The Russian origins of the First World War:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge, Mass. [u.a.]
Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press
2011
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Rezension Inhaltsverzeichnis Zusätzliche Angaben Register // Gemischte Register |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | XII, 324 S. Ill., Kt. 23 cm |
| ISBN: | 9780674062108 0674062108 9780674072336 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The Russian origins of the First World War |c Sean McMeekin |
| 264 | 1 | |a Cambridge, Mass. [u.a.] |b Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press |c 2011 | |
| 300 | |a XII, 324 S. |b Ill., Kt. |c 23 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
| 648 | 4 | |a Geschichte 1900-2000 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Außenpolitik | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Geschichte | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Weltkrieg (1914-1918) | |
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| 653 | |a World War, 1914-1918 / Causes | ||
| 653 | |a World War, 1914-1918 / Russia | ||
| 653 | |a Imperialism / History / 20th century | ||
| 653 | |a Russia / Foreign relations / 1894-1917 | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804148544240615424 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Abbreviations
ix
Author s Note
xi
Introduction: History from the Deep Freeze
ι
ι.
The Strategic Imperative in
1914 6
2.
It Takes Two to Tango: The July Crisis
41
3.
Russia s War: The Opening Round
76
4.
Turkey s Turn
98
5.
The Russians and Gallipoli
115
6.
Russia and the Armenians
141
7.
The Russians in Persia
175
8.
Partitioning the Ottoman Empire
194
9. 1917:
The Tsarist Empire at Its Zenith
214
Conclusion: The October Revolution and
Historical Amnesia
234
Notes
245
Bibliography
289
Acknowledgments 3°3
Index 3°7
Maps
The Russian Empire on the Eve of World War I
8
The Polish Salient
18
The Peacetime Deployment of Russia s Army
Corps
20
The Initial Mobilization Pattern on the Eastern
Front
83
Russian Claims on Austrian and German
Territory gi
The Straits, and Russian Claims on Them
132
Russia and the Armenians
167
Persia and the Caucasian Front
187
The Partition of the Ottoman Empire
206
The Eastern Front
219
Index
Abdul Hamid
II,
17,24,143,149;
and coun¬
terrevolution,
145;
fall of,
17,24
Abrurrezak Bey,
148-149
Adamov,
Α. Α.,
ібг,
164
Adamov
report,
162,164,2761150,
278П75
Adana,
146,166,171;
and Armenian deporta¬
tions,
171
Adrianople
(Edirne),
26,118,136;
in First
Balkan War,
26;
and Russian territorial
claims,
118
Aegean Sea and Aegean Islands,
3,104,107,
118,160;
Russian claims to,
118
Aehrenthal, Baron Alois Lexa
von, 16,28,
36,117,146,
250П21,258П43;
and first
Bosnian crisis,
16,28,36
Afghanistan,
7,14,176,184,186,193,
250Ш4;
and Anglo-Russian Accord of
1907,14,
250ПЦ;
and German holy war plans,
184,186,193;
and Great Game intrigue,
176
Ahmad Shah,
186,188
Airapetov,
Oleg,
247Г14,254П73
Akçam,
Tañer,
170-171,
272П3,276П62,
278П75
Albania,
27,88,90,96
Albertini,
Luigi,
47,55-56,
246m,
256П4;
questions foreknowledge of Sarajevo plot,
Alekseev, General M. V.,
дз,
217-218,223-
225,227,232,
285П2О;
and abdication of
tsar,
224,
286п2б;
advocates separate
peace,
223η
Aleppo,
144,165-166,168
Alexander III,
79
Alexandra Feodorovna
(Alix
of Hesse),
217,
236,2591149
Alsace-Lorraine,
54,77;
and French revan-
chist territorial ambition,
54,90,232
Amanus Mountains,
15,172
Anatolia,
7,12,14,17,19,25,95,121,147,150-
153,156,161,168,171-172,194,202-203,
205,212,218,220,224,227;
occupied by
Russian troops,
202-203,205,212,227;
and Russian imperial ambition,
7,12,19,
95,156,161;
as WWI conflict zone,
168,
171-172,218,220,224,
278П75
Anglo-Russian Accord of
1907,14,99,175,
Ankara,
15,17,97,121,161,172,192,204-205,
208-209,213,220,222;
deportations of
Armenians from,
172
Anzac troops,
137-139,168
Apis. See
Dimitrijević,
Colonel
Dragutin
Arabia,
11-12,197,200,210,227;
in British
thinking,
11-12,197
З07
Зо8
Index
Ardahan,
127,160,
287ШІ
Armenia and Armenians,
3-4,12,33,96,121,
141-174,186,193,198-200,202-203,210-
213,230,240;
aid and arms furnished by
Russians,
153-159,161,164-166,168,
277nn66,68; in British thinking,
144-145,
202-204;
in
Cilicia,
146,166,168,171,200,
203,
273П9;
deported by Ottoman govern¬
ment,
142,154,169-174,193,
272П3,
277П73,278П75;
and Djemal s mythical
peace offer,
198-200;
and European au¬
tonomy reform campaign,
12,151-152;
and exemptions from wartime deporta¬
tions,
171,
278П76;
in French thinking,
203;
massacres in
1915,4,142,170-174,
242,
278П78;
numbers killed during war¬
time deportations, genocide contro¬
versy,
142,172,242,
278П78;
prewar upris¬
ings,
33, 142-150,
152-15З;
repression of
and depredations against by Kurdish
tribesmen,
143,147-149,172;
repression of
by Ottoman authorities,
4,142-146,170-
174;
revolutionary organizations and Rev¬
olutionary Federation of,
142,144-145,
47,
153,
158,242,
277П73;
Russian aban¬
donment of their cause,
210-213;
in Rus¬
sian thinking,
17,149-159,
203;
and Rus¬
sia s Provisional Government,
230;
and
support for Russia in WWI,
153-155;
and Van uprising of
1915,169-170;
war¬
time deportations,
170-173,
277П73,
2781175
Armstrong Whitworth (British firm),
37-38,
255П80
Artamonov, General Viktor,
47,
257nni7,2i
Asquith, Herbert H.,
104,122-125,215,240,
242,2671111
Austria-Hungary,
10-13,15-16,19,21-27,35,
41,43-56,58-71,73,76-88,92-94,96-98,
101,107,114,116-117,128-129,146,175,
183,196,213,215,220,231;
annexation of
Bosnia-Herzegovina,
10-11,27,117,146;
Balkan policies,
11-12;
and Balkan wars,
11-12;
consuls report on Russia s secret
mobilization,
62;
and Crimean War,
23,
175;
Czech minority,
88;
declares war on
Serbia,
43,45,66,68,70;
Fifth Army,
84;
First Army,
84;
and First Balkan War,
24-
25;
and first Bosnian crisis,
10;
impor¬
tance of Galician province in Russian mo¬
bilization plans,
19, 22,24,50,56,59, 61,
73,79, 80-82, 84-88,90,92-94,96-97,
101,116,128, 213,216,218,228,231;
inves¬
tigation of Sarajevo incident,
49,
258П27;
and July crisis,
44;
mobilization debacle
of
1914, 81-82;
mobilization plan B,
55-
56,59;
mobilization plan R,
22,55-56;
mobilization speed,
63-64,81-82;
Rus¬
sia s view of impending collapse,
22,48-
50,54;
Ruthenes,
88,94,
251П28;
Sec¬
ond Army,
81-82,84,183;
and Second
Balkan War,
27;
and Serbia,
27,
43~44;
Sixth Army of,
84;
Slavic minority sub¬
jects,
21,96;
Slovak minority,
88;
territo¬
ries as object of Russian imperial ambi¬
tion,
22;
ultimatum to Serbia,
46,51,
53-54,58.
