Cyberlibel: information warfare in the 21st century?
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Toronto
Irwin Law
2011
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Literaturverz. S. 477 - 482 |
| Beschreibung: | XXIX, 517 S. |
| ISBN: | 9781552212035 1552212033 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 008 | 111208s2011 |||| 00||| eng d | ||
| 020 | |a 9781552212035 |9 978-1-55221-203-5 | ||
| 020 | |a 1552212033 |9 1-55221-203-3 | ||
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| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rakwb | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a eng | |
| 049 | |a DE-M382 | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Potts, David |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Cyberlibel |b information warfare in the 21st century? |c David A. Potts |
| 264 | 1 | |a Toronto |b Irwin Law |c 2011 | |
| 300 | |a XXIX, 517 S. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Literaturverz. S. 477 - 482 | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Libel and slander | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Diffamation | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Internet / Law and legislation | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Internet / Droit | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Recht | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m SWB Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024595958&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024595958 | ||
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804148639325487104 |
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| adam_text | IMAGE 1
SUMMARY TABLE OF CONTENTS
RORIVVOUN OT AT K N OW I.I I X , ML IS .XXVII
PART I: INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTER 1: SUMMARY OF MY PERSONAL OBSERVATIONS ABOUT CYBERLIBEL 3
CHAPTER 2. HOW TO USE THIS BOOK 8 THAIMI:U 3: FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
U CHAP IT R 4; SUMMARY OF THE LAW OF DEFAMATION AND ITS APPLICATION TO
CYBERLIBEL 23
CHAPTER CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INTERNET 28 CHAPTER 6: DIFFERENCES AND
CONSEQUENCES IN CYBERLIBEL LITIGATION AND OFFLINE LIBEL LITIGATION 48
CIIAI KR 7: SHOULD INTERNET-SPECIFIC PRINCIPLES OF LAW BE ADOPTED? 55
PART II: PRELIMINARY QUESTIONS 73
CHAPTER S: NOTICE AND LIMITATION PERIODS 7$ CHAPTER 9: JURISDICTION 95
CHAPTER HI; DISCLOSURE OF THE IDENTITY OF AN ANONYMOUS AUTHOR 13S ( I!
AIT NIT 11: INTERNET LIBEL ACTIONS STAYED AS AN ABUSE OF PROCESS IN THE
UK 163
PART III: REMEDIES 177
CHAPTER 12: DAMAGES IN CYBERLIBEL 179 CHAPTER 13: INJUNCTIONS IN
CYBERLIBEL 200 CI 1 A PTKR .14: TAKE DOWN NOTICES 221
PART IV: CAUSE OF ACTION AND DEFENCES 225
C 11 A P 1 F R 15: PUBLICATION AND HYPERLINKS 227
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VIII * CYBERLIBEL: INFORMATION WARFARE IN THE 21ST CENTURY?
CHAPTER 16: FORMS OF DEFAMATORY MEANING 26S
CHAPTER 17: REFERENCE TO THE PLAINTIFF 273
PART V: DEFENCES 277
C.: 11 A PT 1 R 18: DEFENCE OF INNOCENT DISSEMINATION AT COMMON LAW 279
CHAI II R 19: THE DEFENCE OF QUALIFIED PRIVILEGE 288
CHAP RI U 20: DEFENCE OF RESPONSIBLE COMMUNICATION ON MATTERS OF PUBLIC
INTEREST 298
PART VI: INTERNET-SPECIFIC SUBJECTS 307
OIAI TI-.K 21: INTERNET INTERMEDIARIES 309
CM A P UR 22: SEARCH ENGINES 339
CHAP N.R IY. USER-GENERATED CONTENT-WEB 2.0 AND ONLINE SOCIAL
NETWORKS 357
PART VII: PRIVACY 369
( H A T UR 24: INVASION OF PRIVACY/MISUSE OF PRIVATE INFORMATION 371
PART VIII: REFERENCE MATERIAL 407
CYRKRURLIL PAMAG1: AWA RI1.S (.!( AN I T.D IO -I
CVW HI INN. INIIRXCNON.S .)/./
C HR.RI.IHI I |1 KISDIC L [ONAI. MOTIONS 416
JUDICIAL (.I.OSSARV OR SHI.ECTHI) IN I HRNF! TF.RMS -)I;
ANNO I V! I L H1HI U.XJRM HV ON INFORMATION UARL ARL 4/7
TABI.F OF CASES .ISI
AUOUT THI- ALTLHXI
IMAGE 3
DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS
L( IRI.UORD X.XV
ACKNO VI..E;DC;EMI;NT! XXVII
PART I: INTRODUCTION 1
( HAL I I : I; I: SUMMARY OF MY PERSONAL OBSERVATIONS ABOUT CYBERLIBEL
3
I : I I . P I F .R R.
HOW TO USE THIS BOOK 8
A. WHAT THIS BOOK IS 8
B. CHARACTERISTICS OF THIS BOOK 8
C. WHAT THIS BOOK IS NOT JO
( MAPIT;U Y.
