
Downward Flow 565
Upward Flow 565
Horizontal and Diagonal Flows 566
Communication Networks 567
Informal Communication 567
Summary of Intraorganizational Communication 570
Flow of Interorganizational Communication 571
Special Case: Communicating Among Units of Systems 573
Special Case: Communicating When Things Go Badly 574
Summary 575
Discussion Questions 576
Case Study 1: ABC Nursing Home 576
Case Study 2: The Business Office 576
Case Study 3: Good Work Is Expected 577
Case Study 4: The Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound s
Hard Rock Sell 578
Notes 578
Bibliography 579
Chapter 16 Organizational Change 581
Pressures for Change 582
Organizational Change Defined and Modeled 583
Typologies of Organizational Change 583
The Process of Change Modeled 586
The Process of Managing Organizational Change 587
Stage I: Change Identification 587
Stage II: Implementation Planning 589
Stage III: Implementation 597
Stage IV: Evaluation and Feedback 598
Final Comments 598
Managers as Change Agents 598
Requisites to Change 599
The Special Case of Retrenchment 599
Summary 600
Discussion Questions 601
Case Study 1: Delivery Room Staffing Situation 601
Case Study 2: A Response to Change 602
Case Study 3: How Ready Are You for Managing in a Turbulent World? 602
Case Study 4: Organizational Development (OD) in a Health Care Clinic 604
Notes 605
Bibliography 606
PART VII Human Resources Management in Health Services Organizations 609
Chapter 17 Personnel/Human Resources Management 611
Role of Personnel/Human Resources Management 611
Staffing Activities 6I2
Acquiring Human Resources 612
Human Resources Planning 612
xvi Contents Human Resources Sources 614
Job Analysis and Job Descriptions 615
Recruitment 615
Selection 618
Orientation 619
Equal Employment Opportunity 620
Workforce Diversity 625
Retaining Employees 625
Performance Appraisal 625
Training and Development 630
Discipline (Corrective Counseling) 631
Compensation Administration 631
Employee Assistance Programs 634
Health and Safety 635
Separation from Employment (Exit) 635
Preretirement Planning 635
Outplacement 636
Exit Interviews 636
Human Resources Department and Clinical Staff 636
Human Resources in Multifacility HSOs 636
The Human Resources Perspective 637
A Contemporary Perspective 637
Personnel Model (Pre-1965) 637
Labor Relations Model (Late 1960s to Mid-1980s) 638
Human Resources Model (Contemporary) 639
The Future 640
Summary 641
Discussion Questions 641
Case Study 1: Personnel Policies at Robbins Memorial Hospital 642
Case Study 2: Complaint of LPN Pay Inequity 643
Case Study 3: Termination of Head Nurse Jones 643
Case Study 4: Substance Abuse and EAP 644
Case Study 5: Missing Narcotics 644
Case Study 6: Physician Harassment 645
Notes 645
Bibliography 648
Chapter 18 Labor Relations 651
Importance of Labor Relations in HSOs 651
Collective Bargaining in HSOs: A Recent Development 652
History of Unionism in the United States 652
Pre-1930 Era 652
Post-1930 Era 653
Federal Labor Legislation 654
Norris-LaGuardia (Anti-Injunction) Act (1932) 654
Wagner (National Labor Relations) Act (1935) 655
Taft-Hartley (Labor-Management Relations) Act (1947) 656
Nonprofit Hospital Amendments to the Taft-Hartley Act (1974) 658
Bargaining Unit Determination 660
Reason for the Controversy 661
History of Bargaining Unit Litigation 661
Rule Making 662
Consequences of Rule Making 663
Solicitation and Distribution 663
Contents xvii
Unionization in Health Services 664
Why Employees Unionize 667
Symptoms of an Organization Campaign 670
Types of Union Elections 670
Employer Conduct During an Election Campaign 672
Permissible Employer Activities 673
Prohibited Employer Activities 673
Managerial Responsibilities in Labor Relations 674
Setting the Tone and Environment 675
Proactive Steps 675
Collective Bargaining 676
Recognition 676
Negotiation 676
Impasses 677
Summary 677
Discussion Questions 678
Case Study 1: Taylor Medical Center and the Union 678
Case Study 2: Union Membership Solicitation and Distribution of Union
Material at Dunlap Memorial Hospital 679
Case Study 3: The Firing of Sam 680
Case Study 4: Promotion at Visiting Nurse Service 680
Notes 681
Bibliography 684
Author Index 687
Subject Index 699
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publisher | Health Professions Press |
record_format | marc |
spelling | Rakich, Jonathon S. Verfasser aut Managing health services organizations Jonathon S. Rakich ; Beaufort B. Longest ; Kurt Darr 3. ed. Baltimore, Md. [u.a.] Health Professions Press 1992 XXIII, 732 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Health Facilities organization & administration United States Hospital Administration United States USA Longest, Beaufort B. Verfasser aut Darr, Kurt Verfasser aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024656941&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
spellingShingle | Rakich, Jonathon S. Longest, Beaufort B. Darr, Kurt Managing health services organizations Health Facilities organization & administration United States Hospital Administration United States |
title | Managing health services organizations |
title_auth | Managing health services organizations |
title_exact_search | Managing health services organizations |
title_full | Managing health services organizations Jonathon S. Rakich ; Beaufort B. Longest ; Kurt Darr |
title_fullStr | Managing health services organizations Jonathon S. Rakich ; Beaufort B. Longest ; Kurt Darr |
title_full_unstemmed | Managing health services organizations Jonathon S. Rakich ; Beaufort B. Longest ; Kurt Darr |
title_short | Managing health services organizations |
title_sort | managing health services organizations |
topic | Health Facilities organization & administration United States Hospital Administration United States |
topic_facet | Health Facilities organization & administration United States Hospital Administration United States USA |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024656941&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
work_keys_str_mv | AT rakichjonathons managinghealthservicesorganizations AT longestbeaufortb managinghealthservicesorganizations AT darrkurt managinghealthservicesorganizations |