See also Central powers;
Gali¬
cia
Aylmer, General Fentonjohn,
190
Azerbaijan,
12,122,127,176,178-181,189,
240.
See
aho
Persian Azerbaijan
Baghdad,
4,189-192,221-222,
282П53;
falls
to British,
192,221;
as WWI battleground,
189-192,221-222,
282П53
Baghdad railway,
15,171-172
Baku,
4,175,185
Balfour Declaration,
203,210,240,242
Balkan wars,
4,11,22,24,28-29,47-48,50,
52,98,100,104,117,146,150,154,158,
160,210;
and Russia,
11,28-29,47-48,50,
52,100
Ballhausplatz
and
Ballplatz, 21,88,
252П49
Baranovichi,
81,173.
See
aho
Stavka
Baratov, General
N.
N.,
175,186,188-193,
191η,
214,221-222,226-227,229,231,
280П43,
28inn47,48,
282П53,286П33,
287П40;
advance into Mesopotamia,
222
Bark, Peter,
22П,
56-58,
259П59
Batum,
103,160,205,221,
287mi
Bažili,
Nikolai,
93,115-120,166,223-226;
1914
Straits memorandum,
117-120,166;
1917
Straits memorandum,
223-224
Beirut,
31
Belgium,
25,77-78,80,90,98,112,123,177,
232,241;
neutrality violated by Germany,
71,123,177
Index
¡од
Belgrade,
24,27,
42-43,
46-48,
49η,
51,
5945
Benckendorff, Count
Alexander Konstanti-
novich, 38-40,70,99,102,108,122-123,
126,133,136,151,177-179,241,
255П81,
262Ш02
Berchtold,
Count
Leopold von, 44,53,
2591145
Berlin, 1,6,10-12,14-16,22-26,30-32,36,
40П,
42-46,49-51,56-57,62,65-73,75,
79-80,82,89,103,106,114,117,124,128,
143,149,151,182,196,216-217,235-236,
239,245m,
259П57,260П78;
1878
Con¬
gress of,
10,23,124; 1878
Treaty of,
36,
117,143
Bernhardi, General
Friedrich
von, 118
Bethmann
Hollweg,
Theobald
von, 6,10,13,
40,43-45,50-51,57,64-69,71-72,77,
256П5,259П57,261П89;
and blank
cheque,
43;
and Britain,
71-72;
fear of en¬
circlement,
13;
and German Social Demo¬
crats,
66,69;
and growth of Russian
power,
6,40,
256Ш5;
missing papers of,
45;
and Riezler diaries,
6,45,
256П5;
strategy of bluff,
44-45
Beykos,
137,
271П46
Bicherakhov, Lieutenant-General L. R,
287П40
Bismarck,
Otto von, 10,99,101,121,144-145,
239;
on Eastern Question,
99,101
Bitlis (city and vilayet),
147,149,152-153,
166,168,192,194,202,208,211,230;
Ar¬
menian deportations from,
278П78;
Ar¬
menian uprisings in,
166,168,211;
battle
in,
152-153;
Russian claims on and occu¬
pation of,
192,194,202,208,230
Black Hand,
42,142,
257П17,258П27
Black Sea,
3,12,17,28-29,31,
SÖ-S?,
59,
7<>-
71,103-106,109-112,114,117-119,128,
44-137,192,194,202,204-205,208,211,
221,223,225,227-228,234;
as WWI bat¬
tleground,
103-106,109-112,128,131,134-
137,202,204-205,211,223,
271П46;
eco¬
nomic importance for Russian trade,
28-29,117-119,128;
and Russian strategy,
17,28-29,31,35-37,117-119,234,2541173,
255П80.
See
aho
Russia, Black Sea fleet
Blank cheque,
43,56
Bloxham, Donald,
272П3,273П6
Bobroff, Ronald,
247П4,253П63,254П73,
271П50,
282mi
Boghos Nubar Pasha,
199,210
Bolshevik Party and Bolsheviks,
2,225,227-
232,234-236,
287П40;
repudiate Tsarist-
era obligations,
235-236;
and secret cor¬
respondence,
2,
253П63;
surrender,
232,
235
Bordeaux,
85,92
Bosnia-Herzegovina,
10-11,16,24,27-28,42,
47-48,88,90,117,121,146;
annexation by
Austria-Hungary,
10-11,16,117,121,146;
and First Balkan War,
24;
and first Bos¬
nian crisis,
16,27-28,239
Bosphorus,
28,30-31,95,103-105,111-112,
115,118-120,131,133-134,136,138,141,
145,181,192,195,221,224,239,
253ппб5,6д, 254П73,27Ш46;
shore de¬
fenses,
30-31,103-104,136,138,221,224;
as WWI battleground,
103-105,111-112,
120,133-134,136,138,141,221,224,239.
See
aho
Straits
Bresbu,
103-107,109,111,117,119,137,221,
223,
285П20;
renamed,
105;
repairs,
221,
223
Brest-Litovsk,
16,62-63,67,235-236;
mar¬
tial law in,
67; 1918
Peace Treaty,
232,235-
236;
as railway junction,
16
Briand,
Aristide,
209,216,283
Britain,
3,7,10-13,23,31,37-39,45,70-73,
77,80,97,100-102,118,122,124-126,128-
130,135,139,145,160,175-186,189,192-
193,
195-197,203-204,220,235,241;
Ad¬
miralty,
39,109,125-126,133,136,
270П32;
and Afghanistan,
176,184,193,
25ОПЦ;
alliance with Russia,
37-38,
дд;
bellig¬
erence in July
1914,68-73,175;
blockades
Central powers,
78;
in Crimean War,
23,
77,100,175;
Dardanelles campaign,
120-
121,125-126,128,130,133-137,142,156,
160-161,166,177,193-194,196,237,239,
241,
27ОП32,27ІП50,272П2;
dreadnoughts
for Ottoman navy,
30,33,36-39;
economy
of,
7,10;
empire,
11-13;
expeditionary
force,
73,80;
Foreign Office,
100,123,176,
200;
freezes Russian assets,
235;
Gallipoli
campaign,
131-139,160;
helps partition
Ottoman Empire,
3,195-197,202-205,
248П5;
naval mission to Ottoman Empire,
310
Index
Britain (continued)
36,39;
navy and naval power,
73,102,124-
126;
and pan-Islam,
176-178,183-186,
205;
as perfidious Albion,
37;
and Per¬
sia,
12-13,175-186,189;
and Polish ques¬
tion,
89-90,216-217;
on Russia and Tur¬
key,
38-39,99,123,144,240;
Russophiles
and Russophilia, gg,
125,180,182;
Russo¬
phobes in,
14,179;
war aims,
135,176-177,
181-182, 195-197,203-205,209-210,240-
242;
and Zionism,
203,205,210,240,242
Brasilov, General
Α. Α.,
213,215,217,231,
285П3
Buchanan, Sir George,
13η,
38,51,69-72,85,
89-90,92,95,97,121,126,128,130-131,
176-177,
i8i,
201-204,217,
255П80,
263П105,283П16;
and British policy,
71-
72;
deceived by
Paléologue
and Sazonov,
69-72;
and Persian question,
177,181;
and
Polish question,
89-90,217,
265П28;
and
Sykes-Picot negotiations,
201-204
Bucharest, 198-200;
1913
Treaty of,
27
Budapest,
93,142
Bulgaria,
23,25-28,88,90,109-110,135,139,
146,196,
253П60,
273118;
as belligerent in