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS 11
A. CAN I OBTAIN AN INTERLOCUTORY INJUNCTION TO REMOVE A DEFAMATORY
PUBLICATION FROM THE INTERNET? 11
B. WHAT ARE THE DAMAGES I CAN EXPECT TO OBTAIN IN A CYBERLIBEL ACTION?
13
C. WHAT OTHER CAUSES OF ACTION ARE AVAILABLE ASIDE FROM DEFAMATION FOR
REPUTATIONAL ATTACKS ON THE INTERNET? 13
D. WHAT PROBLEMS PECULIAR TO CYBERLIBEL SHOULD I CONSIDER BEFORE
STARTING A CYBERLIBEL ACTION? 13
IMAGE 4
X CYBERLIBEL: INFORMATION WARFARE IN THE 21ST CENTURY?
E. DO I NEED TO SERVE A NOTICE UNDER THE ONTARIO LIBEL AND SLANDER ACT
OR
OTHER PROVINCIAL DEFAMATION ACTS? 14
F. IS US LIBEL LAW DIFFERENT FROM ANGLO-CANADIAN LIBEL LAW? 14
G. DO THE DIFFERENCES REALLY MATTER? 15
H. WHAT SHOULD MY CLIENT DO WHEN HE IS SUED? 16
I. WHAT DEFENCES ARE AVAILABLE TO DEFENDANTS WHO ARE SUED FOR
CYBERLIBEL? 16
J. SHOULD CEASE AND DESIST LETTERS BE SENT? 17
K. DOES THE NEW DEFENCE OF RESPONSIBLE COMMUNICATIONS AS A MATTER OF
PUBLIC INTEREST APPLY TO STATEMENTS MADE ONLINE? BY BLOGGERS? OR PEOPLE
ON FACEBOOK? 17
L. WHAT ARE THE ELEMENTS OF THE DEFENCE OF RESPONSIBLE COMMUNICATIONS?
17
M. WHAT TESTS APPLY FOR INJUNCTIONS IF THE ONLINE STATEMENTS ARE
DEFAMATORY?
CONSTITUTE AN INVASION OF PRIVACY? OR CONSTITUTE INJURIOUS FALSEHOOD? 18
N. WHAT TYPES OF HYPERLINKS ARE THERE? 19
O. ARE THE LIMITATION PERIODS AFFECTED BY THE INTERNET? 19
P. ARE INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDERS LIABLE FOR DEFAMATION? 20
Q. ARE SEARCH ENGINES LIABLE FOR DEFAMATORY STATEMENTS IN CANADA AND
THE UK? 22
R. WHAT ARE THE DEFENCES FOR INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDERS? 22
S. DO LAWS OF DEFAMATION APPLY TO FACEBOOK IN CANADA? 22 T. ARE BLOGS
COVERED BY THE SAME LAW OF LIBEL OR DEFAMATION AS STATEMENTS OFFLINE? DO
THEY HAVE SOME OTHER PROTECTION? 22
SUMMARY OF THE LAW OF DEFAMATION AND ITS APPLICATION TO CYBERLIBEL 23
A. THE LAW AS STATED BY THE SUPREME COURT OF CANADA IN GRANT V. TOR STAR
CORP. 23
B. THE PLAINTIFF S CLAIM 26
C. DEFENCES 26
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DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS XI
( II APCI-.R V
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INTERNET 28
A. INTRODUCTION 28
B. WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INTERNET? 30
1) GLOBAL NATURE 31 2) INTERACTIVITY 35 3) SHIFTING THE BALANCE OF POWER
IN THE OFFLINE WORLD 37 4) ACCESSIBILITY 38
5) ANONYMITY 38 6) RE-PUBLICATION 38 7) INTERMEDIARIES 39 8) HYPERLINKS
39
A) OVERVIEW 39 B) HYPERLINKS AND THE WEB 40 C) TYPES OF HYPERLINKS 40 D)
DEEP LINKING 41 9) LONG-TERM IMPACT - PERMANENT ARCHIVES 41
10) MULTIMEDIA 45 11) TEMPORAL INDETERMINACY 46
T . U A I TL ! (V
DIFFERENCES AND CONSEQUENCES IN CYBERLIBEL LITIGATION AND
OFFLINE LIBEL LITIGATION 48
A. DIFFERENCES 48
1) JURISDICTION 48 2) MEDIA 48 3) IDENTIFYING THE DEFENDANT 48 4)
STANDARDS 49
5) ASSETS 52 6) COUNSEL 52 7) REMEDIES 52 8) ACTION AND REACTION 52
9) DYNAMISM 52 10) CONVENTIONAL VERSUS GUERRILLA/INFORMATION WARFARE 53
B. CONSEQUENCES OF THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN OFFLINE LIBEL AND CYBERLIBEL
LITIGATION 53
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XII F CYBERLIBEL: INFORMATION WARFARE IN THE 21ST CENTURY?
