Constitutional courts as positive legislators: a comparative law study
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge [u.a.]
Cambridge Univ. Press
2011
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | "This book analyzes the role of constitutional courts, conditioned by the principles of progressiveness and of prevalence of human rights, particularly regarding the important rediscovery of the right to equality and non-discrimination"-- Provided by publisher. -- "In all democratic states, constitutional courts, which are traditionally empowered to invalidate or to annul unconstitutional statutes, have the role of interpreting and applying the Constitution in order to preserve its supremacy and to ensure the prevalence of fundamental rights. In this sense they were traditionally considered "negative legislators," unable to substitute the legislators or to enact legislative provisions that could not be deducted from the Constitution. During the past decade the role of constitutional courts has dramatically changed as their role is no longer limited to declaring the unconstitutionality of statutes or annulling them. Today, constitutional courts condition their decisions with the presumption of constitutionality of statutes, opting to interpret them according to or in harmony with the Constitution in order to preserve them, instead of deciding their annulment or declaring them unconstitutional. More frequently, Constitutional Courts, instead of dealing with existing legislation, assume the role of assistants or auxiliaries to the legislator, creating provisions they deduct from the Constitution when controlling the absence of legislation or legislative omissions. In some cases they act as "positive legislators," issuing temporary or provisional rules to be applied pending the enactment of legislation. This book analyzes this new role of the constitutional courts, conditioned by the principles of progressiveness and of prevalence of human rights, particularly regarding the important rediscovery of the right to equality and non-discrimination"-- Provided by publisher. Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | XXVIII, 933 S. |
| ISBN: | 9781107011656 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Constitutional courts as positive legislators |b a comparative law study |c Allan R. Brewer-Carias |
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| 500 | |a "This book analyzes the role of constitutional courts, conditioned by the principles of progressiveness and of prevalence of human rights, particularly regarding the important rediscovery of the right to equality and non-discrimination"-- Provided by publisher. -- "In all democratic states, constitutional courts, which are traditionally empowered to invalidate or to annul unconstitutional statutes, have the role of interpreting and applying the Constitution in order to preserve its supremacy and to ensure the prevalence of fundamental rights. In this sense they were traditionally considered "negative legislators," unable to substitute the legislators or to enact legislative provisions that could not be deducted from the Constitution. During the past decade the role of constitutional courts has dramatically changed as their role is no longer limited to declaring the unconstitutionality of statutes or annulling them. Today, constitutional courts condition their decisions with the presumption of constitutionality of statutes, opting to interpret them according to or in harmony with the Constitution in order to preserve them, instead of deciding their annulment or declaring them unconstitutional. More frequently, Constitutional Courts, instead of dealing with existing legislation, assume the role of assistants or auxiliaries to the legislator, creating provisions they deduct from the Constitution when controlling the absence of legislation or legislative omissions. In some cases they act as "positive legislators," issuing temporary or provisional rules to be applied pending the enactment of legislation. This book analyzes this new role of the constitutional courts, conditioned by the principles of progressiveness and of prevalence of human rights, particularly regarding the important rediscovery of the right to equality and non-discrimination"-- Provided by publisher. | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Constitutional courts | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Legislative power | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Judicial review | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Comparative law | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804148554624663552 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | IMAGE 1
CONTENTS
PAGE
AUTHOR S NOTE 1
PART ONE
CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS AS POSITIVE LEGISLATORS IN COMPARATIVE LAW 5
INTRODUCTION: HANS KELSEN, JUDICIAL REVIEW, AND THE NEGATIVE LEGISLATOR
5
CHAPTER 1
JUDICIAL REVIEW OF LEGISLATION AND THE LEGISLATOR 13
I. THE SYSTEMS OF JUDICIAL REVIEW AND THE ROLE OF CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS
13
II. CONTROL OF CONSTITUTIONALITY AND CONTROL OF CONVENTIONALITY 20
III. THE INTERPRETATION OF THE CONSTITUTION AND THE INFLUENCE OF THE
CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS ON CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL REFORMS 29
IV. THE QUESTION OF CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS AS POSITIVE LEGISLATORS 31
CHAPTER2
CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS INTERFERENCE WITH THE CONSTITUENT POWER 41
I. CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS RESOLUTION OF DISPUTES OF CONSTITUTIONAL RANK
AND ENACTMENT OF CONSTITUTIONAL RULES 41
II. CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS AND JUDICIAL REVIEW OF PROVISIONS OF THE
CONSTITUTION AND OF CONSTITUTIONAL REFORMS AND AMENDMENTS 45
IMAGE 2
CONTENTS
III. THE ROLE OF CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS ADAPTATION OF THE CONSTITUTION