WWI,
196,218,221;
and Constantinople
and Straits,
25,30-31;
in First Balkan War,
23;
as neutral in WWI,
88,90,107,109-
110,135,139,
253П60,271П45;
planning
exercises with Russia,
26-27;
in Second
Balkan War,
27
Byzantium,
25,195
Cambon, Jules,
68,
262П96
Canning, Lord Stratford
de Redcliffe,
Vis¬
count,
100
Cape
Helles,
135,138,193,237
Capitulations,
103,112-113
Carden, Sackville
Hamilton, Sir,
126,133,
136-137,141,
271П43
Carlotti
di Riparbella,
Marquis Carl,
51
Çatalca
lines,
23
Caucasus,
3-4,14-15,19,35,60,70-71,107,
122,127,129-130,146,154,158,160,165,
172,179,227,240,242,272113,
273П9;
Christian population,
154;
nuli
tary
district
and Russian army units,
17,19,61,73,101,
107,129,161,168,173-174,177,185-186,
192-193,199,204,211^213,215,218,220,
228;
Muslim population,
14,104,159-160,
240;
rail lines,
35,
254П73;
as WWI battle¬
ground,
104,107-108,119,127,129,160-
161,164,168,173-175,177,
192-193,
211-
212, 215,220, 222, 227,
246П2
Central Asia,
14,17,
25ОП14
Central powers,
56,58,73,77,80,82,88,90,
106,175,184,215,226,231,235-236,
284П46;
economies,
73,77
Ceyhan,
166,168
Chanak,
135
Chelius, General
Oskar von, 63
Chile,
36,38;
dreadnoughts,
36,38,
255П80
China,
7,12,13;
economy,
7;
territory,
19
Chorister s Bridge,
14,17,24,27,148,156
Churchill, Winston,
39,73,99,101-105,119,
125-126,128,130-131,134-137,141,156,
179,236-239,242,
263П5,
266116,
27ОП32,
272Π2;
accused of Russophobia,
179;
commandeers Turkish dreadnoughts,
102-103,105,119,
2б6п6;
and Dardanelles
campaign,
125-126,131,
134-135,
141-142,
270П32;
and Gallipoli campaign,
141;
in¬
dulges France fell on its sword for Rus¬
sia myth,
238,
263П5;
quoted,
73,126,
131,134,237,
263П5,272П2;
and Russian
complaints about Ottoman dreadnoughts,
39
Cilicia,
15,146,166,168,171-172,
ідб-198,
200-201,203,
273П9;
competing claims
on,
196-198,200-201,203,210;
covert ac¬
tivity and rebellions in,
166,168,171-172
Clausewitz, Carl,
76
Clemenceau,
Georges,
215
Committee of Union and Progress (CUP),
30,100,149,152,198-199;
program,
149
Congress Poland. See Poland (Russian)
Conrad
von Hötzendorf,
France
von, 78,81-
82,84-85,87,
258ГЦ3;
mobilization di¬
lemmas,
82,84
Constantinople,
6-7,12,15,17,21,23-28,30-
31,33-35,37,59,95-98,100-101,104-106,
109-111,115-116,122-125,128,130-131,
135,139,42,146,151,159,170,172,176-
177,192,194-200,205,208-209,220-221,
223-228,230-232,234-235,237,239-240,
242,
271П50,273П8,
2841134;
Armenians
deported from,
172;
Christian population,
Index
17,146;
as great prize of WWI,
124,139,
214,226,233,237;
as object of Russian im¬
perial ambition,
6-7,12,17,21,23-24,26-
28,33-35,59,95-97,100-101,115-116,
122-125,130-131,159,192,194-197,204,
208-209,220-221,223-228,230-232,234,
237,239-240,242;
promised by Britain to
Russia,
122-125,177,195,204;
as Second
Rome,
28,116;
as
Tsargrad,
25,28,133,
139,210,213,224-225,228,231-232;
as
WWI battlefield objective,
104-106,109-
110,135,139,159,192,223-228,230,232
Cracow,
24,93-94
Crete,
146
Creusot, rifles and guns of,
24
Crimean War of
1853-1856,7,23,32,100,
116,124,175,204-205
Ctesiphon
(Selmán
Pak),
Battle of,
189
Dadrian, Vahakn,
170,
272П3
Dalmaţia,
24,88,90
Damascus,
4,168,198,200
Danilov, Yuri,
6,19,26,63,81,117,120,
250П24,253П69,254П73,264П8
Dankl, General Viktor,
84-85
Dardanelles,
28,30,37,95,103-104,107,110,
115,117-118,120-121,125-126,128-131,
1ЗЗ-137,
142,156,159-161,166,177,181,
193-194,196,237,239,241;
closure by Ot¬
toman Empire,
110,117-118;
Russian
claims on,
95,115,118,120,131,
181; Rus¬
sian claims renounced,
231;
shore de¬
fenses,
30,118,128,136;
WWI campaign,
103-104,120-121,125-126,129-130,133-
137,142,159-161,166,177,193-194,196,
237,239,241,
27ОП32,271П50,272П2
Dashnaktsutyun Committee and party
( Dashnaks ),
142,148-154,158,164,
168-169,174,
ХЭ8,
242;
branches in Er-
zurum and Van,
164;
fight alongside Otto¬
man army,
150-152;
and Ottoman depor¬
tation orders,
277П73;
overcome by
Russophilia,
150;
rising in Van,
168-
170;
smuggle Armenians,
154,158;
smug¬
gle weapons,
150;
spied on by Russia,
149;
support by Ottoman government before
WWI,
147-148.
See
abo
Hunchakian Rev¬
olutionary Party ( Hunchaks )
Delcassé,
Théophile,
32,
253П60
Denikin, Lieutenant-General Anton,
224,
228,231-232,
286П24,287П40
Deseos,
Leon,
256mi
Diarbakir,
203,208-209,213
Dilman,
161,180
Dimitnjević,
Colonel
Dragutin
( Apis ),
42,
47
Disraeli, Benjamin,
10,124,144-145,
273П8
Djavid Bey, Mehmed,
106,110,112-113,
268П43;
resigns,
113
Djemal Pasha, Ahmed,
110,113,198,201,
282П12;
and Armenian deportations,
277П73;
joins war party, HO; memoirs,
110;
mythical peace offer,
198-201, 208,
210,
282ml,
283П16
Dobrorolskii, General Sergei,
55,60,66
Dörtyol, 166,168,171;
and Armenian depor¬
tations,
170-171;
landing of Armenian
agents,
166,
276П59
Doumergue,
Gaston,
52
Duma. See Russia, parliament
Dumaine, Alfred,
53
Diindar, Fuat,
172,
273П3,278П78
Durham, Lord (John George Lambton),
13
Dzhafarov,
Mahmud Yusuf, 160
Eastern Prussia,
7,15,19,77-78,80-81,85-
86,92-94,174,
264П5;
German rail net¬
work in,
15;
and Russian imperial ambi¬
tion,
7,96;
and Russia s mobilization,
19,
77-78,80-81,
264П5;
as WWI battle¬
ground,
78,80-81,85-86,92-94,174,
264П5
Eastern Question. See Ottoman Empire, de¬
cline of
Eberhart,
Admiral Andrei,
104,109,136-139,
141,168,192,224,
270П32,
27іпп43,4б
Edirne.
