Istorija Vostočnogo Zakavkazʹja: vtoraja polovina II - načalo I tys. do n. ė. ; (po archeologičeskim dannym)
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Russian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Moskva
Izdat. Firma "Vostočnaja Literatura"
2011
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | PST: The history of Eastern Transcaucasia in the latter half of the 2nd - early 1st millennium BC. - In kyrill. Schr., russ. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 420 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 1 Tabell.-Beil. |
| ISBN: | 9785020364738 |
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| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a The history of Eastern Transcaucasia in the latter half of the 2nd - early 1st millennium BC |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text |
Оглавление
Введение
. 3
Часть
I
Хронология памятников позднебронзовой эпохи
. 18
Первый хронологический период (конец
XV
- XIV
в. до н.э.)
. 21
Второй хронологический период
(XIII
в. до н.э.)
. 88
Третий хронологический период (конец
XIII - XII
в. до н.э.)
. 117
Четвертый хронологический период (конец
XII -
IX
в. до н.э.)
. 137
Пятый хронологический период (конец
IX
-
первая половина
VII
в. до н.э.)
. 155
Часть
II
Материальная культура
. 210
Погребальный обряд
. 211
Элементы инвентаря
. 263
Заключение
. 285
Каталог базовых памятников по хронологическим периодам
. 292
Иллюстрации
. 299
Карты и таблицы
. 355
Библиография
. 402
Список сокращений
. 418
Summary
. 419
M.N. Pogrebova
The History of Eastern Transcaucasia
in the Latter Half of the 2nd
—
Early 1st Millennium
ВС
from the Archaeological Record
The book is focused on the historical-cultural situation in the eastern part of the Kura-
Araxes interfluve from the 15th to the early half of the 7th century
ВС,
i.e. in the Late
Bronze period and early Iron Age when iron have not yet become the main material in
weaponry manufacture. The epoch is characterised by extraordinary uniformity of certain
categories of artifacts used throughout it. It hinders a more precise dating of sites and casts
some doubt on the chronology based on individual categories. Only a synchronisation of
sites would enable one to trace the interaction of populations within Eastern Transcaucasia
and beyond. It requires a comprehensive chronological sequencing dealt with in the first
part of the book. The time span under study was divided into five periods of unequal dura¬
tion:
(1)
ca.
1410-1300
ВС;
(2) ca. 1300-1210
ВС;
(3) ca. 1210-1110
ВС;
(4) ca. 1110-
810
ВС;
(5) ca. 810-650
ВС.
Three directions of interrelations, namely those with the western part of the Kura-
Araxes interfluve, with northern areas both south and north of the Greater Caucasus, and
with the Near East, played an important
rôle
in the formation of material culture and ethnic
groups of Eastern Transcaucasia. Nevertheless, outside cultural influences, however strong,
never prevailed yet were adapted becoming an integral part of the local culture. The links
were fairly diversified owing to various forms of trade relations and to migrations both
within the area and beyond its limits. A comparison of contemporaneous sites situated all
over the area enabled us to reveal inner migrations, their starting points and the probable
fate of migrants. Special attention was paid to the markers of earlier movements of the in¬
habitants of certain sites, e.g. combinations of certain details of funereal rites, cultural trans¬
formations conditioned by new environment, the spread of significant cultural elements
beyond their original area, etc. These markers were changing depending on the character,
direction, scale and duration of migrations.
At the very beginning of the Late Bronze Age the sites of the eastern part of the Kura-
Araxes interfluve were generally much more modest than those of the western part. That
time was marked by the formation of a major centre of metallurgy west of Lake Sevan
spread over the north-western part of Eastern Transcaucasia as well. A clear southern or,
more precisely, south-western impetus can be traced there beside local roots, yet on the
whole all the sites known thus far are indicative of a fully developed local culture that in¬
corporated borrowings and adapted them to local conditions. Thus the Transcaucasian
population got acquainted with chariots that had seemingly been a symbol of high social
status there. The emergence of the Lchashen metallurgical centre coincides with either the
formation or a considerable growth of the stratum of 'war aristocracy' under tribal chiefs.
