The quality of measurements: a metrological reference
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York, NY [u.a.]
Springer
2012
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Beschreibung: | XIV, 212 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9781461414773 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 015 | |a GBB1B6486 |2 dnb | ||
| 020 | |a 9781461414773 |c hbk. |9 978-1-4614-1477-3 | ||
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The quality of measurements |b a metrological reference |c A. E. Fridman |
| 264 | 1 | |a New York, NY [u.a.] |b Springer |c 2012 | |
| 300 | |a XIV, 212 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024541382 | ||
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804148562509955072 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
1 Basic
Concepts
in
Metrology.
........................................... 1
1
.1
Introductioa
......................................................... 1
1.2
Properties and Quantities
............................................ 1
1.3
Magnitude and Value of a Quantity. Units of Measurement
for Quantities. Reference Scales for Quantities
.................... 3
1.4
Measurement
........................................................ 6
1.5
Measurement Method and Procedure
............................... 11
1.6
Measuring Instruments
.............................................. 15
1.6.1
Measuring Transducers
..................................... 16
1.6.2
Measures
.................................................... 17
1.6.3
Measuring Devices
.......................................... 19
1.6.4
Measuring Installations and Measuring Systems
........... 21
2
Measurement Errors
.................................................... 23
2.1
Classification of Measurement Errors.
.............................. 23
2.2
Laws of Random Measurement Error Distribution
................. 27
2.2.1
Some Information from the Theory of Probability
......... 27
2.2.2
The Normal Distribution Law
.............................. 30
2.2.3
Generalized Normal Distribution Law
..................... 34
2.2.4
Basic Statistical Distributions Applied in Processing
Measurement Results
....................................... 38
2.3
Systematic Measurement Errors
.................................... 41
2.3.1
Systematic Errors Due to the Properties
of Measurement Equipment and the Measurement
Conditions Deviating from Normal Conditions
............ 41
2.3.2
Normalizing Metrological Characteristics
of Measuring Equipment
.................................... 45
2.3.3
Measurement Method Errors
............................... 49
xii Contents
2.3.4
Systematic Errors Due to Operator s
Inaccurate Performance
.................................... 51
2.3.5
Elimination of Systematic Errors
.......................... 51
3
Measurement Uncertainty.
............................................. 55
3.1
Error and Uncertainty
.............................................. 55
3.2
Classification of Measurement Uncertainties
...................... 58
3.3
Procedure for Evaluation of the Uncertainty
of the Measurement Result
........................................ 60
4
Methods for Estimation of Measurement Results
and Their Uncertainties
................................................ 73
4.1
Elimination of Outliers from the Measurement Series
............ 73
4.2
Check of the Hypothesis about the Normal
Distribution of Experimental Data
................................. 75
4.3
Direct Multiple Measurements Subject
to Normal Distribution
............................................. 77
4.4
Direct Multiple Measurements Subject
to Generalized Normal Distribution
............................... 82
4.5
Indirect Measurements
............................................. 89
4.5.1
Statistical Manipulation with the Linear
Dependence of Measurement Result
on Input Quantities
......................................... 90
4.5.2
Method of Linearization of Nonlinear Dependence
....... 93
4.5.3
Reduction Method
......................................... 96
4.6
Joint and Aggregate Measurements
................................ 97
5
The International System of Units: SI
................................
Ill
5.1
Systems of Units and the Principles of Their Formation
..........
Ill
5.2
Base Units of the SI
................................................ 112
5.3
Derived Units of SI. Dimension of Quantities
and Units. Multiple and
Submultiple
Units
........................ 117
5.4
Quantities and Units of Physical-Chemical Measurements
....... 120
6
Measurement Assurance
............................................... 123
6.1
Uniformity and Traceability of Measurement
..................... 123
6.2
Measurement Assurance
........................................... 125
6.3
Standards of Units
.................................................. 126
6.4
Verification and Calibration of Measuring Equipment
............ 132
6.5
Increase of Uncertainty of the Unit Size During
its Transfer to a Measuring Instrument Under
Calibration or Verification
......................................... 134
6.6
Measurement Chains
............................................... 141
6.7
Organizational Basis of Measurement Assurance
................. 145
Contents xiji
6.8
Measurement Assurance in the
World
on the Basis
of the Arrangement Between the Directors
of the National Metrology Institutes
............................... 147
7
Verification and Calibration Intervals
of Measuring Instruments.
.............................................
57
7.1
Basic Concepts
.....................................................