See Adrianople
Eggeling, Major
Bernhard
von, 62,64
Egypt,
11,25,
ιοί,
122,124,177,184,203;
and
British,
11,124,177,184
Emperor Alexander III,
35
Empress Catherine II,
35,221
Empress Maria,
35-36
Emperor Nicholas 1,
35
Enos-Midia line,
97,115,118,131,194
Entente
Cordiale
of
1904,175
312
Index
Entente Powers and Alliance,
2-3, 31-32,45-
46,56,58,67,71-73,77-78,86,90,92,95,
100,104,112-113,115,120,135,151,175-
178,184,193,196,203,218,236,
248П5,
257П16;
ambassadors in Constantinople,
103-104,106,112-113,151;
and Capitula¬
tions,
103,112-113;
casualties in Gallipoli
campaign,
139;
economic power,
77-78;
partition of Ottoman Empire,
3,209-210;
and peace with Central powers,
90;
and
Persian question,
12-13,175-178,182-186,
188-189,
250Ш4;
and Polish question,
209,215-226
Enver (Pasha), Ismail,
103,105-107,110,112-
113,127,129,159-160,171-172,
268П40;
and Armenian deportation campaign,
171-172,
277П73;
and Bosphorus and Dar¬
danelles,
103;
heads war party,
110,113,
268П40;
inserts passage into note of apol¬
ogy,
112;
orders reduction of Armenian
population,
172;
pan-Turanianism,
160;
recruits anti-Russian volunteers from
Caucasian Muslim minorities,
159;
requi¬
sitions Russian merchandise,
103;
and
Russian alliance,
106-107,129;
and
Sankamiş
disaster,
127;
sends Ottoman
troops to
Galicia,
284П46
Enzeli,
179-180,182,185-186;
Russian land¬
ing at,
186
Erzincan,
164,168,192-193,202;
Armenian
rebel groups in,
164;
claimed and occu¬
pied by Russia,
192-193,202,208,211
Erzurum,
108,144,153-154,164,168,192-
193,
196,202,208,
an,
220,
275П38,
278П75;
Armenian revolutionary groups,
153,158;
and Armenian uprisings during
war,
164,
278П75;
captured by Russians,
192-193,196,202;
control of as Russian
war aim,
208,
230; deserters in
1914,154;
as headquarters of Ottoman Third Army,
192;
Russian consul,
108,164;
as WWI
battleground,
144,154,168,192-193,196,
202.
See
aho
Adamov
report
Falkenhayn, Erich
von, 215,
261П89
Ferdinand 1,
25,
251П40
Ferguson, Niall,
241,
245m
First Balkan War,
23-24,27,48,55,71,
48,
239
First Bosnian crisis,
16,27-28,239
First Gulf War of
1990-91,28
Fischer, Fritz,
1,3,25,39,50,
67,
239,
245м;
on German responsibility for outbreak of
WWI,
1,25,43,45,65-66,239,
245m,
247П4;
Griff nach der Weltmacht, 1,43,
245m; and mythical German war coun¬
cil of December
1912,25,
251П39
Fisher, Baron John Arbuthnot,
126
Fitzmaurice, Dragoman Gerald,
100
France,
2-3,7,10-13,15-16,19,21-24,29,31-
32,41,44-47,49-50,52-54,56,68-69,71,
73,77-80,82,84,86,89-90,120-121,123,
128,174-175,195,197,201-204,208-209,
215,220,235,238-240,242;
alliance with
Russia,
2,13,15,19,31,31-32,41,52-54,
56,78-80,
253П64;
archives,
45,2561111;
and Austria-Hungary s ultimatum to Ser¬
bia,
46;
collusion with Russia in July
1914,
46-47,68-69,71-73;
and cooperation
with Russian military,
56,68,82,
250П26;
Creusot weapons manufactured by,
24;
and Crimean War,
23,32,77,175;
and
Dardanelles campaign,
119-120,130-131,
1ЗЗ-134,
139,
19З-194;
diplomats,
100-101,
106,113;
economy,
7;
empire,
10-12;
and
Entente alliance,
13,175;
falls on its
sword for Russia,
79;
and Franco-Prus¬
sian war,
10;
freezes Russian assets,
235;
and Gallipoli,
138-139,168;
genocide de¬
nial laws,
242;
high command,
77;
mili¬
tary convention with Russia,
79-80,175;
and minesweepers for Ottoman navy,
37;
Ottoman holdings,
131,195,209;
and par¬
tition of the Ottoman Empire,
3,31,121,
197,201-204,208-209,
248П5;
and Polish
question,
89-90,209,216-217,240;
réveil
national optimism,
77;
role in July crisis,
261П94;
and Russian railway building,
21,
284П35;
summit with Russia,
44-46,52-
54,65;
war aims,
90,95-97,121,130-131;
in WWI,
78-80,82,84,86,92,97,107,
128,130-131,174,
246m,
265П16
François,
General Hermann
von, 85,
265П21
Franco-Prussian war of
1870-71,10
Franz Ferdinand, Archduke,
39,41-42,45-
48,50,98,142,239;
murdered in Sara¬
jevo,
39,41
Franz Josef 1,
22,82
Index
Fromkin, David, 43,100-101,245m,
248П7,
282П8
Fuller,
William
С, 247П3,
25ОП22,264П5
Galicia,
Austrian,
19,22,24,50,56,5g, 61,
79-82,84-88,90,92-97,128,173,213,
215-216,218,228-231;
Austrian garrisons,
24;
and Austrian mobilization dilemmas,
56,59,81-82;
Eastern area and Russia,
22,
85-87,90,92-94,211,216;
ethnic compo¬
sition,
87,93-95;
Jewish population,
93-
95;
as object of Russian imperial ambi-
•
tion,
7,22,50,80,95-97,101;
Polish
population,
88,90,93;
as Russian mili¬
tary objective,
73,80,84-85,95-97,
ιοί,
116,128,213,218,228-231;
Ruthenians,
88,94,
251П28;
western area,
88,90,173;
as WWI battleground,
80,82,84-88,90,
92-94,128,173,213,215-216,218,228-
23і,284п4б
Gallipoli,
4,23,115,117-119,121,133-142,
156,150-161,164-165,171,174,178,184,
190-193.196-197,208,220-221,223,237-
240,
272П2;
and British strategy,
133-137;
and Russian strategy,
117-119,156,160;
WWI campaign,
121,133-142,159,
l7h
174,178,184,190-193,196-197,220,223,
237-239
Geiss,
Immanuel,
66-67,
26inn89,go;
quoted,
67
George V,
123,125,130,177
Germany,
1-3,5-7,10,12-14,32-33,35,37,
39,41,43,50,54-55,58,62-64,66-73,
77-80,84,86,88,92,96,101-102,106-
107,118,122-125,128-131,151,174-175,
194,196,220,232,235,238-243,
245м;
arguments over responsibility for WWI,
1-2,5,43-44,
245Ш, 247П4;
and Arme¬
nian issue,
151,164,
278П75;
bid for
world power,
1,43,
245m; blockaded by
Britain,
78;
economy,
6-7,10;
Eighth
Army,
55,77,81-82,84,86;
fears of An¬
glo-Russian naval convention,
39;
fears of
encirclement,
13;
fears of Russia,
6-7,
256П5;
fears of Slavic hordes and
mounted Huns,
1,13,81;
foreign policy,
12,88;
General Staff,
12;
geostrategists,
115,118;
imperial ambitions,
10,12,232;
inaugurates
Kriegsgefahrzustand, 67,
2біп8д;
insists Ottoman Empire declare
holy war,
115,178; Krupp
guns,
10;
and
Liman
affair,
11,30-32;
mobilization
speed,
63;
and Ottoman Empire,
11-12,14,
30-33,35,104-113,
б,
124-125;
and Pol¬
ish question,
87-88,217;
press war with
Russia,
32,40,50,
255П83,258П32;
repa¬
rations and war guilt thesis,
2;
role in
July crisis,
39,44-45,64-68,72-75;
and
Russia s early mobilization,
62-68,71-72;
and separate peace with Russia,
194,
215,223,236,
285П9;
September Program,
77,232;
turnip winter,
215;
and ultima¬
tum to Serbia,
43,45-46,51;
victory at
Tannenberg, 77,85-86,
265П21;
war aims,
1,3,232;
and western front in
1914,78;
in
WWI,
77-80,84,86,92,122-125,128-131,
173-174,194,196,220,235-236,238-241,
243,
263П5.