CHAPTEH 7:
SHOULD INTERNET-SPECIFIC PRINCIPLES OF LAW BE ADOPTED? 55
A. INTRODUCTION 55
B. DOW JONES & CO. INC. V. GUTNICK DISCUSSION OF INTERNET-SPECIFIC
PRINCIPLES 57
C. SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENTS IN DOW JONES & CO. INC. V. GUTNICK IN FAVOUR
OF INTERNET-SPECIFIC RULES 58
D. FULL TEXT OF JUSTICE KIRBY S ARGUMENT IN FAVOUR OF INTERNET-SPECIFIC
RULES 59
E. SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENTS OPPOSED TO INTERNET-SPECIFIC RULES 62
F. FULL TEXT OF REASONS FOR DECLINING THE ADOPTION OF INTERNET-SPECIFIC
RULES 63
G. INTERNET-SPECIFIC ARGUMENTS RAISED BY THE DEFENDANTS IN BLACK V.
BREEDEN 67
H. INTERNET-SPECIFIC ARGUMENTS RAISED AND REJECTED BY THE COURTS IN THE
UK 69
PART II: PRELIMINARY QUESTIONS 73
( HAPTKR 8:
NOTICE AND LIMITATION PERIODS 75
A. INTRODUCTION 75
B. GENERAL PRINCIPLES 76
C. APPLICATION TO CYBERLIBEL ACTIONS 77
1) NOTICE TO ONLINE EDITIONS OF NEWSPAPERS 77 2) NOTICE TO ONLINE RADIO
BROADCASTS 78 3) IS NOTICE REQUIRED WHEN STATEMENTS ARE PUBLISHED ON
NON-MEDIA CONNECTED WEBSITES? 79 4) PROCEDURE 81
5) DISCOVERABILITY PRINCIPLE 81 6) INTERACTION OF CYBERLIBEL WITH
LIMITATION PERIODS 83 7) WHAT IS THE SINGLE PUBLICATION RULE? 85 8) THE
SINGLE PUBLICATION RULE HAS BEEN EXPRESSLY REJECTED IN AUSTRALIA, THE
UK, AND CANADA 87
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DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS F XIII
A) AUSTRALIA 87 B) UNITED KINGDOM 87 C) CANADA 88
D. REMEDIES FOR POTENTIAL INJUSTICE 89
1) AUSTRALIA 89 2) CANADA 89 3) THE UK 89
E. NOTICE TO INTERNET INTERMEDIARIES 90
1) INTRODUCTION 90 2) CONTENTS OF THE NOTICE 91 A) LEGISLATION IN THE UK
91 B) LEGISLATION IN SOUTH AFRICA 512 3) NOTICE TO INTERMEDIARIES 93 4)
JUDICIAL DISCUSSION ABOUT THE SUFFICIENCY OF NOTICE TO INTERMEDIARIES IN
BUNT V. TILLEY & ORS 93 A) AOL 93 B) TISCALI UK LIMITED 93
C) BRITISH TELECOM 94 5) PROVINCIAL LIBEL NOTICES 94
CHAPTER 9:
JURISDICTION 95
A. INTRODUCTION AND CAVEAT 95
B. THE ONTARIO COURT OF APPEAL DECISION IN VAN BREDA REFINES THE
PRINCIPLES TO BE APPLIED IN JURISDICTIONAL MOTIONS 96
1) VAN BREDA PRINCIPLES 98
C. SOME PRINCIPLES OF LAW TO BE CONSIDERED IN JURISDICTIONAL MOTIONS
INVOLVING DEFAMATION ACTIONS 100
1) TAKING THE CLAIM AT FACE VALUE 100 2) ELEMENTS OF A LIBEL CLAIM 101
3) PUBLICATION 101 4) PUBLICATION AND COMMUNICATION TO A THIRD PARTY 107
5) RE-PUBLICATION 108 6) UPON PROOF OF PUBLICATION 108 7) DEFAMATION A
JOINT AND SEVERAL LIABILITY TORT 109
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XIV ** CYBERLIBEL: INFORMATION WARFARE IN THE 21ST CENTURY?