I57
7.2
Basic Concepts of the Theory of Metrological Reliability
........ 160
7.2.1
Mathematical Model of Metrological
Characteristics Drift
........................................ 160
7.2.2
Basic Instability Equation and Its Solution
................ 161
7.2.3
Instability Distribution Laws
.............................. 162
7.3
Criteria for Setting the Verification
and Calibration Intervals
........................................... 166
7.3.1
Probability of Metrological Serviceability
................ 166
7.3.2
Metrological Serviceability Coefficient
................... 169
7.3.3
Probability of Operation Without Metrological
Failures (Probability of Failure-Free Operation)
.......... 170
7.4
Substantiation of Primary Verification
and Calibration Intervals
........................................... 172
7.5
Correction of Verification and Calibration Intervals
in the Process of Operation of Measuring Equipment
............. 174
7.5.1
Correction of Verification Intervals
of a Group of Mis, with the Error Values
of Each Specimen Recorded During Verification
......... 174
7.5.2
Correction of Verification Intervals of a Group
of Mis with the Alternative Marker
(Whether the MI Is Serviceable or Not),
and the Error Sign of Each MI Recognized
as Non-serviceable, Recorded During Verification
........ 175
7.5.3
Correction of Verification Intervals of a Group
of Mis with Just the Alternative Marker Regarding
Serviceability of the MI Recorded
During Verification
........................................ 176
8
Assurance of Measurement Accuracy in Compliance
with ISO
5725
Standards.
.............................................. 179
8.1
Basic Concepts
..................................................... 179
8.2
Basic Method for Estimation of the Measurement
Method Precision
................................................... 182
8.3
Basic Method for Estimation of the Measurement
Method Correctness
................................................ 185
8.3.1
Estimation of the Systematic Error of the
Measurement Method
...................................... 185
8.3.2
Estimation of the Systematic Error
of the Laboratory
........................................... 187
xiv Contents
8.4
Application of the Repeatability
and Reproducibility Limits
......................................... 188
8.5
Method for Testing the Acceptability
of Measurement Results
............................................ 191
8.6
Applicability of the Repeatability Indices During
Approval of Measurement Procedures
............................. 194
References
.................................................................... 197
Index
.......................................................................... 201
A.E.
Fridman
The Quality of Measurements
A Metrological Reference
This book provides a detailed discussion and commentary on the fundamentals ot
metrology. The fundamentals of metrology, the principles underlying the design ofthe
Sf International System orunits, the theory of measurement error, a new methodology
tor estimation ot measurement accuracy based on uncertainty, and methods tor reduc¬
tion of measured results and estimation of measurement uncertainty are all discussed
from a modern point of view. The concept of uncertainty is shown to be consistent with
the classical theory of accuracy. The theory of random measurement errors is supple¬
mented by a very general description based on the generalized normal distribution;
systematic instrumental error is described in terms ofa methodology for normalizing
the
metrologica]
characteristics of measuring instruments.
A new international system for assuring uniformity of measurements based on agree¬
ments between national metrological institutes is discussed, in addition to the role and
procedure tor performance ot key comparisons between national standards. The conclu¬
sion describes a new methodology for assurance of measurement accuracy (based on
the provisions contained in the ISO 5725-series standards) that is now becoming more
and more common around the world. All ofthe theoretical statements and calculation
methods are illustrated using examples.
This book will be ot interest to personnel working in government metrological services
(or in the metrological services of legal entities), and to specialists who use measuring
instruments or make use ot measured data in their daily activities. It will be useful to
students at technical universities when studying the academic disciplines of Metrol¬
ogy, Standardization, and Certification;
Metrolog}·
and Measurement Assurance; and
Metrology and Measuring Instruments.
ISBN
978-1-4614-1477-3
9V81461
►
springer.com
|
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| dewey-ones | 530 - Physics |
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| dewey-tens | 530 - Physics |
| discipline | Physik |
| format | Book |
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| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781461414773 |
| language | English |
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| spelling | Fridman, Anatolij Ė. Verfasser (DE-588)1018931155 aut The quality of measurements a metrological reference A. E. Fridman New York, NY [u.a.] Springer 2012 XIV, 212 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Metrology Metrologie (DE-588)4169749-2 gnd rswk-swf Metrologie (DE-588)4169749-2 s DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-4614-1478-0 Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024541382&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024541382&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | Fridman, Anatolij Ė. The quality of measurements a metrological reference Metrology Metrologie (DE-588)4169749-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4169749-2 |
| title | The quality of measurements a metrological reference |
| title_auth | The quality of measurements a metrological reference |
| title_exact_search | The quality of measurements a metrological reference |
| title_full | The quality of measurements a metrological reference A. E. Fridman |
| title_fullStr | The quality of measurements a metrological reference A. E. Fridman |
| title_full_unstemmed | The quality of measurements a metrological reference A. E. Fridman |
| title_short | The quality of measurements |
| title_sort | the quality of measurements a metrological reference |
| title_sub | a metrological reference |
| topic | Metrology Metrologie (DE-588)4169749-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Metrology Metrologie |
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