AND THE QUESTION OF LEGITIMATE CHANGES TO THE CONSTITUTION 50
1. ADAPTING THE CONSTITUTION ON MATTERS OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS GUARANTEES
51
2. THE MUTATION OF THE CONSTITUTION ON INSTITUTIONAL MATTERS 65
IV. THE PROBLEM OF ILLEGITIMATE MUTATIONS OF THE CONSTITUTION 68
CHAPTER3
CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS INTERFERENCE WITH THE LEG ISLATOR ON EXISTING LEG
ISLATION 73
I. CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS INTERPRETATION OF STATUTES IN HARMONY WITH THE
CONSTITUTION 73
II. CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS COMPLEMENTING THE LEGISLATOR BY ADDING NEW
RULES (AND NEW MEANING) TO AN EXISTING LEGISLATIVE PROVISION 79
III. CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS COMPLEMENTING LEGISLATIVE FUNCTIONS BY
INTERFERING WITH THE TEMPORAL EFFECTS OF LEGISLATION 94
1. THE POWER OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT TO DETERMINE WHEN ANNULLED
LEGISLATION WILL CEASE TO HAVE EFFECTS: POSTPONING THE EFFECT OF THE
COURT S RULING 95
2. THE POWER OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT TO DETERMINE WHEN ANNULLED
LEGISLATION WILL CEASE TO HAVE EFFECTS: RETROACTIVE OR NONRETROACTIVE
EFFECTS OF ITS OWN DECISIONS 103
A. THE POSSIBILITY OF LIMITING THE RETROACTIVE EX TUNE EFFECTS REGARDING
DECLARATIVE DECISIONS 103
B. THE POSSIBILITY OF RETROACTIVE EFFECTS FOR EX NUNC CONSTITUTIVE
DECISIONS 108
3. THE POWER OF CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS TO REVIVE REPEALED LEGISLATION 114
IV. THE DEFORMATION OF THE INTERPRETATIVE PRINCIPLE: CONSTITUTIONAL
COURTS REFORMING OF STATUTES AND INTERPRETING THEM WITHOUT INTERPRETING
THE CONSTITUTION 115
VI
IMAGE 3
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 4
CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS INTERFERENCE WITH THE LEGISLATOR REGARDING
LEGISLATIVE OMISSIONS 125
I. CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS FILLING THE GAP OF ABSOLUTE LEGISLATIVE
OMISSIONS 126
1. DIRECT ACTION AGAINST ABSOLUTE LEGISLATIVE OMISSIONS 126
2. THE PROTECTION OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AGAINST ABSOLUTE LEGISLATIVE
OMISSIONS BY MEANS OF ACTIONS OR COMPLAINTS FOR THEIR PROTECTION 13 5
II. CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS FILLING THE GAP OF RELATIVE LEGISLATIVE
OMISSIONS 148
1. CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS AND EQUALITY RIGHTS: DECIDING ON THE
UNCONSTITUTIONALITY OF STATUTES WITHOUT DECLARING THEIR NULLITY 149
2. CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS ISSUING NONBINDING DIRECTIVES TO THE
LEGISLATOR 153
3. CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS ISSUING BINDING ORDERS AND DIRECTIVES TO THE
LEGISLATOR 160
III. CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS AS PROVISIONAL LEGISLATORS 165
CHAPTER5
CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS AS LEGISLATORS ON MATTERS OF JUDICIAL REVIEW 173
I. CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS CREATING THEIR OWN JUDICIAL REVIEW POWERS 173
1. THE JUDGE-MADE LAW REGARDING THE DIFFUSE SYSTEM OF JUDICIAL REVIEW
173
2. THE EXTENSION OF JUDICIAL REVIEW POWERS TO ENSURE THE PROTECTION OF
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS 174
3. THE NEED FOR THE EXPRESS PROVISION IN THE CONSTITUTION OF JUDICIAL
REVIEW POWERS OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL JURISDICTION AND ITS DEVIATION 178
II. CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS CREATING PROCEDURAL RULES ON JUDICIAL REVIEW
PROCESSES 186
FINAL REMARKS 189
VH
IMAGE 4
CONTENTS
PART TWO NATIONAL REPORTS 193
ARGENTINA: ALEJANDRA RODRIGUEZ GALAN AND ALFREDO MAURICIO V ITOLO,
CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS AS POSITIVE LEGISLATORS 195
I. REDUCTION OF THE SCOPE OF THE POLITICAL QUESTIONS DOCTRINE 199
II. RECOGNITION OF PROCEDURAL GUARANTEES IN THE ABSENCE OF LEGISLATION
200
III. STANDING 202
IV. ACCIONDECLARATIVA DECERTEZA (DECLARATORY JUDGMENTS) AS A DIRECT FORM
OF EXERCISE OF CONSTITUTIONAL REVIEW 203
V. SUASPONTE CONSTITUTIONAL REVIEW 204
VI. ERGA OMNES EFFECT OF JUDICIAL DECISIONS 205 VII. ACTIVIST
JURISPRUDENCE 205
1. EDUCATING CONGRESS 206
2. RECONCILING INTERNAL LEGISLATION WITH HUMAN RIGHTS TREATIES BY MEANS
OF INTERPRETATION 207
3. AMENDING POLITICAL WILL AND REWRITING STATUTES 208
VIII. CONCLUSION 211
AUSTRALIA: CHERYL SAUNDERS, INTERPRETATION AND REVIEW 213
I. FRAMEWORK 213
1 . A UTHORITYFOR REVIEW 2 13
2. JURISDICTION 215
3. CONCRETE REVIEW 217
A. ADVISORY OPINIONS 217
B. DECLARATIONS OF INCOMPATIBILITY 219
4. STANDING 220
II. APPROACH 223
1. PHASES 224
A. 1903-1920 224
B. 1920-1944 225
C. 1944-1981 226
D. 1981-1998 228
E. 1998 TO THE PRESENT 230
VIII
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CONTENTS
2. LEGALISM AND REALISM 231
A. LEGALISM 231
B. REALISM 232
C. REALISTIC LEGALISM 234
3. INTERPRETATION AND CHANGE 236
A. AN INSTRUMENT OF GOVERNMENT 236
B. RELEVANCE OF THE FRAMERS 238
III. SOURCES 240
1. PRECEDENT 240
2. EXTRINSIC MATERIALS 241
3. FOREIGN LAW 244
4. INTERNATIONAL LAW 246
BIBLIOGRAPHY 249
AUSTRIA: KONRAD LACHMAYER, CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS AS POSITIVE LEGISLATORS
25 1
I. INTRODUCTION: CONSTITUTIONAL JUSTICE IN AUSTRIA 251 II. BRIEF
DESCRIPTION OF THE JUDICIAL REVIEW METHOD APPLIED IN AUSTRIA 252
1 . INTRODUCTION 252
2. ACCESS TO CONSTITUTIONAL JUSTICE 254
III. JUDICIAL QUESTIONS ON MATTERS OF JUDICIAL REVIEW 256 1. JUDICIAL
DECISIONS ON JUDICIAL REVIEW 256
2. EFFECTS OF JUDICIAL DECISIONS ON CONSTITUTIONAL MATTERS 257 IV.
IMPORTANT DEVELOPMENTS AND DECISIONS OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT 258
1. DEVELOPING THE CONTENTS OF THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF THE AUSTRIAN
CONSTITUTION 258
2. CONCRETE GUIDELINES FOR THE LEGISLATOR 259
3. CREATING CONSTITUTIONAL SYSTEMS 261
4. PRINCIPLE OF EQUALITY 262
V. CONCLUSION - OPENING UP CONSTITUTIONAL POTENTIALS AND VALUE-BASED
JUDGMENTS 263
IX
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CONTENTS
