Europejska integracja militarna: sojusze wojskowe XX wieku
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Warszawa
Wydawnictwo Akademii Obrony Narodowej
2011
|
| Ausgabe: | Wyd. 1. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 210 s. 21 cm. |
| ISBN: | 9788375231465 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Europejska integracja militarna |b sojusze wojskowe XX wieku |c Tomasz Kośmider, Jeremiasz Ślipiec, Janusz Zuziak ; Akademia Obrony Narodowej |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | SPIS TREŚCI
Wstęp
...................................................................................................7
Rozdział
1
Bloki polityczno-militarne początku
XX
stulecia
..............................11
Rozdział
2
Stosunki wojskowe w międzywojennej Europie
................................38
Rozdział
3
Sojusze drugiej wojny światowej
.......................................................82
Rozdział
4
Dwubiegunowość Europy: NATO i Układ Warszawski
..................121
Zakończenie
.....................................................................................165
Summary
..........................................................................................169
Bibliografia
......................................................................................173
Indeks nazwisk
.................................................................................189
Indeks nazw geograficznych
............................................................201
Tomasz Kośmider
SUMMARY
The discussion presented in this book concerns the issue con¬
nected with the functioning of the political and military blocks at the
beginning of the 20th century, military relations in the interwar Eu¬
rope, military alliances of the World War
Π
and the political and
military division of the Old Continent after the war. The analyses it
contains allowed to generate the following conclusions.
With reference to the part entitled Political and military blocks at
the beginning of the 20th century , it has been found that the basis of
the bilateral concepts, or military coalition agreements of the Euro¬
pean states can be found in the 19th century and that they constituted
the consequence of
Otto von
Bismarck s way of conducting politics.
While performing the function of the Chancellor of the German Reich,
he created the so called rule of options and priorities, When an alli¬
ance was formed its aim was to ensure mutual guarantees of security
for its signatories. The superior aim of the alliances of those times was
to keep peace in Europe, and the formed alliance was to be only one
of the means leading to peaceful cooperation between countries. It
may be said that this rule was present during the whole period of the
20th century, however, it was not always possible to use it in practice,
which manifested itself in the form of the two biggest wars in the his¬
tory of mankind, which took place in that period. The negative causes
of this state of affairs may be found in the fact that the adopted rule ot
Bismarck s peace was based not on absolute aspirations for peace, but
on the appropriately fueled mutual rivalry between European super¬
powers. This rivalry lead to the war which had not only the European
but also the world dimension. By military integration
m
the 19th cen¬
tury alliances European countries grouped into two opposing military
blocks. These alliances were shaped throughout three decades before
the Great War. This is why we may quote Norman Davis who says
that: in the situation in which the West and the East allied against the
169
TOMASZ KOŚMIDER
Central Countries, great superpowers landed themselves into the stra¬
tegic arrangement creating tensions which were to be won for the rest
of the
2Úh
century. Nearly without noticing, Europe divided itself into
two powerful armed camps, and there was also no honest mediator
.
This situation became even more apparent during World War I. In
military relations in the interwar Europe we find different concepts of
military agreements. Apart from multilateral agreements existing in
the European political and strategic space, such as Little
Entante,
Bal¬
tic
Entante
or Balkan
Entante,
bilateral agreements were also of great
importance, for example, the Polish and French alliance or the Polish
and Romanian alliance. The purpose of these alliances was to safe¬
guard peace on the Old Continent and provide the guarantee of secu¬
rity for countries forming them. While evaluating the issue of Euro¬
pean security in the post-Versailles Europe it needs to be noticed that
it was the time of lost possibilities to build foundations of long-term
European peace, which concerns mainly the second decade of the
twentieth century. The idea of rapprochement of Germany and West¬
ern Europe at the expense of the eastern part of the continent, which
achieved its peak in Munich, had serious consequences for the devel¬
opment of international relations in Europe. Unfortunately, the phi¬
losophy of appeasement did not save the world from the war.
In order to keep peace and cooperation a supranational organisa¬
tion, the League of Nations, was created as the predecessor of the
UNO. Unfortunately, it did not safeguard peaceful coexistence of the
nations of Europe. The creation of the League of Nations formed
a conviction that by following the rules of the international law
a plane will be created which will enable to bring together divergent
interests, also in the winners camp. Existing divergences did not al¬
low, however, realising these expectations. What appeared to be
a special threat for the world peace was the politics implemented by
the European totalitarian systems developing during the interwar pe¬
riod, and especially the Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact concluded between
Germany and the USSR. In June
1941
the signatories of this agree¬
ment were already at war. This moment should be considered as the
breakthrough in the development of European military alliances of the
World War II. This is when the coalition of allies was formed which
1 N.
Davies,
Europa: rozprawa historyka z historią, Kraków
1998,
s.
926.
170
SUMMARY
included the main world superpowers, lead by the USA. Also the
USSR joined the coalition and as the country attacked by the Third
Reich received the status of the injured party. The country assumed
the main role in realising military activity at the eastern front of the
World War II.
It might seem that the agreements concluded between the coun¬
tries of the anti-Hitler coalition would build sustainable peace in
Europe. It did not happen so unfortunately and after the military ac¬
tivities ended, mutual rivalry between the main superpowers began. It
led to the next division of Europe into the East and the West, which
could be observed after the end of the World War II. However, at the
end of the
1940s
and at the beginning of the
1950s
this division be¬
came incredibly clear. The military blocks in the form of the NATO
and the Warsaw Pact sealed this bipolarisation of the Old Continent.