8) ACTIONABILITY IN OTHER JURISDICTIONS 109
9) CAPACITY OF THE INTERNET TO CAUSE GREATER DAMAGE 110
10) PLAINTIFFS SUBSTANTIAL REPUTATION NO
D. JURISDICTION M
1) THE TEST FOR ASSUMED JURISDICTION: VAN BREDA 112
2) CHARACTERIZATION OF THE CLAIM 113
3) THE DEFENDANTS INTERNET-SPECIFIC ARGUMENTS 115
4) HAD THE DEFENDANTS REBUTTED THE PRESUMPTION OF A REAL AND SUBSTANTIAL
CONNECTION? 115
5) THE CONNECTION WITH THE PLAINTIFFS CLAIM AND THE FORUM (MUSCUTT
TEST) 116
6) THE IMPACT OF THE PLAINTIFF LIMITING LIBEL ACTIONS TO ONE
JURISDICTION AND
DAMAGE TO HIS REPUTATION IN ONE JURISDICTION 119
7) THE CONNECTION BETWEEN THE DEFENDANT AND THE FORUM 119
8) UNFAIRNESS TO THE DEFENDANTS IN ASSUMING JURISDICTION 121
9) UNFAIRNESS TO THE PLAINTIFF IN NOT ASSUMING JURISDICTION 123
10) THE INVOLVEMENT OF OTHER PARTIES 125
11) THE COURTS WILLINGNESS TO RECOGNIZE AND ENFORCE AN EXTRAPROVINCIAL
JUDGMENT RENDERED ON THE SAME JURISDICTIONAL BASIS 125
12) WHETHER THE CASE IS INTERPROVINCIAL OR INTERNATIONAL IN NATURE 126
13) RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF ONTARIO JUDGMENT ELSEWHERE 127
E. APPROPRIATE FORUM (FORUM NON CONVENIENS) 130
1) INTRODUCTION 130
2) DECISIONS ON FORUM NON CONVENIENS ARE EXERCISES OF JUDICIAL
DISCRETIONS 131
3) VARIOUS LOCATIONS OF PARTIES 131
4) APPLICABLE LAW 132
5) JURIDICAL ADVANTAGE 132
6) FORUM SHOPPING ALLEGATIONS 133
7) CONVENIENCE OF WITNESSES 133
F. POTENTIAL ABUSE OF PROCESS ARGUMENT IN JURISDICTIONAL MOTIONS 134
CHAPTER IO:
DISCLOSURE OF THE IDENTITY OF AN ANONYMOUS AUTHOR 135
A. PRIOR TO COMMENCING PROCEEDINGS 135
1) HOW ANONYMITY IS ACHIEVED 135
IMAGE 9
2) HOW ANONYMITY IS LOST 135
3) PERSONAL OBSERVATIONS 136 A) PROCESS 136 B) FACTORS TO CONSIDER
BEFORE LAUNCHING A MOTION TO OBTAIN THE IDENTITY OF THE DEFENDANT 137
4) BALANCING INTERESTS 138 5) REASONABLE EXPECTATION OF PRIVACY 138 6)
THE RIGHT TO PRIVACY IS NOT ABSOLUTE 139 7) SHOULD NOTICE BE GIVEN TO
THE ANONYMOUS PUBLISHER? 141
A) CANADA 141 B) THE UK 142 C) THE US 142
D) ARGUMENTS IN FAVOUR OF MANDATORY NOTICE 143 E) ARGUMENTS AGAINST
MANDATORY NOTICE 144 8) REMEDIES IN CANADA AND THE UK 146 A) NORWICH
PHARMACAL ORDER 146
I) CANADA 146 II) THE UK 148 B) DISCOVERIES OF NON-PARTIES WITH
LEAVE/PRODUCTION OF NON-PARTY DOCUMENT WITH LEAVE I$I C) OTHER MEANS OF
ASCERTAINING THE NAME OF THE AUTHOR 153
B. DURING THE COURSE OF PROCEEDINGS 155
1) ANALYSIS OF THE APPLICABLE LAW 156 2) ARE CHARTER VALUES ENGAGED BY
THE RESPONDENT S REQUEST FOR DISCLOSURE? 156 3) ROLE OF THE COURT OF
WHERE CHARTER VALUES ARE ENGAGED 158 4) MANNER IN WHICH COURTS ADDRESS
THE NEED TO TAKE CHARTER RIGHTS INTO
CONSIDERATION IN RELATION TO A REQUEST FOR DISCLOSURE I$8 5) APPLICATION
OFTHE RELEVANT PRINCIPLES TO THE PRESENT PROCEEDING 160
( HUMKK U:
INTERNET LIBEL ACTIONS STAYED AS AN ABUSE OF PROCESS IN
THE UK 163
A. INTRODUCTION 163
B. STATEMENT OFTHE PRINCIPLES 164
C. JURISDICTION WILL BE EXERCISED RARELY 166
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XVI * CYBERLIBEL: INFORMATION WARFARE IN THE 21ST CENTURY?