A barrow group northeast of Lake Sevan in the vicinity of the town of Shamqir belongs to
419
the earliest sites of the Lchashen type. A fairly intensive peopling of the valley of the Gan-
jachai river, a southern tributary of the
Kura,
began at the time of functioning of the
Lchashen centre, although in most cases the provenance of the migrants cannot be ascer¬
tained. A single group of burials can be safely attributed to a tribe originated from the Ara¬
rat valley that brought to the area a specific stag cult seemingly borrowed from Asia Minor,
but this group quickly merged with the local milieu and the cult became extinct.
Traditional routes of cattle-breeders linked together the eastern part of the right-bank
Kura
valley and the areas south of it, first of all the Highland Karabakh. It led to the spread
of common elements of culture, although each area retained its originality. The latter was
particularly pronounced during the second, third and fourth periods. The relations between
the Karabakh population and the areas west of Lake Sevan had strengthened by the late
second millennium
ВС.
The territories northeast, east and southeast of Lake Sevan became
culturally closer to each other in the 9th and particularly in the 8th century
ВС
owing proba¬
bly to the eastward migrations from the western area of the Kura-Araxes interfluve and the
southward migrations from the northern part of the present-day Azerbaijan caused by Urar-
tian conquests. By circa
800
ВС
the Ararat valley had been subjected by Urartu, and the
areas west of Lake Sevan became a permanent bridgehead for their invasions. Judging from
written sources, in the late 8th century
ВС
the Urartians tried to conquer Eastern Transcau¬
casia as well but could not increase their hold there; the influence of Urartian culture in the
eastern part of the interfluve was barely perceptible and mainly exerted through the media¬
tion of its western area.
Highly diversified and on the whole permanent relations with Iranian speakers from
both north and south were of prime import for the inhabitants of the eastern part of the
Kura-Araxes interfluve. Actually contacts with the population of what is now Western Iran
had begun before the infiltration of Iranian tribes into the region, which probably showed or
at least facilitated them the route to the Iranian plateau. Though Eastern Transcaucasia and
Western Iran belonged then to different metallurgical centres, they shared a number of
common forms of armour and weapons, horse harness, ornaments and pottery. However,
those were but rarely directly imported. Given that handicrafts and especially bronze metal¬
lurgy were highly developed both in Transcaucasia and Iran, foreign artifacts were usually
imitated, either completely or partially, and hybrid forms emerged. The archaeological re¬
cord does not imply a regular exchange of either artifacts or agricultural products, but arti¬
sans of both regions knew quite well the work of their counterparts, which is indicative of
easy access to the adjacent territories. It was probably due to the activity of wandering
craftsmen, the migrations of small groups embracing local culture and enriching it with
their own traditions, and military campaigns.
Burial sites that can be attributed to a partial settling of Iranian tribes moving from the
Volga steppes to what is now Iran appeared on the right bank of the
Kura,
on the steppe of
the lower reaches of the Gandjachai river, ca.
1300
ВС.
It is with the emergence of these
sites that horseback riding and war aristocracy are recorded in Eastern Transcaucasia. Fu¬
nerary rites comprising elaborate horse burials spread fairly quickly over Eastern Transcau¬
casia. They ceased to be an ethnic marker yet preserved and even increased their
élite
char¬
acter. Magnificent
élite
burials dated to the late 2nd
—
early 1st millennium
ВС
are recorded
all over the eastern part of the interfluve. At the same time, there are no grounds to believe
in the existence of stable political entities there. The sites on the right bank of the
Kura
are
indicative of relations with northern nomads of Prae-Scythian epoch reflected primarily in
the emergence of elements of northern types of bridles and bits. An analysis of written
sources enabled us to suggest that the steppes of Eastern Transcaucasia had been the
bridgehead of the first Cimmerian bands that fought against the Urartian king
Rusa
I.