BELGIUM: PATRICIA POPELIER, THE BELGIAN CONSTITUTIONAL COURT AS POSITIVE
LEGISLATOR: IN SEARCH OF A BALANCE BETWEEN RIGHTS PROTECTION AND RESPECT
FOR ACTS OF PARLIAMENT 265
INTRODUCTION 265
I. THE IMPACT OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT ON CONSTITUTIONAL RELATIONS
266
II. LEGISLATIVE OMISSIONS IN TI IE CASE LAW OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT
269
1. SOME EXAMPLES 271
2. TWO EXAMPLES 272
III. LEGAL FRAMEWORK 273
IV. CONSEQUENCES OF THE FINDING THAT A LEGISLATIVE LACUNA IS CONTRARY TO
THE CONSTITUTION 275 CONCLUSIONS 279
BRAZIL: THOMAS BUSTAMANTE AND EVANILDA DE GODOI BUSTAMANTE,
CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS AS NEGATIVE LEGISLATORS: THE BRAZILIAN CASE 283
INTRODUCTORY CONSIDERATIONS 283
I. THE DIFFUSE AND INCIDENTAL SYSTEM OF JUDICIAL REVIEW 285
II. THE CONCENTRATED SYSTEM OF JUDICIAL REVIEW 289
1 . CONCENTRATED CONSTITUTIONAL JURISDICTION BY DIRECT ACTIONS 289
A. THE DIRECT ACTION OF UNCONSTITUTIONALITY 290
B. THE DECLARATORY ACTION OF CONSTITUTIONALITY 292
C. THE DIRECT ACTION AGAINST UNCONSTITUTIONAL OMISSIONS 293 D. THE CLAIM
AGAINST THE DISRESPECT TO A FUNDAMENTAL PRECEPT 296 2. CONCENTRATED
CONSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BY CONCRETE CLAIMS 298 A. MANDADO DE SEGURANCA
(WHEN USED TO CONTEST AN ACT
WITHIN THE LEGISLATIVE PROCEDURE) 299
B. THE WRIT OF INJUNCTION {MANDADO DE INJUNCAO) 300 C. ADDITIVE
DECISIONS AND THE WRIT OF INJUNCTION 302 III. EFFECTS OF THE JUDICIAL
DECISIONS ON CONSTITUTIONAL MATTERS 303
1. INTER PARTES AND ERGA OMNES DECISIONS 303
2. BINDING AND NONBINDING DECISIONS 305
3. THE SCOPE OF THE BINDING EFFECTS OF THE DECISIONS OF THE COURT 306
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CONTENTS
4. INTERPRETATIVE AND REDUCTIVE DECISIONS BY THE FEDERAL SUPREME COURT
308
5. THE TEMPORAL EFFECTS OF THE DECISIONS ON CONSTITUTIONAL MATTERS (ON
DIRECT A CTIONS OF UNCONSTITUTIONAL^) 310 6. THE TEMPORAL EFFECTS OF THE
DECISIONS ON CONSTITUTIONAL MATTERS (ON DIFFUSE DECISIONS ON
CONSTITUTIONAL MATTERS) 311 7. CONSTITUTIONAL MUTATIONS 312
IV. CONCLUSION: THE IDEA OF THE NEGATIVE LEGISLATOR 312
CANADA: KENT ROACH, THE CANADIAN CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS AS POSITIVE
LEGISLATORS 315
INTRODUCTION 315
I. CANADA S SYSTEM OF JUDICIAL REVIEW 317
1. FEDERALISM AND THE COURT AS NEGATIVE LEGISLATOR 317
2. THE CANADIAN CHARTER OF RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS 318
3. NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE RIGHTS 318
4. CHARTER LITIGATION 319
5. REFERENCE CASES 319
6. CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES 321
7. POSITIVE ALTERNATIVES TO JUDICIAL INVALIDATION: READING IN OR
JUDICIAL AMENDMENTS TO LEGISLATION 322
8. ALTERNATIVES TO IMMEDIATE INVALIDATION: DELAYED DECLARATIONS OF
INVALIDITY AND REPLY LEGISLATION 324
SUMMARY 326
II. CANADA S EXPERIENCE WITH COURTS AS POSITIVE LEGISLATORS 328
328 329 331 333
334 335 337 338 340 342
XI
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE NATIONAL SECURITY GAY RIGHTS ABORIGINAL AND TREATY
RIGHTS
POLITICAL POLICY
MINORITY-LANGUAGE POLICY SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC POLICY LABOR POLICY
HEALTH-CARE POLICY CONCLUSION
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CONTENTS
COLOMBIA: GERMAN ALFONSO LOPEZ DAZA, LEJUGE CONSTITUTIONNEL COLOMBIEN,
LEGISLATEUR-CADRE POSITIF: UN GOUVERNENIENT DESJUGES 345
INTRODUCTION 345
I. DYNAMISME DE LA COUR CONSTITUTIONNELLE COLOMBIENNE DANS SON ROLE DE
PROTECTRICE DE LA CONSTITUTION DE 1991 346
II. JUSTICE CONSTITUTIONNELLE VERSUS POUVOIR EXECU TIF-POUVOIR
LEGISLATIF 348
III. LA COUR CONSTITUTIONNELLE COLOMBIENNE- LEGISLATEUR CADRE POSITIF
350
1. SENTENCES MANIPULATRICES 353
2. SENTENCE SUBSTITUTIVE 353
3. SENTENCES INTERPRETATIVES ON CONDITIONNEES 353
4. SENTENCE ADDITIVE OUD 7 INTEGRATION 354
5. SENTENCE DE RECOMMANDATION DU LEGISLATEUR 355
6. LES SENTENCES-LOIS 355
7. LES SENTENCES A EFFET DIFFERE 355
IV. CONSTRUCTION THEOR1QUE DU CONCEPT GOUVERNEMENT DES JUGES 356
BIBL1OGRAPHIE 359
COLOMBIA: SANDRA MORELLI, THE COLOMBIAN CONSTITUTIONAL COURT: FROM
INSTITUTIONAL LEADERSHIP TO CONCEPTUAL AUDACITY 3 63
I. PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS 363
II. DISPLACEMENT IN COLOMBIA 366
1. WHAT IS THE UNCONSTITUTIONAL STATE OF AFFAIRS? 367
III. THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONTROL OF LAWS 378
1. WARNING 378
2. THE CONTROL OF THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF THE ACTS AMENDING THE
CONSTITUTION 383
A. THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONTROL LIMITED TO THE VICES OF PROCEDURE 384
B. THE PROCEDURAL VICES OF THE LAW THROUGH WHICH A CONSTITUTIONAL
REFERENDUM IS SUMMONED 385
A. THE POWER OF THE CONGRESS OF THE REPUBLIC TO AMEND THE LAW PRESENTED
AT THE REQUEST OF A POPULAR INITIATIVE 386
B. THE VIOLATION OF THE LAW OF BENCHES (BANCADAS) 386
XII
IMAGE 9
CONTENTS
COSTA RICA: RUBEN HERNANDEZ VALLE, THE NORMATIVE RESOLUTIONS OF THE
CONSTITUTIONAL COURT 389
I. TYPOLOGY OF FAVORABLE LEGAL REVIEW RESOLUTIONS 389
1. FAVORABLE EXHORTATIVE RESOLUTIONS 389
2. SIMPLE UNCONSTITUTIONALITY RESOLUTIONS 391
A. SIMPLE UNCONSTITUTIONALITY DECLARATION OF PARTIAL NATURE 391 B.
SIMPLE UNCONSTITUTIONALITY DECLARATION OF FULL NATURE 391 3.
INTERPRETATIVE RESOLUTIONS 392
A. UNCONSTITUTIONALITY DUE TO ERRONEOUS INTERPRETATION OR MISAPPLICATION
OF A PROVISION IN A SPECIFIC CASE 392 B. UNCONSTITUTIONALITY AS A RESULT
OF THE EFFECTS OF THE CHALLENGED TEXT OR PROVISION 394
4. FAVORABLE RESOLUTIONS OF INAPPLICABILITY 395
5. NORMATIVE RESOLUTIONS 395
A. FAVORABLE ADDITIVE RESOLUTIONS 396
B. FAVORABLE SUBSTITUTIVE RESOLUTIONS 397
II. CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF NORMATIVE RESOLUTIONS 401 1. THE JUSTIFICATION
OF NORMATIVE RESOLUTIONS 401
2. CRITICISM OF REGULATORY RESOLUTIONS 402
III. REGULATORY RESOLUTIONS AND THE LIMITS TO CONSTITUTIONAL
JURISDICTION 403
BIBLIOGRAPHY 406
