Update in childhood and adolescent obesity:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Philadelphia, Pa.
Saunders
2011
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Pediatric clinics of North America
58,6 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XVII S., S. 1333 - 1555 Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9781455712304 |
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| adam_text | Titel: Update in childhood and adolescent obesity
Autor: Vos, Miriam
Jahr: 2011
Update in Childhood and Adolescent Obesity
Contents
Preface: Update in Childhood and Adolescent Obesity xv
Miriam Vos and Sarah E. Barlow
Context
Etiologies of Obesity in Children: Nature and Nurture 1333
Joseph A. Skelton, Megan B. Irby, Joseph G. Grzywacz, and Gary Miller
Childhood obesity is a profoundly complex problem and serves as an ex-
ample of a biospsychosocial issue. Scientific inquiry has provided incred-
ible insight into the complex etiology of weight gain but must be viewed as
an interaction between a human s propensity to conserve calories for sur-
vival in a world with an abundance of it. This article provides a brief over-
view divided between biological (nature) and psychosocial and behavioral
(nurture) factors.
Comorbidities
Diabetes and Insulin Resistance in Pediatric Obesity 1355
Grace Kim and Sonia Caprio
Over the past 2 decades, the prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes
mellitus (T2DM) in children and adolescents has risen to epidemic propor-
tions and disproportionately affects racial and ethnic minorities, who are at
greater risk. The pathophysiology of T2DM is complex and involves insulin
resistance, pancreatic ß-cell dysfunction, and visceral adiposity. Current
treatments of T2DM are limited to lifestyle intervention, metformin, and in-
sulin therapy; use of these strategies in combination is often most effec-
tive. The role of research is to uncover simple biomarkers for insulin
sensitivity and optimal and innovative treatment of insulin resistance and
T2DM.
Dyslipidemia and Pediatric Obesity 1363
Stephen Cook and Rae Ellen W. Kavey
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the United States
despite a reduction in mortality over the past 4 decades. Much of this suc-
cess is attributed to public health efforts and more aggressive treatment of
clinical disease. The rising rates of obesity and diabetes, especially among
adolescents and young adults, raise concern for increases in mortality. Na-
tional vital statistics have shown a leveling of cardiovascular disease death
rates in the fifth decade of life. Public health efforts have begun to address
childhood obesity. This article reviews the dyslipidemia associated with
obesity in childhood and outlines a proposed approach to management.
Contents
Advances in Pediatric Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease 1375
AN A. Mencin and Joel E. Lavine
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged as the most com-
mon cause of pediatric liver disease in the developed world. Children
have a form of NAFLD that is pathologically distinct from adults. Although
NAFLD remains a pathologic diagnosis, biomarkers and imaging studies
hold promise as noninvasive means of both establishing the diagnosis
and following the disease course. Significant advancements have recently
been made in genetics, pathophysiology, and the treatment of NAFLD. The
purpose of this article is to provide a clinically relevant review of pediatric
NAFLD with an emphasis on recent developments in the field.
Psychological Complications of Pediatric Obesity 1393
Jillon S. Vander Wal and Elisha R. Mitchell
Psychological complications associated with pediatric obesity include low
self-esteem, depression, body dissatisfaction, loss-of-control eating, un-
healthy and extreme weight control behaviors, impaired social relation-
ships, obesity stigma, and decreased health-related quality of life.
Bioecological models offer a framework for understanding the interaction
between pediatric obesity and psychological complications and illustrate
system-level approaches for prevention and intervention. As the medical
setting is often the first point of contact for families, pediatricians are in-
strumental in the identification and referral of children with psychological
complications. Motivational interviewing, patient talking points, brief
screening measures, and referral resources are important tools in this
process.
Therapies and Prevention
Counseling and Behavior Change in Pediatric Obesity 1403
Denise E. Wilfley, Andrea E. Kass, and Rachel P. Kolko
To effectively intervene with the overweight and obese youth, it is impera-
tive that primary care providers and behavioral interventionists work in
concert to help families implement healthy behaviors across socioenviron-
mental domains. In this article, the authors review current office-based
counseling practices and provide evidence-based recommendations for
addressing weight status and strategies for encouraging behavior change
with children and families, primarily by increasing social support. By pro-
viding such collaborative targeted efforts, consistent health messages
and support are delivered across children s everyday contexts, thereby
helping the youth to achieve successful implementation of eating and ac-
tivity behaviors and sustainable weight loss outcomes.