D. TIMING OF THE MOTION 166
E. DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONCEPT OF ABUSE OF PROCESS IN DOMESTIC LIBEL
ACTIONS 166
F. APPLICATION OF THE CONCEPT OF ABUSE OF PROCESS TO INTERNET LIBEL
ACTIONS 167
G. GROUPS OF CASES 168
1) DISMISSED FOR ABUSE OF PROCESS FOR LIMITED PUBLICATIONS 168 2)
DISMISSED FOR ABUSE OF PROCESS FOR LITTLE LIKELIHOOD OF SUCCESS 168 3)
DISMISSED AS FORUM SHOPPING 168 4) THE COST OF THE EXERCISE AS OUT OF
PROPORTION WITH WHAT HAD BEEN
ACHIEVED; DISPROPORTIONATE USE OF RESOURCES; THE GAME IS NOT WORTH THE
CANDLE 169 5) IMPROPER PURPOSE 169 6) NOT DISMISSED AS AN ABUSE OF
PROCESS 170
PART III: REMEDIES 177
CHAPTER 12:
DAMAGES IN CYBERLIBEL 179
A. GENERAL PRINCIPLES 179
B. FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN AWARDING GENERAL DAMAGES 180
C. AGGRAVATED DAMAGES 182
D. PUNITIVE DAMAGES 182
E. PUNITIVE DAMAGES AWARDED IN CYBERLIBEL CASES 183
F. FACTORS CONSIDERED BY THE COURTS IN AWARDING DAMAGES IN CYBERLIBEL
ACTIONS 187
1) GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS CONCERNING INTERNET DEFAMATION 187 2) THE
CHOICE OF THE INTERNET AS A MEDIUM FOR PUBLICATION OF DEFAMATORY
MATERIAL 189 3) LANGUAGE USE AND IMPACT 190 4) THE EXTENT OF PUBLICATION
OF DEFAMATORY STATEMENTS ON THE INTERNET IS
CONSIDERED TO BE A FACTOR THAT AGGRAVATES DAMAGES 191 5) NO RETRACTION
OR APOLOGY GIVEN 192 6) STATEMENTS REMAIN ON THE INTERNET 194 7)
FREQUENT RE-PUBLICATION 194
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DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS + XVII
8) THE DEFAMATORY REMARKS AGAINST OFFICERS, DIRECTORS, AND EMPLOYEES 194
9) THE INTERNET CONTEXT 195 10) LONG-TERM IMPACT OF CYBERLIBEL ON
REPUTATION 196
. . H A I L I- K IV.
INJUNCTIONS IN CYBERLIBEL 200
A. RELUCTANCE OF COURTS TO GRANT INTERLOCUTORY INJUNCTIONS IN LIBEL
ACTIONS 200
B. GENERAL PRINCIPLES 200
C. INTERLOCUTORY INJUNCTIONS INVOLVING CYBERLIBEL 202
D. ANONYMOUS SPEECH AND INTERLOCUTORY INJUNCTIONS 203
E. CREATIVE COMPROMISE 204
F. PERMANENT INJUNCTIONS IN CYBERLIBEL CASES 205
G. EXTRATERRITORIAL APPLICATION OF INJUNCTIONS 205
H. ORDERS IN INJUNCTIONS IN CYBERLIBEL 209
1) THE BREADTH AND SCOPE OF INJUNCTIVE RELIEF 209 2) ORDERS PROHIBITING
THE DEFENDANT FROM CONTACTING THE PLAINTIFF 212 3) FURTHER RELIEF IN
CASE OF BREACH 212 4) ORDERS APPLYING TO PSEUDONYMS ADOPTED BY THE
DEFENDANT 212
5) ORDERS IN THE NATURE OF MANDAMUS 213 A) OBSERVATIONS ABOUT THIS
DECISION 214 6) DEFENDANTS MUST REMOVE EXISTING DEFAMATORY STATEMENTS
FROM THE INTERNET 215
7) SPECIFICITY OF ORDERS 215 8) THE DEFENDANT S PRIOR AND PRESENT
CONDUCT REQUIRES A PERMANENT INJUNCTION 215 A) CONDUCT OF THE DEFENDANT
216
B) WHERE THE DEFENDANT CLAIMS TO BE JUDGMENT-PROOF 216
I. PERSONAL OBSERVATIONS ON POTENTIAL PROBLEMS OF INTERLOCUTORY
INJUNCTIONS FOR CYBERLIBEL 216
1) INJUNCTIONS FOR INJURIOUS FALSEHOOD 218
C I I A P T KH 1 4:
TAKE DOWN NOTICES 221
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XVIII * CYBERLIBEL: INFORMATION WARFARE IN THE 21ST CENTURY?
A. INTRODUCTION 221
B. TAKE DOWN NOTICES IN SOUTH AFRICA AND THE UK 221
1) SOUTH AFRICA 221
2) THE UK 222
C. GENERAL ADVICE 223
PART IV: CAUSE OF ACTION AND DEFENCES 225
CHAPTER 15: PUBLICATION AND HYPERLINKS 227
A. BASIC PRINCIPLES 227
1) WHEN AND WHERE DOES PUBLICATION OCCUR? 228 2) UPON PROOF OF
PUBLICATION 233 3) DEFAMATION IS A JOINT AND SEVERAL LIABILITY TORT 234
4) PUBLICATION IN MULTIPLE JURISDICTIONS 234
B. NO PRESUMPTION OF PUBLICATION ON THE INTERNET IN CANADIAN LAW 235
1) STATUTORY PRESUMPTIONS 235 2) NO STATUTORY PRESUMPTION FOR
PUBLICATION ON THE INTERNET 235 3) PERSONAL OBSERVATIONS 239
C. NO PRESUMPTION OF PUBLICATION ON THE INTERNET IN THE UK 240
1) INTRODUCTION 240 2) THE ABUSE OF PROCESS PRINCIPLE 241 3) NO
PRESUMPTION OF PUBLICATION AND SUBSTANTIAL PUBLICATION ON THE INTERNET
242 4) THE AMOUDI PRINCIPLE WAS USED INTERCHANGEABLY IN NO PUBLICATION
CASES
AND NO SUBSTANTIAL PUBLICATION CASES 248
D. INTERNET PUBLICATION DECISIONS PRIOR TO CROOKES V. NEWTON 248
1) CARTER V. B.C. FEDERATION OF FOSTER PARENTS 248 2) CROOKES V. YAHOO!