The origins of these multinational political and military pacts should
be looked for in mutual rivalry between the USSR and the USA,
which took place after the World War II ended. The main elements of
this rivalry included: the problem of Germany, Marshall Plan, or the
creation of the North Atlantic Treaty.
The threat of the USSR intensified the process of integration of
the West, also on the military plane. The consolidation process also
took place to the East of the Elbe River, in the soviet zone of
influ¬
ence,
where on the initiative of the Soviet Union the Council for
Mutual Economic Assistance was created, followed by the Warsaw
Pact. It was a military structure, but the bases for its formation were
Political and not military conditions. The officially promoted causes ot
the creation of the Pact, connected with the admission of the Federal
Republic of Germany to the NATO and the creation of
Bundeswehr,
were only one of the elements justifying the necessity to create
a separate organization of an international character. By creating the
Warsaw Pact the USSR aimed at taking over the full control over the
armed forces of its zone of influence. It quickly became apparent
m
the form of the interference of the USSR in the internal affairs of the
member states The extreme example of this type of activity was
a military intervention of the Soviet Army in Hungary
(1956)
and the
armed forces of the Warsaw Pact in Czechoslovakia
(1968).
The for¬
mation of the Warsaw Pact constituted for the USSR a confirmation of
b
military status quo in Middle-Eastern Europe. This country could
171
TOMASZ KOŚMIDER
more fully control the armies of its satellite countries. This depend¬
ence was deepened by Soviet troops stationed in some of the member
states of the Warsaw Pact. The creation and functioning of the War¬
saw Pact was of a significant political importance. Having at its dis¬
posal the armies of the member states the Soviet Union could partially
reduce the number of its forces deployed in Europe. Hence it was the
initiator of numerous projects aiming at reducing, or not developing,
of the military potential. Formally these activities aimed at reducing
tensions in the line: East-West, in reality
—
which the West was aware
of-they little contributed to the issue of global and regional security.
To summarise, military agreements of the 20th century countries
generally referred to
Otto von
Bismarck s concept of alliances. The
fact that most military alliances of these times were concluded on the
basis of mutual rivalry supports this theory. This rivalry was even
more intensified after the formation of the NATO and the Warsaw
Pact and continued until the first half of the
1990s.
This last statement
entitles us to introduce the periodization of the 20th century from the
point of view of military alliances. Looking from their perspective it
may be noticed that the zero point of the century of military alliances
shifted to the 1870s, and the end of this era was the first half of the
1990s.
The conditions concerning the rule of concluding agreements
weigh in favour of this periodization, among which the aspiration to
keep peace was hedged with mutual rivalry of countries. After the
social and political changes which took place in Europe at the end of
the
1980s
and at the beginning of the
1990s
and having sealed these
changes with the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact, European countries
faced new challenges. Currently concluded military alliances do not
antagonize the countries of the Old Continent, but rather oblige them
to defend the common heritage in the pan-European aspect.
172
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| spelling | Europejska integracja militarna sojusze wojskowe XX wieku Tomasz Kośmider, Jeremiasz Ślipiec, Janusz Zuziak ; Akademia Obrony Narodowej Wyd. 1. Warszawa Wydawnictwo Akademii Obrony Narodowej 2011 210 s. 21 cm. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geschichte 1900-2000 gnd rswk-swf Bündnis (DE-588)4069715-0 gnd rswk-swf Militär (DE-588)4039305-7 gnd rswk-swf Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 g Militär (DE-588)4039305-7 s Bündnis (DE-588)4069715-0 s Geschichte 1900-2000 z DE-604 Kośmider, Tomasz 1967- Sonstige (DE-588)124276911 oth Ślipiec, Jeremiasz Sonstige oth Zuziak, Janusz 1959- Sonstige (DE-588)1254190007 oth Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024639006&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024639006&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Europejska integracja militarna sojusze wojskowe XX wieku Bündnis (DE-588)4069715-0 gnd Militär (DE-588)4039305-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4069715-0 (DE-588)4039305-7 (DE-588)4015701-5 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Europejska integracja militarna sojusze wojskowe XX wieku |
| title_auth | Europejska integracja militarna sojusze wojskowe XX wieku |
| title_exact_search | Europejska integracja militarna sojusze wojskowe XX wieku |
| title_full | Europejska integracja militarna sojusze wojskowe XX wieku Tomasz Kośmider, Jeremiasz Ślipiec, Janusz Zuziak ; Akademia Obrony Narodowej |
| title_fullStr | Europejska integracja militarna sojusze wojskowe XX wieku Tomasz Kośmider, Jeremiasz Ślipiec, Janusz Zuziak ; Akademia Obrony Narodowej |
| title_full_unstemmed | Europejska integracja militarna sojusze wojskowe XX wieku Tomasz Kośmider, Jeremiasz Ślipiec, Janusz Zuziak ; Akademia Obrony Narodowej |
| title_short | Europejska integracja militarna |
| title_sort | europejska integracja militarna sojusze wojskowe xx wieku |
| title_sub | sojusze wojskowe XX wieku |
| topic | Bündnis (DE-588)4069715-0 gnd Militär (DE-588)4039305-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Bündnis Militär Europa Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024639006&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024639006&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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