See
abo
Central powers
Giesl
von
Gieslingen, Baron
Wladimir, 48,
2591145;
and Hartwig s death,
49η
Girs,
Μ. Ν.,
25,30-31,98,
юо-пз,
150-151;
command of Russian Black Sea fleet,
25,
100;
and growth of Ottoman fleet,
30-31;
andjoint army-navy planning meeting of
Gizman
(Kâgizman),
161,168,
276П63
Gladstone, William,
123-124,143-145,
273nn7,8; Bulgarian Horrors pamphlet,
143-144;
Midlothian campaign,
144,
273П7
Goeben,
103-107,109,112,117,119,137,221,
223,
2б8ппз7,39,2бдп7,27Ш43,285П20;
renamed,
105;
repairs,
221,223
Goltz Pasha,
Colmar
von der, 190,222
Goremykin, I. L.,
29,87,94-95,216
Gorlice-Tarnow, Battle of,
134,173
Goschen,
Sir Edward,
255П83
Grand Duke Nicholas of Russia (Nikolai
Nikolaevich Romanov),
19,54,68,81,84,
86-89,92-93,95,120,127,129-130,135,
160,185,190-193,211-213,215,217,220,
223,231;
and Armenian issue,
211-213,
231;
banquet for President
Poincaré,
54;
as Francophile,
19;
assumes Caucasian
command,
185,190-192;
forced out from
Tiflis command,
227;
Polish manifesto of,
87-89,95,215,217;
and Russia fell on its
sword for France myth,
263П5;
requests
British aid against Ottoman Empire,
127,
129-130,135,160
Index
Great Britain. See Britain
Greece,
23,27,40,88,104,110,135,146;
in First Balkan War,
23;
and Gallipoli
campaign,
126,139;
in Second Balkan
War,
27
Greek Orthodox Church and Patriarch,
25,
116
Greek
Uniate
Church,
94,
25ІП28
Grey, Sir Edward,
38-40, 69-72,99,102,
108,117,122,124-126,130-131,133,176-
185,
19З,
!95>
203-204,240,242,
272П2;
counteroffer to Russia during first Bos¬
nian crisis,
117-118;
deceived about Rus¬
sian intentions,
70-72;
dismisses German
and Russian complaints,
39,69,
255П83;
and Persia,
177-179,181;
promises to Rus¬
sia,
122,195,242;
proposal to mediate Bal¬
kan conflict,
71,74;
and Zionist cause,
203-204
Grigorevich, I. K.,
25-26,34,36-38,59,
204-205,208,
253П69;
at army-navy plan¬
ning conference,
253П69,254П73;
and as¬
surances of fleet readiness,
34,59;
and Ot¬
toman naval orders,
255П80;
and Sinop as
postwar Russian naval base,
205
Guchkov,
А. І., 22П,
224-226,230-232
Gulkevich, K. N.,
165
Halil Kut
Pasha,
190,222
Hall, William Reginald, Captain,
203
Hamadan,
189,191,222
Hanekin,
15,182,190-191,
281П48
Hanbury-Williams,
Major-General
John,
129-131
Hankey, Maurice,
125-126
Hartwig,
Nikolai,
24,47-50,54;
and Balkan
coalition,
24,47-48;
death,
48-49,
49η;
pan-Slavism,
48,50,54;
possible fore¬
knowledge of Sarajevo plot,
47,
257П17;
response to Sarajevo incident,
48
Hatay,
168,196
Herwig,
Holger,
64,67,
261П89;
quoted,
64,
245m,
257П16,261П91
Hindenburg, Paul
von, 215
Hitler, Adolf,
85,135,
278П75
Hovannisian, Richard,
272П3
House, Colonel Edward
Mandeli,
50;
quoted,
41,50
Hoy,
161,180
Hoyos,
Count Alexander, and
Hoyos
mis¬
sion,
43-44
Hunchakian Revolutionary Party
( Hunchaks ),
142,149,164,166,174,
242;
and Ottoman deportation orders,
277П73;
report to Tiflis command,
166.
See also Dashnaktsutyun Committee and
party ( Dashnaks )
Hussein bin
Ali, Sherif
of Mecca,
184,197,
210
Igdyr (Igdir),
161,
276П63
Imbros,
118,194,208,240
Imperial Russia. See Russia
India, British,
13-14,101,122,176-178,184,
193;
in British thinking,
13-14,101,122,
193;
Muslims and Muslim opinion in,
176-179,184.
See
aho
Britain, empire of
Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organi¬
zation (IMRO),
142,149
Iran. See Persia
Iraq. See Mesopotamia
Irkutsk, military district of,
60
Isfahan,
182-183,188-189
Islam and Islamic world,
3-4,114,176-179,
184-186,243;
in British thinking,
176-179,
184;
in German thinking,
115,176,178,
184,186,193;
in Russian thinking,
114,
183-185
Ispolkom
(Petrograd
Soviet),
225-228,230,
232,287;
Order No.
1,226-227
Istanbul. See Constantinople
Italy,
23,71,135,139,146;
cruisers for Otto¬
man navy,
30,37;
and Ottoman-Italian
war,
4,28-29,31,117,146;
and partition of
Ottoman Empire,
235
Ivangorod,
19
Ivanov,
General Nikolai,
81,92-93;
quoted,
92-93
Izmir. See Smyrna
Izvolsky, Alexander,
15-16,27-28,36,89,
117,133,146,210,
252П49;
and Austria s
annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina,
16,28,
36,146
Japan,
13,19,58,117,
252П52;
and Russo-
Japanese war,
10-12,16-17,
!9>
585117
July crisis,
4,13,16,23,27,35,39,41-75
Index
З15
Kars, 35,159-160,2541172
Kasri-Shirin, 182,2811148
Kayseri, 164,168,202,204,208-209;
Arme¬
nian rebel groups in,
164;
and Sykes-Picot
negotiations,
202,204,208-209
Kazan, military district of,
59-60,70
Kazvin,
179-180,182,185-186,188-189,191,
280П40
Keigerjohn F. V.,
261П94
Kemal, Mustafa
( Atatürk ), 138
Kennan, George,
79
Kennedy, Paul,
249П7
Kerensky, Alexander,
220,224-225,228-231,
286П27;
and Kerensky offensive,
228-
231
Kermanshah,
189-191,
282П53
Kharput,
194,202,208
Kiev, military district of,
24,59-60,62-63,
70
Kirsanov,
N.