CROATIA: SANJA BARIC AND PETAR BACIC, CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS AS POSITIVE
LEGISLATORS 407
I. THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT OF THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA: COMPOSITION,
COMPETENCES, AND PROCEEDINGS 407
1. INTRODUCTION 407
2. COMPOSITION AND TERMS OF DUTY 409
3. COMPETENCES OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT 410
4. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT 411
5. ABSTRACT REVIEW 413
6. CONCRETE REVIEW 415
7. EFFECTS OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT S DECISION 4 1 5
XLIL
IMAGE 10
CONTENTS
8. CONSTITUTIONAL COMPLAINT 417
9. OTHER COMPETENCES 420
A. JURISDICTIONAL DISPUTES 420
B. IMPEACHMENT OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC 420 C. SUPERVISION OF
THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF PROGRAMS AND ACTIVITIES OF POLITICAL PARTIES
420
D. CONTROL OF THE CONSTITUTIONALITY AND LEGALITY OF THE ELECTIONS AND
THE NATIONAL REFERENDUM AND THE ELECTORAL DISPUTES 421
E. CONSTITUTIONAL COURT PROCEDURES OF APPEAL 421
F. MONITORING THE EXECUTION OF CONSTITUTIONALITY AND LEGALITY, AND
SUPERVISORY CONTROL OVER PASSING REGULATIONS FOR EXECUTING THE
CONSTITUTION, LAWS, AND OTHER REGULATIONS 422
II. JUDICIAL ACTIVISM IN CONSTITUTIONAL REVIEW DECISIONS OF THE
CONSTITUTIONAL COURT OF THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA 423
1. JUDICIAL ACTIVISM VERSUS THE LEGISLATIVE BRANCH 424
2. METHODOLOGICAL ACTIVISM OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT - THE
INTERPRETATION AND POWER OF THE LEGAL ARGUMENT 428 3. PROCEDURAL
ACTIVISM - PRECEDENCE OF FORM OVER CONTENT 431 4. SUBSTANTIAL ACTIVISM -
SUPPORT FOR DEMOCRACY AND
CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS 433
III. CONCLUSIONS ON THE ACTIVISM OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT OF THE
REPUBLIC OF CROATIA 440
CZECH REPUBLIC: ZDENEK KIIHN, CZECH CONSTITUTIONAL COURT AS POSITIVE
LEGISLATOR? 445
I. 11 IE HISTORY AND THE POWERS OF THE CZECH CONSTITUTIONAL COURT 446
II. CONSTITUTIONAL COMPLAINTS AGAINST DECISIONS OF GENERAL COURTS 448
III. INTERPRETATIVE DECISIONS IN ABSTRACT CONSTITUTIONAL REVIEW: SOFT
CONSTITUTIONAL REVIEW 454
IV. POSITIVE ASPECT OF NEGATIVE DECISIONS OF THE COURT 458
XIV
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CONTENTS
V. UNCONSTITUTIONAL GAPS IN THE LEGAL SYSTEM:
PROVIDING CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES OR JUDICIAL SUBSTITUTION FOR THE
LEGISLATOR? 461
VI. THE CZECH CONSTITUTIONAL COURT ACTING OPENLY AS POSITIVE LEGISLATOR
- CASES OF CONSTITUTIONALITY OF AMENDMENTS TO THE LAW 466 VII. COURT S
SELF-PERCEPTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 468
FRANCE: BERTRAND MATHIEU, LE CONSEIL CONSTITUTIONNEL LEGISLATEUR
POSITIF. OU LA QUESTION TIES INTERVENTIONS DUJUGE CONSTITUTIONNEL
FRANCAIS DANS I EXERCISE DE LA FUNCTION LEGISLATIVE 471
I. TITRE LIMINAIRE: ELEMENTS DANALYSES SUR LE CONTROLE DE
CONSTITUT1ONNALITE EN FRANCE 472 II. LES INTERACTIONS ENTRE LA FONCTION
JURIDICTIONNELLE DU CONSEIL CONSTITUTIONNEL ET
LA FONCTION LEGISLATIVE 478
1. LES PRINCIPES CADRES 478
2. DE QUELQUES MODALITES D INTERVENTION MEDIATES DU CONSEIL
CONSTITUTIONNEL 479
- LES INCIDENCES SUR LA FABRICATION DE LA LOI 479
- LES INCIDENCES SUR LES REVISIONS CONSTITUTIONNELLES 479 - LA QUESTION
DE LA SEPARABILITE DES DISPOSITIONS INCONSTITUTIONNELLES 480
- LES CONSEQUENCES TIREES DE I INCONSTITUTIONNALITE RELEVEE 481 -
L OUTIL DE LA PROPORTIONNALITE 483
III. ANALYSE D UNE MODAL1TE SPECIFIQUE D INTERVENTION DU CONSEIL
CONSTITUTIONNEL: LES RESERVES D INTERPRETATION 484
1. ELEMENTS DE DEFINITION ET CHAMP D APPLICATION 484
2 LES DESTINATAIRES DES RESERVES D INTERPRETATION 488
3. LA PORTEE DES RESERVES D INTERPRETATION: ESSAI DE TYPOLOGIE 489
-L EXCLUSION D UNE INTERPRETATION INCONSTITUTIONNELLE: LE POSTULAT DU
RESPECT DE LA CONSTITUTION PAR LE LEGISLATEUR 489 -L ARGUMENT DE LA
MALADRESSE DU LEGISLATEUR 490
-LA TENTATION DE LA REECRITURE 490
-LA MODIFICATION DU CHAMP D APPLICATION DE LA LOI 492 -LA PARALYSE DE
( APPLICATION DE LA LOI 493
4. ELEMENTS STATISTIQUES SOMMAIRES 494
EN GUISE DE CONCLUSION 495
XV
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CONTENTS
GERMANY: INES HARTEL, CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS AS POSITIVE LEGISLATORS 497
I. JUDICIAL MEANS FOR JUDICIAL REVIEW 498
1. CIVIL RIGHTS INJUNCTIONS 498
2. DIRECT ACTIONS TO CONTROL THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF STATUTES 499 3.
DIRECT ACTIONS TO CONTROL THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF LEGISLATIVE OMISSIONS
500
4. EX OFFICIO POWERS OF CONSTITUTIONAL JUDGES AND OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL
COURT OR TRIBUNALS 501
5. A UTHORITY OF THE SUPREME COURT OF CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS TO REMOVE
AND TAKE OVER CASES FROM LOWER COURTS (A VOCAM IENTO) 501
II. JUDICIAL DECISIONS ON JUDICIAL REVIEW 502 1. CONSTITUTIONAL
INTERPRETATION 502
2. DECLARATION OF THE UNCONSTITUTIONAL CHARACTER OF STATUTES
(DECLARATION OF INCOMPATIBILITY) 503
3. ANNULMENT (COMPLETE OR PARTIAL) OF UNCONSTITUTIONAL STATUTES 506 4.
INFLUENCING THE CONSTITUTION 509
5. DECISIONS INCLUDING LEGISLATIVE STRUCTURES 510
6. ADDITIVE DECISIONS REFORMING LEGISLATION 513
7. ADMONITORY DECISIONS 514
8. JUDICIAL REPLACEMENT OF THE LEGISLATOR 516
9. JUDICIAL REPLACEMENT OF THE GOVERNMENT IN POLICY-MAKING PROCESSES 517
III. EFFECTS OF JUDICIAL DECISIONS ON CONSTITUTIONAL MATTERS 518
BELGIUM, FRANCE, GERMANY: CHRISTIAN BEHRENDT, L ACTIVITE DUJUGE
CONSTITUTIONNEL COMME LE GISLATEUR-CADRE POSIRIF 52 1
INTRODUCTION 521
I. LA NOTION D-1NTERFERENCE 525
II. LA CLASSIFICATION DES INTERFERENCES 527
III. LTMPORTANCE QUANTITATIVE DES INTERFERENCES 529 1. L IMPORTANCE DES
LIGNES DIRECTRICES 530
2. L IMPORTANCE DES INJONETIONS 531
IV. LE RECOURS A LA TECHNIQUE DES INTERFERENCES: UNE TENTATIVE
DEVALUATION 533
CONCLUSIONS 537
XVI
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CONTENTS
GREECE: JULIA UIOPOULOS-STRANGAS AND STYLIANOS-IOANNIS G.