249
3) CROOKES V. PILLING 250
E. PUBLICATION AND HYPERLINKS 251
1) THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN THE AUTOMATIC/EMBEDDED HYPERLINKS AND THE
USER-ACTIVATED HYPERLINKS 251
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DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS XIX
2) CROOKES V. NEWTON 253
A) SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 25.3
B) LIMITS ON THE DECISION OF HIRD V. WOOD 257
I) OBSERVATIONS 25*
C) PERSONAL OBSERVATIONS ABOUT THE CROOKES V. NEWTON DECISION 259
I) NO EXPRESS DISCUSSION ABOUT L Y PE OF HYPERLINK IN THIS CASE 259
II) TERMINOLOGICAL CONFUSION 260
III) PROPOSED SUMMARY OF PRINCIPLES OF LAW ABOUT PUBLICATION AND
HYPERLINKS 260
D) ENCOURAGEMENT AND INVITATION 161
I) PERSONAL OBSERVATIONS ABOUT ENCOURAGEMENT AND INVITATIONS 263
LHVPTEH 16:
FORMS OF DEFAMATORY MEANING 265
A. THE THREE BASIC FORMS OF DEFAMATORY EXPRESSION 265
B. CONTEXT AND MODE OF PUBLICATION 269
1) AUDIOVISUAL DEFAMATORY MEANING 271
I ; H A I 1 F .R 17:
REFERENCE TO T HE PLAINTIFF 273
A. INTRODUCTION 273
B. A TWO-PART TEST 273
PART V: DEFENCES 277
CHAPTER IS: DEFENCE OF INNOCENT DISSEMINATION AT COMMON LAW 279
A. INTRODUCTION 279
B. INNOCENT DISSEMINATION 279
C. DISCUSSION OF THE WORD LIBEL AS DISTINCT FROM DEFAMATORY 280
1) INTRODUCTION 280
2) MAJORITY VIEW 280
D. FURTHER ELEMENTS OF THE DEFENCE 281
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XX *** CYBERLIBEL: INFORMATION WARFARE IN THE 21ST CENTURY?
E. APPLICATION OF THE DEFENCE TO INTERNET LIBEL CASES 283
1) SECTION 1 OF THE UK DEFAMATION ACT 283
CHAPTER LY: THE DEFENCE OF QUALIFIED PRIVILEGE 288
A. ELEMENTS OF THE DEFENCE AT COMMON LAW 288
B. REPLY TO AN ATTACK 290
1) WAS THE REPLY RESTRICTED TO A SPECIFIC AUDIENCE? 291 2) WAS THE REPLY
RESPONSIVE TO THE ATTACK? 291 3) WAS THE REPLY MADE IN THE SAME FORUM?