M.,
149
Kitchener, Field Marshal Horatio Herbert,
126-128,130-131,133-134,138,141,176-
177,184,197,203,242;
and Gallipoli cam¬
paign,
141;
and Mecca-based caliph,
176,
184,203
Klembovskii, General V. N.,
224,
286П27
Kokovtsev, V. N.,
19,25-26,31-32,56,
25ОП22;
and mobilization plans,
25,56;
opposes war party,
31-32;
ousted as chair¬
man,
29
Kolchak, Admiral A. V.,
221,223-225,227-
228,232,
287П40;
creates Tsargradskii
division,
221,224
Kölnische Zeitung,
258П32
Konya,
15,97,121
Korostovets, V.
О.,
179,183-185,
i88,
202;
denounces Townley,
179
Kovno,
68,82,93
Kraśnik,
Battle of,
85
Kress
von Kressenstein,
Colonel
Friedrich,
199
Krivoshein, A. V.,
22,25,29,50,54,58-59,
95-97,101,113,
iái,
194,
246Ш, 266П46;
argues for war,
58-59;
as
Germanophobe,
22,29,50,54;
and Sazonov,
121,194,
266П46
Krupp, 10,24,30
Kudashev, Prince
Ν. Α.,
92-93,136
Kurds. See Ottoman Empire, Kurdish militia
and tribesmen
Kut-al-Amara, siege of,
190-193,196,221-
222
Laguiche, General Marquis
de, 56,68-69,
239,
262П95;
explains Russia s plan to
make Germany appear the aggressor,
69;
reports on Russia s secret mobilization,
68-69
Lake Narotch, Battle of,
215,
285П3
Lausanne,
1923
Treaty of,
4
Lebanon,
12,130-131,176,197-198,200,204
Lemberg (Lvov or Lviv),
24,61,85,228;
falls
to Russia,
85;
as object of Russian military
offensives,
61,85,228;
under Russian mil¬
itary occupation,
93
Lemnos,
118
Lenin, V. I.,
225,231,234-235;
and Marxism-
Leninism,
2,232,
247П4
Leontiev, General
Μ. Ν.,
106-107,204
Lewy,
Guenter,
273П3,278П78
Libya,
4
Lichnowsky, Prince Karl Max,
39-40,69,71,
255П83;
and Russia s secret mobilization,
69,71
Lieven,
Admiral
Α. Α.,
253П63
Lieven,
D.
С. В., 24бш, 253п6з, 254П73,
257П17
Liman
von Sanders, 11,30-34,
36,
107,
m,
239;
and
Liman
affair, a,
30,32,239,
2531163;
military mission,
11,31,33,36,
107,112
Limpus, Rear-Admiral Sir Arthur H.,36,
38-39
Lincoln, Abraham,
98
Linke, Horst Günther,
247П4,271П50,
282mi
Lloyd George, David, 215,240
Lodz,
Battle of,
93-94
London, 11-13,16,32,37-40,42,69-73,78,
80,89-90,100-102,117,120,122-125,
128-131,136,145,151,164,166,175-176,
178,188,194-195,199-200,202,210,232,
239-242,
248П5,252П52,258П27,
2661146;
1841
convention,
117; 1913
Treaty,
71; 1914
convention or protocol,
90,236,
265П35.
See
ako
Whitehall
Lublin,
62,85
Ludendorff, General Erich,
85,215
Lvov. See Lemberg
3i6
Index
Macedonia,
23,28,88,90,
253П60
Mahmud,
Sheikh,
147-149
Mahmut
Kamil
Pasha,
192
Maklakov, Nikolai,
196
Mallet, Louis,
100,106
Manchuria,
12,19
Marling, Sir Charles Murray,
182-183,185
Marne,
1914
Battle of,
85-86,
264П5
Marschall von Bieberstein,
Adolf,
100
Masurian Lakes,
82,84
Maude, Sir Frederick Stanley,
221-222,
282П53,286П33
McDonald, David, 246m
Mehmed Reshad V,
17
Menning, Bruce,
63,
247П3,249П5,25ОП24,
264П5;
quoted,
63
Mesopotamia,
3,12,147-148,184,191-192,
197,200,203,210,222,224,226-227;
as
WWI battleground,
191-192,197,222,
224,226-227
Middle East,
1,3,123,176,243,
248П5;
in
WWI,
123,176,243.
See
aho
Islam and Is¬
lamic world; Ottoman Empire, collapse
of; Sykes-Picot Agreement
Miliukov, Pavel,
211-212,214,218,223-226,
230-232,239
Miller, Geoffrey,
254П73,270П32
Millerand,
Alexandre,
46
Moldavia
(Moldove),
116,218
Moltke,
Helmuth
von, 41,43-44,63-67,72,
74, 77-78,81,84,238,
256П5;
memoirs,
238,
255П3;
pessimism,
77;
pulls back,
78;
quoted,
41,44,74
Mongolia,
12,19
Montenegro,
23,50,112
Moscow,
59-60,62,68-70,
261П84
Mosul,
147,149,191,197,222,226-227,
286П33;
as headquarters of Ottoman
Sixth Army,
222,226-227,
286П33;
and
Sykes-Picot negotiations,
197
Mshak,
154,169
Muhammad
Ali
(Egyptian
khédive),
25
Mullah
Selim,
147,152-153
Muş,
143,166,198,202,
227η
Napoleon and Napoleonic wars,
13,15,116,
176
Narodna Odbrana,
2581127
Nemits, Captain A. V.,
117,
254П71
Neratov,
Α. Α.,
151,199,
254П71
New York City,
78,101
Nicholas 1,
23
Nicholas II,
16,22,25,31,33^35,37,59,61,
64,74,88-89,96-97,114,116,121,123,173,
194,197,217,221,223-224,234,236,238,
263Ш13;
abdicates,
224,
286п2б;
com¬
mand of army,
173,217;
convenes army-
navy planning meeting in
1914,34;
con¬
venes emergency ministerial meeting,
25;
creates Black Sea division,
221;
declares
war on Ottoman Empire,
114;
inaugurates
Period Preparatory to War,
59,61;
meets
France s president,
51-54;
murdered,
236;
Nicky telegrams to kaiser,
74,
263П113;
notions of honor,
74;
and postwar aims,
96-97,121,197;
questionable intelligence,
74;
ratifies naval program,
37;
reveals
truth about early mobilization,
74
Nicolson, Sir Arthur,
38,
262П102
Niedermayer, Oskar von, 186,193
Niemen
River, 21,68,82,90
Nolde,BaronB.E.,2i6
Novoe Vremya, 22,50,54,73,
25ІП34
Novorossiisk,
111,228
Nurettin Pasha,
189
Obruchev, General
N.