Practical Approaches to theTreatment of Severe Pediatric Obesity 1425
CM. Lenders, K. Gorman, A. Lim-Miller, S. Puklin, and J. Pratt
Pediatric obesity is a major public health threat. Obese children and ado-
lescents are at increased risk for many medical and surgical conditions.
These conditions may affect their quality of life and life expectancy. The
rapidly progressive nature of type 2 diabetes mellitus within the first
Contents
5 years of obesity diagnosis is particularly concerning. Because health risk
increases with degree of obesity, adolescents who may be eligible for
more aggressive obesity treatment should be identified and counseled.
Strategies for Pediatric Practitioners to Increase Fruit and Vegetable Consumption
in Children 1439
Sonia A. Kim, Kirsten A. Grimm, Ashleigh L. May, Diane M. Harris,
Joel Kimmons, and Jennifer L. Foltz
High intake of fruits and vegetables (FV) is associated with a decreased
risk for many chronic diseases and may assist in weight management,
but few children and adolescents consume the recommended amounts
of FV. The pediatric practitioner can positively influence FV consumption
of children through patient-level interventions (eg, counseling, connecting
families to community resources), community-level interventions (eg, ad-
vocacy, community involvement), and health care facility-level interven-
tions (eg, creating a healthy food environment in the clinical setting). This
article reviews the importance of FV consumption, recommended intakes
for children, and strategies by which pediatric practitioners can influence
FV consumption of children.
The Role of Added Sugars in Pediatric Obesity 1455
Jean A. Welsh and Solveig A. Cunningham
This article provides an overview for pediatricians and other health care
providers of the role of added sugars (caloric sweeteners) in the diets of
US children and the recent evidence linking added sugar consumption
to increased obesity and other chronic disease risk in children. The hy-
pothesized biologic mechanisms for these associations are summarized,
and evidence-based strategies are provided that may help children and
their families to reduce their sugar consumption. Primary health care pro-
viders play an important role in assessing the added sugar intake of their
patients and in providing nutrition and behavior change counselling to
high-risk children and their families.
Artificial Sweetener Use Among Children: Epidemiology, Recommendations,
Metabolic Outcomes, and Future Directions 1467
Allison Sylvetsky, Kristina I. Rother, and Rebecca Brown
This review summarizes the literature pertaining to the epidemiology and
current recommendations for pediatric artificial sweetener use and pres-
ents the results of studies investigating metabolic responses to artificial
sweeteners among children. An understanding of the research previously
conducted and the gaps that remain will inform future clinical and transla-
tional research, to develop evidence-based recommendations for artificial
sweetener use in the prevention and treatment of pediatric obesity.
The Role of Physical Activity in Pediatric Obesity 1481
Kate Lambourne and Joseph E. Donnelly
This article provides an overview of the benefits of physical activity in chil-
dren, including the effects on obesity, cognitive development, academic
achievement and cognition, and health. The recommendations of health
Contents
organizations are also outlined, and practical recommendations are pro-
vided for parents and educators.
The Fault, Dear Viewer, Lies Not in the Screens, But in Ourselves: Relationships
Between Screen Media and Childhood Overweight/Obesity 1493
Sarah McKetta and Michael Rich
This article summarizes recent findings about associations between elec-
tronic screen media and childhood overweight/obesity, hypothesized
mechanisms, and mediators. Recommendations are made for parents
and clinicians.
Media, Social Networking, and Pediatric Obesity 1509
Elizabeth A. Vandewater and Laurence M. Denis
The 5 years leading up to 2011 witnessed unprecedented transformations
in the technology and media available to American consumers. These
changes have led to major paradigmatic shifts in the way people think
about media, how they use it, and the role they expect it to play in their
lives. This article discusses the new media landscape and summarizes
the evidence regarding media influences on pediatric obesity. Various ef-
fects on pediatric obesity are discussed and some conclusions and impli-
cations are provided, including possibilities and future directions for
clinical practice and research.
Policies to Support Obesity Prevention for Children: A Focus on of Early Childhood
Policies 1521
Marianne E. McPherson and Charles J. Homer
Policies at many levels may help to shape environments that promote
healthy weight and prevent obesity. We present policies to support obesity
prevention for young children. We highlight policy Sand environmental sys-
tems change examples in the areas of promoting breastfeeding and pro-
viding healthy affordable food and information about food in community
and child care settings and promoting physical activity in child care and
the community. We address the role of the health care system and health
care professionals to shape and advocate for policy and environmental
systems change and provide resources for pediatric health care profes-
sionals to engage in community-based advocacy.
Index 1543
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