292 4) DOES THE LANGUAGE USED VITIATE THE PRIVILEGE? 293
C. APPLICATION OF THE DEFENCE OF QUALIFIED PRIVILEGE TO CYBERLIBEL
CLAIMS 294
CHAI L KR 20:
DEFENCE OF RESPONSIBLE COMMUNICATION ON MATTERS OF
PUBLIC INTEREST 298
A. INTRODUCTION 298
B. BASES FOR THE NEW DEFENCE 299
1) ARGUMENT BASED ON PRINCIPLE 299
2) ARGUMENT BASED ON THE JURISPRUDENCE 299
C. ELEMENTS OF THE DEFENCE 300
D. THE ROLE OF JUDGE AND JURY 301
E. APPLICATION OF THE DEFENCE TO DEFAMATION ON THE INTERNET 301
1) THE DEFENCE APPLIES TO ONLINE COMMUNICATIONS 301 2) THE STATUS AND
RELIABILITY OF THE SOURCE 302 3) THE REPETITION RULE 302 4) THE STANDARD
TO BE APPLIED 302 F. APPLICATION OF THE DEFENCE TO ONLINE COMMUNICATIONS
304
G. THE REYNOLDS DEFENCE APPLIED TO ONLINE VERSIONS OF PRINT PUBLICATION
305
H. DEFENCE BASED ON CIRCUMSTANCES EXISTING AT THE TIME OF THE WEBSITE
PUBLICATION COMPLAINT 305
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DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS * XXI
I. APPLICATION OF THE PUBLIC INTEREST DEFENCE ON WEBSITES WITH MULTIPLE
PAGES 306
PART VI: INTERNET-SPECIFIC SUBJECTS 307
(..HAITI R 21: INTERNET INTERMEDIARIES 309
A. INTRODUCTION: A SUBJECT OF SOME COMPLEXITY 309
1) INTERCHANGEABLE TERMINOLOGY 310 2) MULTIPLE ROLES OF WEBSITE
OPERATORS 311 3) TIMING OF THE PUBLICATION 311 4) ISP LIABILITY
CONUNDRUM 311
5) NO UNIFORM GLOBAL LEGISLATION 312 6) TECHNOLOGY FIRST APPROACH 312
B. FUNCTIONS OF INTERNET INTERMEDIARIES 312
1) CONTENT HOSTS 312 2) CACHING 313 3) MERE CONDUITS 313
C. CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR CANADIAN LAWYERS AND JUDGES WHEN
FACED WITH DEFAMATION CLAIMS INVOLVING INTERNET INTERMEDIARIES 314
D. SUPREME COURT OF CANADA DECISION IN SOCIETY OF COMPOSERS, AUTHORS AND
MUSIC PUBLISHERS OF CANADA V. CANADIAN ASSN. OF INTERNET PROVIDERS 315
1) INNOCENT DISSEMINATION 315 2) DIFFERENT ROLES/FUNCTIONS OF
INTERMEDIARIES 316
A) SIMILAR COMMENTS BY ENGLISH JUDGES 317 3) THE USE OF CACHES 317
E. JUDICIAL DECISIONS ON THE LIABILITY OF INTERMEDIARIES IN DEFAMATION
ACTIONS 319
1) GODFREY V. DEMON INTERNET 319 2) BUNT V. TILLEY & ORS 320 A)
DISCUSSION OF THE BALANCE OF THE DECISION IN BUNT V. TILLEY & ORS 323 I)
INTERMEDIARY SERVICE PROVIDERS/ISPS 324
II) MERE CONDUITS 326 III) CACHING 327 B) EXPERT EVIDENCE EXPLAINING THE
PROCESS OF CACHING BY AOL IN 2006 329
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XXII * * CYBERLIBEL: INFORMATION WARFARE IN THE 21ST CENTURY?
3) METROPOLITAN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOLS LTD. (T/A SKILHTRAIN AND/OR
TRAIN2GAME)
V. DESIGNTECHNICA CORP. (T/A DIGITAL TRENDS) & ORS 332 4) KASCHKE V.
GRAY & ANOR 332 A) RULINGS 334 B) SEVERAL ISSUES ARE LEFT UNCLEAR 337
C) LIMITS OF THE APPLICABILITY OF THE DECISION TO CANADIAN LAWYERS AND
JUDGES 338 D) VALUE OF DECISION FOR CANADIAN LAWYERS AND JUDGES 338
CM A ) T I :R *?.?.:.
SEARCH ENGINES 339
A. BACKGROUND 339
B. SEARCH ENGINE RESULTS PAGES 342
C. LIABILITY OF SEARCH ENGINES BEFORE AND AFTER NOTIFICATION BY THE
PLAINTIFF 343
1) RELEVANCE OF THE MIS DECISION TO CANADIAN LAWYERS AND JUDGES 345 2)
EXPERT EVIDENCE ABOUT HOW SEARCH ENGINES OPERATED IN THIS CASE 345 3)
CAN THE OPERATOR OF A SEARCH ENGINE BE LIABLE FOR PUBLICATION PRIOR TO
NOTICE? 346 4) CAN THE OPERATOR OF THIS SEARCH ENGINE BE LIABLE FOR
PUBLICATION AFTER
NOTICE? 349 5) UNRESOLVED ISSUES 352 6) APPLICATION OF THIS DECISION IN
CANADA 352 7) OBITER DISCUSSIONS 353
A) INNOCENT DISSEMINATION AT COMMON LAW 353 B) THE STATUTORY DEFENCE IN
THE DEFAMATION ACT 0/1996 353 C) THE POTENTIAL APPLICATION OF THE
ELECTRONIC COMMERCE (EC DIRECTIVE) REGULATIONS 2002 354
D) EUROPEAN SEARCH ENGINE LEGISLATION AND CASELAW 355 E) THE US POSITION
356
CHAPTER 23:
USER-GENERATED CONTENT-WEB 2.0 AND ONLINE SOCIAL
NETWORKS 357
A. INTRODUCTION 357
B. WEB 2.0 357
IMAGE 17
DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS M XXIII
C. SOCIAL NETWORK SITES 358
1) FACEBOOK 360 A) JUDICIAL DISCUSSIONS IN CANADA ABOUT FACEBOOK 360 B)
JUDICIAL DISCUSSIONS IN THE UK ABOUT FACEBOOK 361 C) JUDICIAL
DISCUSSIONS IN THE US ABOUT FACEBOOK 364
2) TWITTER 364 3) WIKIS 365 4) BLOGS 366
D. LIBEL ISSUES EMERGING FROM WEB 2.0 TECHNOLOGY 366
PART VII: PRIVACY 369
U I A I I TK 2 4:
INVASION OF PRIVACY/MISUSE OF PRIVATE INFORMATION 371