N.,
79
Odessa,
24,34-35,
59-6o,
62,70,111,119,
139,154,221,223,
262П97;
military district
and command,
24,
34~35,
59-60,70,119,
13З,
137,139,223,
262П97;
shelled by
Turco-German fleet,
111
Olferiev, S.,
150,153
Oltu,35,
127,161,168,
276П63;
extension of
rail lines to,
35;
formation of Armenian
guerrilla cells in,
161,168,
276П63
Omer Fevzi Bey,
182
Omsk, military district of,
60
Orthodox Church and faith,
28,94,195,204
Ottoman Empire,
3,12-13,16,22-24,26,28-
32,35-37,39,77,98-114,121-125,127,
14З,
145-150,154,158-160,194,196-198,205,
210,235,240,242-243,
248П5,253П64,
268П40;
Aegean Islands lost,
104,107,
160;
and Albanian question,
27;
and Arab
revolt,
210;
and Armenian issue,
142-166,
Index
168-174,242,
272П3;
army files,
277nn66,68,
278П78;
Assyrian Christians,
141,147,156;
belligerence in WWI,
102-
113;
and Bulgarian horrors,
144-145,
273n8; casualties in Gallipoli campaign,
139;
Christian minorities in,
142-145;
Cili-
cian province,
15,146,166,168,171,196-
198,200-201,203,210,
273П9;
collapse,
3-4;
in Crimean War,
23,77,205;
and
Dardanelles campaign,
133-137;
decline
of,
4,22-23,28,98;
defeats Serbs,
41;
de¬
ports and massacres Armenians,
142,154,
169-174,193,242,
272ПЗ, 277П73,
278nn75,78; in
1877-78
war with Russia,
10,23,58,104,124,143,145,159-160;
First
Army,
32;
in First Balkan War,
23,26,148;
Fourth Army,
168,198;
and Gallipolli
campaign,
137-140,
272П53;
and Germany,
24,99-101,105-107,109-112,115;
Greek
Phanariots of,
116;
Greek population,
17,
146,159;
Hamidiye regiments,
143,147,
169;
holy war against Entente powers,
115,
178;
Jandarma battalions,
169;
Kurdish
militia and tribesmen,
143,146-150,
147η,
log,
172;
naval buildup noticed by Russia,
30-31,35-37,39,101-102,241;
naval
strength,
119; 1909
counterrevolution,
145;
in
1911-12
war with Italy,
4;
oppresses
Armenians,
33,
143-45,
156,
273П6;
or¬
ders dreadnoughts,
30-31,35-37;
parti¬
tioned by Entente,
194-210,235,243,
248П5;
posture of neutrality in
1914,103-
104,106;
Second Army,
213,222;
in Sec¬
ond Balkan War,
27,98;
Şeykh-ul-Islam
of,
115,178;
as Sick Man of Europe,
28,
221;
Sixth Army,
189-190,222,226;
Straits,
30-31;
sultan,
15,17,24,101,116,
143,149,178,194,198;
Syriac Christians,
147,156;
Third Army,
106-107,127,129-
l3h
1ЗЗ-40»
l6o> 174> !92,
202,213,222,
227η;
in WWI,
112-115,127-131,133-110,
158-161,164-166,168-174,178-180,182-
184,189-193,196-197,210,213,220-224,
226-227,243,
2691Ш, 282П53,284П46.
See
abo
Anatolia; Armenia and Arme¬
nians; Sykes-Picot Agreement
Ottoman-Italian war of
1911-12,4,28-29,31,
117,146
Ozanian, General Andranik
Toros,
154,156
Paléologue,
Maurice,
22,45,50-54,56,62,
68,71-72,84-85,89-90,92,94-95,97,
115,121,128,130-131,195-197,201-202,
208-209,
an,
216,220,239,3561111,
259П43,262П94,283П16;
dispatches from
Petersburg,
45,
256mi,
261П94,262П95;
French claim on Constantinople,
195;
ob¬
serves Period Preparatory to War,
62;
and
Ottoman partition plans,
96-97,121,197;
and Polish question,
89-90,209,216-217;
predicts early end to war,
85;
protests
Russia s focus on Austrian front,
92;
pub¬
lished diaries,
51;
reports on Russia s
mobilization,
68,
261П94,262П95,
263П106;
and Sykes-Picot Agreement,
201-202,208-209,211
Palestine,
3-4,116,121,198,203-204,210,
224,232,240;
in British thinking,
203-
205,232,240;
in French thinking,
121,210,
232;
in Russian thinking,
204-205;
as
WWI battleground,
224
Palitsyn,
F. F., 17,19,
25ОП22
Pallavicim^Johann
Markgraf von, 109,113,
267П26
Paris,
11,13,16,19,22,42,45-46,49,57,62,
68,79-80,82,85,89,95,97,99-101,120,
128-131,151,154,166,176,194,198-200,
202-203,209-210,
252П52,
2561111,
258П27,261П94,263Ш06,277П66;
aban¬
doned as capital,
85; 1856
Peace confer¬
ence of,
116.
See
abo
Quai d Orsay
Persia,
3,7,12-15,19,
ιοί,
122-125,
ΐ28,
цб-
148,150,
ι6ι,
іб4, і66,
175-186,188-190,
193,203,218,221-222,22Ö, 227,229,
248П5,
250П14,
273η9,28ιηη47,48,
287П40;
and
Anglo-Russian Accord,
13-14,99,175-
176,185,
250Ш4;
Armenian and Kurdish
population,
146-148,150,158,161,164,
166;
railway construction plans,
15;
and
Russian imperial ambition,
3,7,12-15,19,
122-125,128,176-181,189,240,
248П5,
25ОП14,265П28;
shah,
101,186,188,
281П43;
as WWI battleground,
125,128,
164,177-186,188-193,197,218,221-222,
226-227,229,
28mn47,48,
287П40
Persian Gulf,
28
Persian Azerbaijan,
12,122,176,178-181,189;
and Russian imperial ambition,
7,12-15,
122,176,178-181,189,240,
287mi
3i8
Index
Petersburg. See St. Petersburg
Petrograd. See
St. Petersburg
Picot, François
Georges-,
197-198,200-202,
204,209-210
Plan
19,16,19,55,79,117
Ploesti oilfields,
215,218
Poincaré,
Raymond,
44-46,51-53,56,86,
89,99,128,131,239,2621194,
263Ш06;
criticizes Sazonov,
52;
meets tsar,
44-46,
51,53;
possible knowledge of Russia s
early mobilization,
239,
263П106;
and
Szápáry,
52
Poland (Russian),
15-16,19,21,24,60,67,
70,72,82,87-90,92,96,
130η,
173,176,
185,215-218,240,
256П5;
autonomy issue
and,
87-90,
130η,
216-217;
and British
foreign policy,
89,176,217;
and French
foreign policy,
21,89-90,216-217;
Grand
Duke s
1914
proclamation on,
87-90,216;
railway network,
15,
256П5;
as Russian
mobilization hub,
16,24,60,67,82;
and
Russian strategy and war aims,
16,19,87-
90,92,96,
130η,
215;
as Salient,
19,22,
82,218;
as WWI battleground,
82,92,173,
185,215-218,240
Polivanov,
Α. Α.,
250П22
Porte,
11-12,23,25,29-31,100,103,106,109-
113,116-118,125,147,150-154,158-159,
180,183,
268П41
Portugal,
11
Posen, 90,96
Pourtalès, Friedrich,
41,49-52,62,64-67,
74;
protests Russia s secret mobilization
measures,
64,74;
quoted,
41,49-50;
told
that Russia cannot halt mobilization,
74;
use of his reports in historical argument,
65-66
Price, Morgan Philips,
211
Princip,
Gavrilo,
41-42
Prittwitz, General Maximilian
von, 77,81,
84-86
Prussia,
10.
See
aho
Eastern Prussia; Franco-
Prussian War of
1870-71;
Germany
Przemyśl,
fortress of,
94
Qatar,
11
Quai d Orsay,
201;
archives,
256mi
Qom,
186,189
Raj,
13,176,193.