420
The second part of the study deals with certain elements of material culture, their distri¬
bution over the Kura-Araxes interfluve and chronological periods. It appears that the cul¬
ture of the area was on the whole uniform, while local varieties can be distinguished on the
basis of concentration of particular traits, certain modification of common forms and, more
rarely, the presence of groups of artifacts uncharacteristic of the area. The majority of the
elements of material culture were in use during all the periods mentioned above, which
implies a certain degree of stability and even conservatism. It can be surmised that the
population of the interfluve was united not only by economic, cultural and other relations,
but also by common rites, customs and ideology. Nevertheless, the mapping of some ele¬
ments of culture, first of all burial rites, supports the division of the culture of the Kura-
Araxes interfluve into the western and eastern parts. The border between them follows ap¬
proximately the 45.5th meridian occasionally deviating either west or east depending pri¬
marily on chronological periods. Such a division was seemingly due to the landscape dif¬
ferences. There is a marked contrast between the mountainous and stony western area and
the eastern one, low-lying and partially occupied with steppes, though there are some high¬
lands in the latter. It may account for the openness of the eastern part towards its northern
and, to some extent, southern neighbours. On the other hand, the highland areas of the spurs
of the Lesser Caucasus and the Highland Karabakh were from time to time narrowly related
to the western part. The territory of the eastern part of the interfluve was also united by
transhumance,
i.e. frequent moving of herds to and from mountain pastures, which had
been conducive to the spread of cultural elements. But though the division into the eastern
and western parts persisted throughout the epoch under study (in spite of the variability of
their border), local cultural areas were far less stable, with only few of them retaining their
original character for a relatively long time. After ca.
650
ВС
cultural-historical situation in
the region changes and the Late Bronze Age is succeeded by the period of a widespread
adoption of iron, which is beyond the limits of the present study. |
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| era | Geschichte 1500 v. Chr.-600 v. Chr. gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1500 v. Chr.-600 v. Chr. |
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| indexdate | 2024-11-22T11:02:17Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9785020364738 |
| language | Russian |
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| physical | 420 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 1 Tabell.-Beil. |
| publishDate | 2011 |
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| publisher | Izdat. Firma "Vostočnaja Literatura" |
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| spelling | Pogrebova, Marija Nikolaevna Verfasser aut Istorija Vostočnogo Zakavkazʹja vtoraja polovina II - načalo I tys. do n. ė. ; (po archeologičeskim dannym) M. N. Pogrebova The history of Eastern Transcaucasia in the latter half of the 2nd - early 1st millennium BC Moskva Izdat. Firma "Vostočnaja Literatura" 2011 420 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 1 Tabell.-Beil. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier PST: The history of Eastern Transcaucasia in the latter half of the 2nd - early 1st millennium BC. - In kyrill. Schr., russ. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geschichte 1500 v. Chr.-600 v. Chr. gnd rswk-swf Aserbaidschan (DE-588)4068887-2 gnd rswk-swf Aserbaidschan (DE-588)4068887-2 g Geschichte 1500 v. Chr.-600 v. Chr. z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024568900&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024568900&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Pogrebova, Marija Nikolaevna Istorija Vostočnogo Zakavkazʹja vtoraja polovina II - načalo I tys. do n. ė. ; (po archeologičeskim dannym) |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4068887-2 |
| title | Istorija Vostočnogo Zakavkazʹja vtoraja polovina II - načalo I tys. do n. ė. ; (po archeologičeskim dannym) |
| title_alt | The history of Eastern Transcaucasia in the latter half of the 2nd - early 1st millennium BC |
| title_auth | Istorija Vostočnogo Zakavkazʹja vtoraja polovina II - načalo I tys. do n. ė. ; (po archeologičeskim dannym) |
| title_exact_search | Istorija Vostočnogo Zakavkazʹja vtoraja polovina II - načalo I tys. do n. ė. ; (po archeologičeskim dannym) |
| title_full | Istorija Vostočnogo Zakavkazʹja vtoraja polovina II - načalo I tys. do n. ė. ; (po archeologičeskim dannym) M. N. Pogrebova |
| title_fullStr | Istorija Vostočnogo Zakavkazʹja vtoraja polovina II - načalo I tys. do n. ė. ; (po archeologičeskim dannym) M. N. Pogrebova |
| title_full_unstemmed | Istorija Vostočnogo Zakavkazʹja vtoraja polovina II - načalo I tys. do n. ė. ; (po archeologičeskim dannym) M. N. Pogrebova |
| title_short | Istorija Vostočnogo Zakavkazʹja |
| title_sort | istorija vostocnogo zakavkazʹja vtoraja polovina ii nacalo i tys do n e po archeologiceskim dannym |
| title_sub | vtoraja polovina II - načalo I tys. do n. ė. ; (po archeologičeskim dannym) |
| topic_facet | Aserbaidschan |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024568900&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024568900&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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