A. INTRODUCTION 371
B. SURVEY OF THE LAW 372
1) THE UK 372 A) NO GENERAL TORT OF INVASION OF PRIVACY 372 B) MISUSE OF
PRIVATE INFORMATION 372 C) PRINCIPLES OF THE TORT OF MISUSE OF PRIVATE
INFORMATION 373 2) NEW ZEALAND 381 3) CANADA 381
A) INTRODUCTION 381 B) STATUTORY CAUSE OF ACTION 382 C) CANADIAN COMMON
LAW TORT OF INVASION OF PRIVACY 382 I) IS THE CLAIM A DRESSED UP
DEFAMATION ACTION? 382
D) RECENT RECOGNITION OF THE TORT OF INVASION OF PRIVACY 383
C. INJUNCTIONS FOR INVASION OF PRIVACY IN CANADA/MISUSE OF PRIVATE
INFORMATION 384
1) A.T. V. L.T.H. 385 A) CONFLICTING INTERESTS 387 I) RIGHT TO PRIVACY
388 II) FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION 391
III) BALANCING OF RIGHTS & FREEDOMS 392 2) INTERIOR HEALTH AUTHORITY ET
AL. V. SELLIN ET AL. 394
IMAGE 18
XXIV * CYBERLIBEL: INFORMATION WARFARE IN THE 21ST CENTURY?
3) MACDONNELL V. HALIFAX HERALD LTD. 396
D. REQUEST BY THE PLAINTIFF APPLICANT TO USE PSEUDONYMS 397
E. INJUNCTIONS FOR MISUSE OF PRIVATE INFORMATION/INVASION OF PRIVACY IN
THE UK 400 1) THE RESTRICTIONS OF BONNARD V. FERRYMAN DO NOT APPLY 400
2) DECISIONS, INCLUDING THE APPEAL ARE OFTEN HEARD IN PRIVACY IN THE UK
40
3) INJUNCTIONS GRANTED FOR THE MISUSE OF PRIVATE INFORMATION 401 4)
PARTIALLY GRANTED INJUNCTIONS 402 5) REFUSAL TO GRANT AN INJUNCTION 402
6) RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INVASION OF PRIVACY AND DEFAMATION 40S
7) DISCUSSION OF WHEN NOTICE SHOULD BE GIVEN 406
PART VIII: REFERENCE MATERIAL 407
CYBKR1 1BEI. DAMAGE AWARDS GRANTED /OP
( YL ] RI.IBI L. L N | I ; N O T I O NS 414
CYBERUBE1., JURISOICTIONAL MOTIONS 416
JUDICIAL GLOSSARY OR SELECTED INTERNET TERMS JI7
ANNO 1 ATL L) IUBI IGTJRAT HV ON INFORMATION WARFARE 4/7
TABU- OI CASES 4T $
1 N DUX ., .Y9
ABOUT THE AV THOR I
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Potts, David |
| author_facet | Potts, David |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Potts, David |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV039748442 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)758442341 (DE-599)BVBBV039748442 |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV039748442 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:10:20Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781552212035 1552212033 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024595958 |
| oclc_num | 758442341 |
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| owner | DE-M382 |
| owner_facet | DE-M382 |
| physical | XXIX, 517 S. |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publishDateSearch | 2011 |
| publishDateSort | 2011 |
| publisher | Irwin Law |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Potts, David Verfasser aut Cyberlibel information warfare in the 21st century? David A. Potts Toronto Irwin Law 2011 XXIX, 517 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Literaturverz. S. 477 - 482 Libel and slander Diffamation Internet / Law and legislation Internet / Droit Recht SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024595958&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Potts, David Cyberlibel information warfare in the 21st century? Libel and slander Diffamation Internet / Law and legislation Internet / Droit Recht |
| title | Cyberlibel information warfare in the 21st century? |
| title_auth | Cyberlibel information warfare in the 21st century? |
| title_exact_search | Cyberlibel information warfare in the 21st century? |
| title_full | Cyberlibel information warfare in the 21st century? David A. Potts |
| title_fullStr | Cyberlibel information warfare in the 21st century? David A. Potts |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cyberlibel information warfare in the 21st century? David A. Potts |
| title_short | Cyberlibel |
| title_sort | cyberlibel information warfare in the 21st century |
| title_sub | information warfare in the 21st century? |
| topic | Libel and slander Diffamation Internet / Law and legislation Internet / Droit Recht |
| topic_facet | Libel and slander Diffamation Internet / Law and legislation Internet / Droit Recht |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024595958&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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