KOUTNATZIS, CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS AS POSITIVE LEGISLATORS 539
I. THE SYSTEM OF JUDICIAL REVIEW 540
1. JUDICIAL ORGANIZATION 540
2. CONTROL OF LEGISLATIVE AND EXECUTIVE ACTS 541
A. ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT OF JUDICIAL REVIEW THROUGHOUT GREECE S
CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY 541
B. JUDICIAL REVIEW UNDER THE GREEK CONSTITUTION OF 1975 542
A. CONSTITUTIONAL BASIS OF JUDICIAL REVIEW 542
B. SUBSTANTIVE AND PROCEDURAL CONSTITUTIONAL CLAIMS 543
C. PRIMARY FEATURES OF JUDICIAL REVIEW 544
D. MEANS OF CONCENTRATION OF REVIEW 546
E. THE PROPOSAL TO ESTABLISH A CONSTITUTIONAL COURT 549
F. CONTROL OF CONVENTIONALITY 552
G. CONTROL OF EXECUTIVE ACTS 553
H. CONTROL OF CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS 555
II. THE APPLICATION OF JUDICIAL REVIEW 555
1. THE DEVELOPMENT OF CONSTITUTIONAL JURISPRUDENCE 556
A. THE GREEK COURTS DEFERENTIAL TRADITION 556
B. PHASES IN THE JUDICIAL IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 1975 CONSTITUTION 558
2. POSITIVE LEGISLATION THROUGH CONSTITUTIONAL ADJUDICATION 563
A. EXTENSION OF PREFERENTIAL TREATMENT IN EQUALITY PRINCIPLE CASES 563
B. THE COUNCIL OF STATE S ENVIRONMENTAL JURISPRUDENCE 567
A. CONSTITUTIONAL ENTRENCHMENT OF THE CURRENT STATUS OF ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION 568
B. THE PRINCIPLE OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 570
III. FINAL REMARKS 571
HUNGARY, LORANT CSINK, JOZSEF PETRETEI, AND PETER TILK, CONSTITUTIONAL
COURT AS POSITIVE LEGISLATOR 575
I. ANTECEDENTS OF CONSTITUTIONAL ADJUDICATION 575 II. THE ESTABLISHMENT
OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT 576
XVII
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CONTENTS
III. THE LEGAL CHARACTER OF THE DECISIONS OF THE
COURT 578
IV. THE MANIFESTATION OF POSITIVE LEGISLATION 579 1. CONSTITUTIONAL
REQUIREMENT 579
2. MOSAIC ANNULMENT 581
3. ROLE OF THE COURT IN THE EXAMINATION OF OMISSIONS 582
4. INTERPRETATION OF THE CONSTITUTION 583
INDIA: SURYA DEVA, CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS AS POSITIVE LEGISLATORS: THE
INDIAN EXPERIENCE 587
INTRODUCTION 587
I. JUDICIAL REVIEW: CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS AND JUDICIAL
INTERPRETATION 588
1. JUDICIAL REVIEW: THE PROVISIONS 588
2. JUDICIAL REVIEW: THE INTERPRETATION 591
II. JUDICIARY BECOMING THE LEGISLATOR: SOME EXAMPLES 594
1 . GUIDELINES FOR POLICE ARREST AND DETENTION: D K. BASU V. STATE OF
WEST BENGAL 594
2. SEXUAL HARASSMENT OF WOMEN AT WORKPLACE: VISHAKA V. STATE OFRAJASTHAN
596
3. RAGGING MENACE AT UNIVERSITIES 598
CONCLUSION 600
ITALY: GIAMPAOLO PARODI, THE ITALIAN CONSTITUTIONAL COURT AS POSITIVE
LEGISLATOR 603
BIBLIOGRAPHY 620
MEXICO: EDUARDO FERRER MAC-GREGOR, THE MEXICAN SUPREME COURT AS POSITIVE
LEGISLATOR 623
INTRODUCTION 623
I. THE SUPREME COURT AS A CONSTITUTIONAL COURT 624
1. BRIEF BACKGROUND 624
2. CONSTITUTIONAL EVOLUTION 625
3. POWERS 625
A. CONSTITUTIONAL CONTROL 625
B. OTHER JURISDICTION AND POWERS 627
XVLL!
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CONTENTS
II. THE SUPREME COURT AS A POSITIVE LEGISLATOR 627
1. AMPARO PROCEEDINGS (SPECIFIC EFFECTS) 628
2. ABSTRACT UNCONSTITNTIONALITY CAUSE OF ACTION AGAINST GENERAL NORMS
(LAWS AND INTERNATIONAL TREATIES) AND CONSTITUTIONAL CONTROVERSIES (ERGA
OMNES EFFECT) 632
3. LEGISLATIVE OMISSIONS 639
CONCLUSIONS 642
NETHERLANDS: JERFI UZMAN, TOM BARKHUYSEN, AND MICHIEL L. VAN EMMERIK,
THE DUTCH SUPREME COURT: A RELUCTANT POSITIVE LEGISLATOR? 645
INTRODUCTION 645
I. THE BAN ON JUDICIAL CONSTITUTIONALITY REVIEW AND ITS SCOPE 648
1. ARTICLE 120 OF THE DUTCH CONSTITUTION 648
2. SUMMARY 651
II. ENFORCING INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW 652 1 . INTRODUCTION:
MONISM AND ARTICLE 94 OF THE CONSTITUTION 652 2. ELIGIBLE TO BIND ALL
PERSONS AND JUDICIAL LAWMAKING 653 3. THE INCREASING ROLE OF THE
EUROPEAN CONVENTION IN NATIONAL
CASE LAW 656
4. CONCLUDING REMARKS 660
HI. THE LAWMAKING ROLE OF THE COURTS 661
1. INTRODUCTION 661
2. DEFINING THE PROCESS OF LAWMAKING 662
3. THE CASE LAW OF THE SUPREME COURT CONCERNING ITS LAWMAKING ROLE 663
A. THE DUAL CUSTODY CASE: DISTINGUISHING POSITIVE FROM NEGATIVE
LAWMAKING 664
B. THE DUTCH CITIZENSHIP CASE: AVOIDING POLICY DECISIONS 665 C. THE
SPRING DECISIONS: JUDICIAL ACTIVISM OR PRUDENT LAWMAKING? 667
D. AFTER THE HIGH-WATER MARK: A SLOW RETREAT TO JUDICIAL RESTRAINT 667
E. TOWARD A NEW MODEL: THE 1999 LABOUR EXPENSES DEDUCTION JUDGMENT 669
F. THE EXCEPTION TO THE RULE: EUROPEAN UNION LAW 673 4. REACTIONS OF LA
DOCTRINE AFTER 1999 675
XIX
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CONTENTS
IV. MEANS AND EFFECTS OF JUDICIAL REVIEW 678
1 . INTRODUCTION 678
2. PROCEDURES AVAILABLE TO ENFORCE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS LAW 678 3.
REMEDIES FOR FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS VIOLATIONS 679
4. EFFECTS OF JUDGMENTS 681
5. MITIGATING THE TEMPORAL EFFECTS OF JUDGMENTS 683
6. JUDICIAL REFORMS 685
SUMMARY 686
BIBLIOGRAPHY 688
NORWAY: EIVIND SMITH, CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS AS POSITIVE LEGISLATORS 693
I. ON THE ORIGINS OF THE NORWEGIAN SYSTEM OF JUDICIAL REVIEW 693
II. ON THE CHARACTER OF THE NORWEGIAN SYSTEM OF JUDICIAL REVIEW 695
III. THE SUPREME COURT OF NORWAY AS A POSITIVE LEGISLATOR? 697
POLAND: MAREK SAFJAN, THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS AS A POSITIVE LEGISLATOR
701
I. PRELIMINARY REMARKS 701
II. WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE COURT AS A POSITIVE LEGISLATOR? 703
III. INDIRECT, POSITIVE IMPACT - EFFECTS OF NEGATIVE LEGISLATION 703
IV. DIRECT FORMS OF IMPACT EXERTED BY THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS VERSUS
NORMATIVE ACTS 708 1 . INTERPRETATION OF THE CONSTITUTION 708
2. INTERPRETATION OF LAWS: INTERPRETATIVE RULINGS 714
3. SIGNALIZATION 717
CONCLUSIONS 718
PORTUGAL: JOAQUIM DE SOUSA RIBEIRO AND ESPERAN^A MEALHA, CONSTITUTIONAL
COURTS AS POSITIVE LEGISLATORS 72 1
I. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE JUDICIAL REVIEW METHOD APPLIED IN PORTUGAL
721
XX
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CONTENTS
1 . THE PREEMPTIVE CONTROL 722
2. THE A BS TRACT REVIEW AND THE CONCRETE REVIEW OF LEGISLATION 723 3.
THE ENFORCEABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION OF DECISIONS OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL
COURT 723
II. POWERS OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT 724
1. PORTUGUESE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT AS A NEGATIVE LEGISLATOR 724 2.
POWERS OF THE COURT AND EFFECTS OF CONSTITUTIONAL REVIEW DECISIONS 725
3. INTERPRETATION OF STATUTE IN HARMONY WITH THE CONSTITUTION 728 4.
MANIPULATIVE AND ADDITIVE DECISIONS 729
5. THE IMPACT OF CONSTITUTIONAL CASE LAW 730
SERBIA: BOSKOTRIPKOVIC,^ CONSTITUTIONAL COURT IN TRANSITION: MAKING
SENSE OF CONSTITUTIONAL ADJUDICATION IN POSTAUTHORITARIAN SERBIA 735
INTRODUCTION 735
I. NORMATIVE GOALS OF JUDICIAL REVIEW 736
II. PERFORMANCE OF THE SERBIAN CONSTITUTIONAL COURT 741
1. GENERAL FEATURES OF THE SYSTEM OF JUDICIAL REVIEW 741 2.
CONSTITUTIONAL ADJUDICATION AND DEMOCRATIC PROCESS 747 A. REPRESENTATION
747
B. DELIBERATION 753
3. CONSTITUTIONAL COURT AND LIBERAL VALUES 757
A. DIRECT PROTECTION OF LIBERAL VALUES 758
B. INDIRECT PROTECTION OF LIBERAL VALUES 762
CONCLUSION 764
SLOVAK REPUBLIC: JAN SVAK AND LUCIA BERDISOVA, CONSTITUTIONAL COURT OF
THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC AS POSITIVE LEGISLATOR VIA APPLICATION AND
INTERPRETATION OF THE CONSTITUTION 767
I. INTERPRETATION OF THE CONSTITUTION 769
II. ABSTRACT CONTROL OF CONSTITUTIONALITY 771 1. EFFECT OF THE RULING OF
THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT REGARDING THE UNCONFORMITY BETWEEN LEGAL
REGULATIONS 773
III. CONCRETE CONTROL OF CONSTITUTIONALITY 775
X XI
IMAGE 18
CONTENTS
SWITZERLAND: TOBIAS JAAG, CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS AS POSITIVE LEGISLATORS
783
I. INTRODUCTION 783
1. COURTS AS LEGISLATORS IN GENERAL 783
2. THE FEDERAL SUPREME COURT AS A CONSTITUTIONAL COURT 784 A JUDICIAL
REVIEW IN GENERAL 784
B. LIMITATIONS ON JUDICIAL REVIEW 785
3. THE FEDERAL SUPREME COURT AS LEGISLATOR 786
A. NEGATIVE LEGISLATION 786
B. POSITIVE LEGISLATION 788
4. FEDERAL AND CANTONAL LAW 788
II. REFUSAL OF THE FEDERAL SUPREME COURT TO ACT AS POSITIVE LEGISLATOR
789
1 . PRINCIPLE 789
2. EXAMPLES 789
HI. THE FEDERAL SUPREME COURT AS POSITIVE LEGISLATOR 791
1. IN GENERAL 791
2. FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS 791
A. NEW FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS 791
B. INTERPRETATION AND SUBSTANTIATION OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS 793 3.
POLITICAL RIGHTS 793
4. PROCEDURAL GUARANTEES 795
5. FEDERAL CONFLICTS 796
6. COMPENSATION FOR INFRINGEMENT OF PROPERTY RIGHTS 797 7. FURTHER
EXAMPLES 798
CONCLUSIONS 798
BIBLIOGRAPHY 800
ABBREVIATIONS 802
UNITED KINGDOM: JOHN BELL, CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS AS POSITIVE LEGISLATORS
803
INTRODUCTION AND TERMINOLOGY 803
I. CONSTITUTIONAL (JUDICIAL) REVIEW. CONCENTRATED OR DISTRIBUTED 806
II. SPECIFIC ISSUES 807
XXN
IMAGE 19
CONTENTS
1. CONSTITUTIONAL REVIEW PROCEDURES 807
2. JUDICIAL DECISIONS 808
A. HUMAN RIGHTS AND JUDICIAL ACTIVISM 809
B. JUDICIAL SUBSTITUTION 811
3. EFFECT OF DECISIONS 813
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: LAURENCE CLAUS AND RICHARD S. KAY,
CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS AS POSITIVE LEGISLATORS IN THE UNITED STATES 815
I. LEGISLATORS AND POSITIVE LEGISLATORS 815
II. HOW AMERICAN COURTS LEGISLATE THROUGH CONSTITUTIONAL ADJUDICATION
820
III. ENFORCING JUDICIAL LEGISLATION 829
VENEZUELA: DANIELA UROSA MAGGI, CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS AS POSITIVE
LEGISLATORS: THE VENEZUELAN EXPERIENCE 843
I. THE NORMATIVE JURISDICTION ACCORDING TO THE JURISPRUDENCE OF THE
CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER 846 II. CASES WHERE THE CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER
HAS EXTENDED ITS OWN COMPETENCIES THROUGH THE
PRACTICING OF THE NORMATIVE JURISDICTION 847 1. COMPETENCIES IN
CONSTITUTIONAL AMPARO MATTERS 848 A. MODIFICATION OF THE COMPETENCIES TO
HEAR THE AMPARO CLAIMS 849
B. MODIFICATION OF THE PROCEDURE OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL AMPARO CLAIM 849
2. COMPETENCIES IN THE SPECIAL RECOURSE TO REVIEW DECISIONS 850 3.
COMPETENCIES TO HEAR THE INTERPRETATION OF THE CONSTITUTION RECOURSE 852
4. COMPETENCIES IN MATTERS OF CONCENTRATED CONTROL OF THE
CONSTITUTIONALITY OF STATUTES AND OTHER ACTS HAVING RANK OF LAW 855
A. JURISPRUDENTIAL INCLUSION OF THE COMPETENCY OF INCIDENTAL CONTROL
OVER STATUTES 855
B. MODIFICATION OF THE PROCEDURE OF THE NULLITY CASES 857 5.
COMPETENCIES IN MATTERS OF CONTROL OVER UNCONSTITUTIONALITY FOR OMISSION
858
XXM
IMAGE 20
CONTENTS
6. COMPETENCY IN MATTERS OF CLAIMS FOR PROTECTION OF DIFFUSE AND
COLLECTIVE INTERESTS 859
A. CREATION OF A CLAIM FOR PROTECTION OF DIFFUSE AND COLLECTIVE
INTERESTS 859
B. PROCEDURE TO BE FOLLOWED AND LEGITIMACY IN CLAIMS FOR PROTECTION OF
DIFFUSE AND COLLECTIVE INTERESTS 860
7. COMPETENCIES IN MATTERS OF HABEAS DATA 860
III. CASES OF JUDICIAL ACTIVISM ON MATTERS OF CONSTITUTIONAL
INTERPRETATION: THE CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER AS POSITIVE CONSTITUENT 862
1. DECISIONS NO. 6 OF JANUARY 27, 2000 (CASE MILAGROS GOMEZ ET A .) AND
NO. 180 OF MARCH 28, 2000 (CASE ALLAN BREWER-CARIAS ET A .):
LEGITIMIZATION OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL TRANSITION REGIME APPROVED BY THE
NATIONAL CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY ON DECEMBER
1999 AND LEGITIMIZATION OF THE ACTS PERFORMED BY SUCH ASSEMBLY IN THE
EXECUTION OF SUCH TRANSITION REGIME. 863 2. DECISION NO. 34 OF JANUARY
26, 2004 (CASE VESTALIA ARAUJQJ: INTERPRETATION OF ARTICLE 203 OF THE
CONSTITUTION 864
3. DECISION NO. 565 OF APRIL 15, 2008 (CASE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE
REPUBLIC): INTERPRETATION OF ARTICLE 164.10, OF THE 1999 CONSTITUTION
865
IV. PRECEDENTS OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER IN WHICH IT ACTED AS
POSITIVE LEGISLATOR FOR ADDING TO THE LEGAL SYSTEM REGULATORY PRINCIPLES
THAT DID NOT EXIST BEFORE 867
1. DECISION NO. 1013 OF JUNE 12, 2001 (CASE ELIAS SANTANA):
INTERPRETATION AND LIMITATION OF RIGHTS RELATED TO FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION
AND RIGHT TO REBUTTAL 867
2. DECISION NO. 978 OF APRIL 30, 2003 (CASE BOLIVAR BANCO/ RESOLUTION OF
THE METHOD AND OPPORTUNITY FOR EXERCISING THE STATE TAX AUTHORITY ON TAX
STAMP MATTERS PENDING THE ISSUING OF THE RELEVANT NATIONAL LEGISLATION
868
3. DECISION NO. 511 OF APRIL 5, 2004 (CASE MAIRA RINCON LUGO;: DECISION
ON THE TAKING OVER PROCEEDING OF CASES FROM LOWER COURTS FAVOCAMIENTOA
HAVING BINDING NATURE FOR ALL OTHER COURTS OF THE SUPREME TRIBUNAL OF
JUSTICE 869
XXIV
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CONTENTS
4. DECISION NO. 1682 OF JULY 15, 2005 (CASE CARMELA MANPIERI/-
INTERPRETATION OF ARTICLE 77 OF THE CONSTITUTION - COMPARISON BETWEEN
MEN AND WOMEN DE FACTO AND MEN AND WOMEN MARRIAGE - AND THE PRAETORIAN
DEVELOPMENT OF ITS LEGAL
REGIME 870
5. DECISION NO. 1456 OF JULY 27, 2006 (CASE YAMILEX NUNEZ DE GODOYJ AND
THE PRAETORIAN DEVELOPMENT OF THE LEGAL REGIME OF ASSISTED REPRODUCTION
871
V. PRECEDENTS OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT THAT ACTS AS POSITIVE
LEGISLATOR TO MODIFY PREEXISTING LAWS 872
1. DECISIONS THAT MODIFY LEGAL RULES THROUGH SUBSTITUTIVE DECISIONS ON
NO PRIOR DECLARATION OF ANNULMENT OF THE RULE 872 A. DECISION NO. 2855
OF NOVEMBER 20, 2002 (CASE FEDENAGA): CONSTITUTIONALITY OF ARTICLES 40
AND 43 OF
THE DECREE WITH FORCE OF LAW ON RURAL LANDS AND AGRARIAN DEVELOPMENT 873
B. DECISION NO. 2560 OF AUGUST 5, 2005 (CASE ROMULO PACHECO):
MODIFICATION OF ARTICLE 172 OF THE ORGANIC CODE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
874
C. DECISION NO. 301 OF FEBRUARY 27, 2007 (CASE ADRIANA VIGILCMZA):
MODIFICATION OF THE SENSE AND SCOPE OF ARTICLE 31 OF THE INCOME TAX LAW
875
2. DECISIONS OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER THAT ANNULLED AND ESTABLISHED
THE NEW WORDING OF LEGAL PROVISIONS 877 A. DECISION NO. 80 OF FEBRUARY
1, 2001 (CASE OF PROCEDURAL TERMS): MODIFICATION OF ARTICLE 197 OF THE
CIVIL
PROCEDURE CODE REGARDING THE CALCULATION OF PROCEDURAL TERMS 877
B. DECISION NO. 1264 OF JUNE 11, 2002 (CASE JESUS RENDON): PARTIAL
ANNULMENT OF ARTICLE 201 OF THE CIVIL PROCEDURE CODE THAT GOVERNS
JUDICIAL HOLIDAYS 878
C. DECISION NO. 2241 OF SEPTEMBER 24, 2002 (CASE ANDRES VELAZQUEZ):
PARTIAL ANNULMENT OF ARTICLE 80 OF THE ORGANIC LAW ON THE FINANCIAL
ADMINISTRATION OF THE PUBLIC SECTOR 879
D. DECISION NO. 3241 OF DECEMBER 12, 2002 (CASE COVEIN): PARTIAL
ANNULMENT OF ARTICLE 1 OF THE ORDINANCE ON THE INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE
LICENSE TAX OF THE BOLIVAR MUNICIPALITY OF THE ANZOATEGUI STATE 880
XXV
IMAGE 22
CONTENTS
H. DECISION NO. 865 OF APRIL 22, 2003 (CASE ERNESTO JOSE RODRIGUEZ
CASARES): ANNULMENT OF ARTICLE 48 OF THE ORDINANCE ON URBAN AND RURAL
COMMON AND PERSONAL LANDS FOR THE BOLIVAR DISTRICT OF THE ZULIA STATE
881 F. DECISION NO. 1104 OF MAY 23, 2006 (CASE CARLOS
BRENDER): PARTIAL ANNULMENT OF ARTICLE 90 OF THE ORGANIC LAW OF THE
ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE REPUBLIC 882 G. DECISION NO. 163 OF FEBRUARY 28,
2008 (CASE CIRO RAMON ARAUJO): PARTIAL ANNULMENT OF THE ORGANIC LAW OF
PUBLIC
DEFENSE 883
A. PARTIAL ANNULMENT AND MODIFICATION OF THE TEXT OF ARTICLE 3 OF THE
ORGANIC LAW OF PUBLIC DEFENSE 883 B PARTIAL ANNULMENT AND MODIFICATION
OF ARTICLES 11, 12, AND 13 OF THE ORGANIC LAW OF PUBLIC DEFENSE 883 C.
PARTIAL ANNULMENT AND MODIFICATION OF ARTICLE 15 OF
THE ORGANIC LAW OF PUBLIC DEFENSE 884
VI. BRIEF CONCLUSIONS REGARDING THE UNCONSTITUT1ONAL1TY OF THE EXERCISE
OF THE NORMATIVE POWERS BY THE CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER OF THE SUPREME
CHAMBER OF JUSTICE 885
PART THREE
SYNTHESIS REPORT: CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS AS
POSITIVE LEGISLATORS IN COMPARATIVE LAW 889
PRELIMINARY REMARKS 889
1. THE SUBORDINATION OF CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS TO THE CONSTITUTION 889
2. NEW ROLE OF CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS AND THE QUESTION OF ACTING AS
POSITIVE LEGISLATORS 891
FIRST TREND: CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS INTERFERING WITH THE CONSTITUENT
POWER 893
1. CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS RESOLVING CONSTITUTIONAL FEDERAL DISPUTES AND
ENACTING CONSTITUTIONAL RULES 893
2. CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS EXERCISING JUDICIAL REVIEW ON CONSTITUTIONAL
PROVISIONS 894
3. CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS EXERCISING JUDICIAL REVIEW ON CONSTITUTIONAL
REFORMS AND AMENDMENTS 894
4. THE ROLE OF CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS ADAPTING THE CONSTITUTION ON
MATTERS OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS 896
5. THE MUTATION OF THE CONSTITUTION ON INSTITUTIONAL MATTERS 897
XXVI
IMAGE 23
CONTENTS
SECOND TREND: CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS INTERFERING WITH EXISTING
LEGISLATION 899
1. CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS COMPLEMENTING LEGISLATIVE FUNCTIONS BY
INTERPRETING STATUTES IN HARMONY WITH THE CONSTITUTION 899 2.
CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS COMPLEMENTING THE LEGISLATOR BY ADDING NEW RULES
(AND A NEW MEANING) TO THE EXISTING
LEGISLATIVE PROVISION 900
3. CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS COMPLEMENTING LEGISLATIVE FUNCTIONS BY
INTERFERING WITH THE TEMPORAL EFFECTS OF LEGISLATION 902 A. THE POWER OF
THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS TO DETERMINE WHEN ANNULLED LEGISLATION WILL
CEASE TO HAVE EFFECT:
POSTPONING THE EFFECT OF THE COURTS RULING 903
B. THE POWER OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS TO DETERMINE WHEN ANNULLED
LEGISLATION WILL CEASE TO HAVE EFFECTS: THE RETROACTIVE OR
NONRETROACTIVE EFFECTS OF THEIR OWN DECISIONS 904
A. THE POSSIBILITY OF LIMITING THE RETROACTIVE EX TUNE EFFECTS OF
DECLARATIVE DECISIONS 905
B. THE POSSIBILITY OF RETROACTIVE EFFECTS FOR EX NUNC CONSTITUTIVE
DECISIONS 906
4. THE POWER OF CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS TO REVIVE REPEALED LEGISLATION 907
THIRD TREND: CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS INTERFERING WITH THE ABSENCE OF
LEGISLATION OR WITH LEGISLATIVE OMISSIONS 907
1. CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS FILLING IN ABSOLUTE LEGISLATIVE OMISSIONS 907
A. THE DIRECT ACTION AGAINST ABSOLUTE LEGISLATIVE OMISSIONS 908 B. THE
PROTECTION OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS FROM ABSOLUTE LEGISLATIVE OMISSIONS BY
MEANS OF ACTIONS OR COMPLAINTS FOR THEIR PROTECTION 909
2. CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS FILLING IN THE GAP OF RELATIVE LEGISLATIVE
OMISSIONS 912
A. CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS ISSUING OF NONBINDING DIRECTIVES TO THE
LEGISLATOR 913
B. CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS ISSUING OF BINDING ORDERS AND DIRECTIVES TO
THE LEGISLATOR 914
3. CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS AS PROVISIONAL LEGISLATORS 915
XXVI1
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CONTENTS
FOURTH TREND: CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS AS LEGISLATORS ON MATTERS OF
JUDICIAL REVIEW 917
1. CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS CREATING OF THEIR OWN JUDICIAL REVIEW POWERS
917
A. THE JUDGE-MADE LAW ON THE DIFFUSE SYSTEM OF JUDICIAL REVIEW 917
B. THE EXTENSION OF JUDICIAL REVIEW POWERS TO ENSURE THE PROTECTION OF
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS 918
2. THE NEED FOR THE EXPRESS PROVISION IN THE CONSTITUTION OF JUDICIAL
REVIEW POWERS OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL JURISDICTION AND ITS DEVIATION 919
3. CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS CREATION OF PROCEDURAL RULES ON JUDICIAL
REVIEW 920
FINAL REMARKS 921
APPENDIX 925
INDEX 929
XXVIII
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Brewer-Carías, Allan Randolph 1939- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)136089763 |
| author_facet | Brewer-Carías, Allan Randolph 1939- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Brewer-Carías, Allan Randolph 1939- |
| author_variant | a r b c arb arbc |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV039687347 |
| callnumber-first | K - Law |
| callnumber-label | K3370 |
| callnumber-raw | K3370 |
| callnumber-search | K3370 |
| callnumber-sort | K 43370 |
| callnumber-subject | K - General Law |
| classification_rvk | PL 625 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)698361347 (DE-599)BVBBV039687347 |
| dewey-full | 347/.035 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 347 - Procedure and courts |
| dewey-raw | 347/.035 |
| dewey-search | 347/.035 |
| dewey-sort | 3347 235 |
| dewey-tens | 340 - Law |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
| edition | 1. publ. |
| format | Book |
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In this sense they were traditionally considered "negative legislators," unable to substitute the legislators or to enact legislative provisions that could not be deducted from the Constitution. During the past decade the role of constitutional courts has dramatically changed as their role is no longer limited to declaring the unconstitutionality of statutes or annulling them. Today, constitutional courts condition their decisions with the presumption of constitutionality of statutes, opting to interpret them according to or in harmony with the Constitution in order to preserve them, instead of deciding their annulment or declaring them unconstitutional. More frequently, Constitutional Courts, instead of dealing with existing legislation, assume the role of assistants or auxiliaries to the legislator, creating provisions they deduct from the Constitution when controlling the absence of legislation or legislative omissions. 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| id | DE-604.BV039687347 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:08:59Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781107011656 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2011002968 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024536223 |
| oclc_num | 698361347 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-703 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-703 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| physical | XXVIII, 933 S. |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publishDateSearch | 2011 |
| publishDateSort | 2011 |
| publisher | Cambridge Univ. Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Brewer-Carías, Allan Randolph 1939- Verfasser (DE-588)136089763 aut Constitutional courts as positive legislators a comparative law study Allan R. Brewer-Carias 1. publ. Cambridge [u.a.] Cambridge Univ. Press 2011 XXVIII, 933 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier "This book analyzes the role of constitutional courts, conditioned by the principles of progressiveness and of prevalence of human rights, particularly regarding the important rediscovery of the right to equality and non-discrimination"-- Provided by publisher. -- "In all democratic states, constitutional courts, which are traditionally empowered to invalidate or to annul unconstitutional statutes, have the role of interpreting and applying the Constitution in order to preserve its supremacy and to ensure the prevalence of fundamental rights. In this sense they were traditionally considered "negative legislators," unable to substitute the legislators or to enact legislative provisions that could not be deducted from the Constitution. During the past decade the role of constitutional courts has dramatically changed as their role is no longer limited to declaring the unconstitutionality of statutes or annulling them. Today, constitutional courts condition their decisions with the presumption of constitutionality of statutes, opting to interpret them according to or in harmony with the Constitution in order to preserve them, instead of deciding their annulment or declaring them unconstitutional. More frequently, Constitutional Courts, instead of dealing with existing legislation, assume the role of assistants or auxiliaries to the legislator, creating provisions they deduct from the Constitution when controlling the absence of legislation or legislative omissions. In some cases they act as "positive legislators," issuing temporary or provisional rules to be applied pending the enactment of legislation. This book analyzes this new role of the constitutional courts, conditioned by the principles of progressiveness and of prevalence of human rights, particularly regarding the important rediscovery of the right to equality and non-discrimination"-- Provided by publisher. Includes bibliographical references and index Constitutional courts Legislative power Judicial review Comparative law LAW / Comparative bisacsh Verfassungsgerichtsbarkeit (DE-588)4062793-7 gnd rswk-swf Internationaler Vergleich (DE-588)4120509-1 gnd rswk-swf Verfassungsgerichtsbarkeit (DE-588)4062793-7 s Internationaler Vergleich (DE-588)4120509-1 s DE-604 SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024536223&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Brewer-Carías, Allan Randolph 1939- Constitutional courts as positive legislators a comparative law study Constitutional courts Legislative power Judicial review Comparative law LAW / Comparative bisacsh Verfassungsgerichtsbarkeit (DE-588)4062793-7 gnd Internationaler Vergleich (DE-588)4120509-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4062793-7 (DE-588)4120509-1 |
| title | Constitutional courts as positive legislators a comparative law study |
| title_auth | Constitutional courts as positive legislators a comparative law study |
| title_exact_search | Constitutional courts as positive legislators a comparative law study |
| title_full | Constitutional courts as positive legislators a comparative law study Allan R. Brewer-Carias |
| title_fullStr | Constitutional courts as positive legislators a comparative law study Allan R. Brewer-Carias |
| title_full_unstemmed | Constitutional courts as positive legislators a comparative law study Allan R. Brewer-Carias |
| title_short | Constitutional courts as positive legislators |
| title_sort | constitutional courts as positive legislators a comparative law study |
| title_sub | a comparative law study |
| topic | Constitutional courts Legislative power Judicial review Comparative law LAW / Comparative bisacsh Verfassungsgerichtsbarkeit (DE-588)4062793-7 gnd Internationaler Vergleich (DE-588)4120509-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Constitutional courts Legislative power Judicial review Comparative law LAW / Comparative Verfassungsgerichtsbarkeit Internationaler Vergleich |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024536223&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT brewercariasallanrandolph constitutionalcourtsaspositivelegislatorsacomparativelawstudy |