See also Britain, empire of;
India
Rasputin, Grigorii,
217,225,
259П49
Rauchensteiner,
Manfried,
61,64,
258П43,
259П45
Rauf
Bey (Orbay),
182-183
Reade, Arthur,
176
Redl,
Colonel Alfred,
22,80,
264П5
Rennenkampf,
General Pavel,
84,93,
258П32
Reshad V,
36-37,102,105,119
Reynolds, Michael
Α.,
247П4,277П65,
281П52
Rich, David Alan, 246m,
260П78
Riezler, Kurt,
6,43-44,
256П5;
and Riezler
diaries,6,45,47,256n5
Rio de
Janeiro,
36,102
Robeck, Sir John Michael
de, 134,137,141
Rodichev, F.
Α.,
6
Romania,
23,27,88,90,96,116,135,215,
221;
as belligerent in WWI,
119,215,218,
221,224,227;
in Crimean War,
23;
as neu¬
tral in WWI,
88,90,96,109,119,
267П25;
as Principalities,
116;
in Second Balkan
War,
27;
Transylvanian province,
88,90
Romanova,
Anastasia Nicolaievna,
54
Romanovs and Romanov dynasty,
10,13-14,
216,232,236.
See
abo
Grand Duke Nicho¬
las; Nicholas II
Russia: alliance with Britain,
37-38,99;
alliance with France,
2,13,15,19,21,31-
32,41,52-54,56,78-80,
253П64;
anxieties
about German invasion,
16;
archives,
2,
4-5,43,47,199,236,
246П3,248П8;
army
size and mobilization timetable,
6-7,15-
16,19-22,26,34,37,55,57,59-61,77;
and
Austria-Hungary s ultimatum to Serbia,
46;
and Balkan wars,
11,21-22,24,28-29,
47,50,52,55,98,100,117,146,150,158,
210;
Baltic fleet,
17,39,59,67,70,117,
255П80;
and Battle of
Tannenberg, 92,
228,
263П5,265П21;
Black Sea fleet,
12,17,
25-26,30-31,33-35,40,59,67,100,103-
106,109,111-112,117-119,128,131,134-
136,168,205,221,223,227-228,234,
255П80;
breaks Austrian diplomatic
codes,
51,
257П16;
Caucasian army and
command,
17,19,35,60-61,73,101-102,
107-108,119,127,129,154,156,161,164-
166,168-170,173-174,177,180-181,184-
Index
З19
186,188,190-192,199,204,211-213,215,
218,220,222,227-228;
collusion
of with
France,
45-47,239;
concentrates forces
against Austria-Hungary,
80-82,84-85;
Congress of Berlin syndrome,
23;
Cos¬
sack divisions,
170,186,189,191,211,222,
227;
Council of Ministers,
16,19,22,25,
30-32,54-59,7°,87,95-96,113,204,216,
220,234,238,
246Ш, 259П59,
26inngi,94;
and Crimean war,
7,23,32,100,116,124,
175,204-205;
deportation of Caucasian
Muslims by,
160,241;
designs on Straits,
7,12,16-17,26-38,40,73,95-104,106,
111,114-126,130-131,137,139,146,159,
177,181,
194-196,
198-200,204,209,220,
223-225,231,233-234,237,239-240,242,
247П4,254П73;
economy,
6-7,10,29-30,
220,235-236,
252П52;
Eighth Army,
85;
encirclement,
13;
expansion into Cen¬
tral Asia,
14,17,
250Ш4;
exports,
29-30;
fear of Crimean coalition,
23,32;
fears
of Bulgarian designs on Constantinople
and Straits,
25-27,30-31,33;
fears of
growth of Ottoman naval power,
30-31,
35-37,39,101-102,241;
and fell on its
sword for France myth,
78-79,84,228,
238,
246Ш, 263П5;
First Army of,
82,84,
93;
and First Balkan War,
23-24,27,48,
55,148,239;
forward policy in Persia,
175-176,181,
25ОП14;
Fourth Army,
79,
84-85;
General Staff,
10,17,19,23,27,34,
54,56,59,61,63,107,
264П8;
German fear
of,
1,13,81;
Germanophiles,
89,96,194,
215-217,
285П9;
Germanophobes
and
Germanophobia,
29-30,58;
German sub¬
jects deported,
95;
Great Army Program,
1,6-7,21,35,37;
great power status,
2,29,
246m; Great Retreat,
173,185,196,
286П29;
and growth of German power,
10;
helps partition Ottoman Empire,
3-4,
194-210,216,220,223,233,238-239,243,
248nn5,7; Imperial Ministry of Foreign
Affairs,
4,14,17,24,27,46,
U5-116,
148,
156,
230; intelligence on Ottoman Em¬
pire,
ιοί,
108-109,136,166,224;
Jewish
subjects deported,
93-95,
173,
241;
in July
crisis,
13,16,23,27-28,35,39,45-75,99,
102,175,239,241,
245m; and Kurds,
14,
146-153,165,168,180,210,212,
250ГП3;
leverage
vis-à-vis
wartime allies,
80,128;
and
Liman
affair,
11,30-34,36,107,112-
113,239,
253П63;
Merchant Marine,
34;
military convention with France,
79-80;
military exercises on Austrian border,
50;
mobilization,
59-74,102,238-239,241,
260П78,261П91,262П95,
2бзппіо6,ііз;
mobilization plans and speed,
7,15-17,19,
21,24-25,35,55-61,64,73-74,79,102,
249П5;
Muslim population,
14,104,159-
160,172,211-213,240-242;
and Ottoman
Armenians,
12,17,33,
141-ЧЗ, Ч5-46,
148-174,193,198-200, 203,210-213,230,
240,
272ПЗ, 27бппб2,6з, 277пп66,68,
278п75;
and Ottoman Christians,
14,17,
25,141,146-149,
!53-i54,
156,159,
l65,
180,193,212;
navy and Naval Staff,
16,
17η,
25-26,30-31,33-40,59,62,99-100,
105-106,
in,
117-121,125,138,141,204-
205,224,227,
253пп6з,7і, 255п8о;
1877-
78
war with Ottoman Empire,
10,23,58,
104,124,143,145,159-160;128,148,158,
161,176-186,188-193,221-222,227,229,
25ОП17,
28inn47,48,
287Ш1;
Ninth Army,
84,
265П16;
Okhrana,
149;
Pacific fleet,
17;
and pan-Slavism,
2,27-28,88,218-219,
232;
Paris embassy,
115;
parliament,
22η,
33,
i6o,
212,216-218,220,225,
286П26;
peaceful intentions of,
33-34,
70,234;
Persian campaigns,
122-123,
plans for
seizing Constantinople,
17,23-24,26,33-
35,105-106,120,131,133,136-137,139,
145,221,223-224,230,234,
254П73;
pos¬
sible foreknowledge of Sarajevo plot,
47-
48;
preferred military opponents,
17,19;
and press war with Germany,
32,50,
258n32; rail network and railway con¬
struction plans,
10,14-16,19,21,35,55,
79,175,204,208-210,220-221,
254П73,
256П5;
response to assassination of Franz
Ferdinand,
47-49;
Revolution of
1905,16;
Revolution of
1917,2-4,46,78,134,141,
220,223-228,231-232,234-236,238-240,
243,
247П4,287П40;
and Russo-Japanese
war,
10-12,16-17,19,58,117;
and Sarajevo
incident or outrage,
4,28,
43,
47-5°, 58,
70,98,239,
256mi;
Second Army,
84-86,
92;
and Second Balkan War,
27-28,239;
and separate peace,
80,194,215,223,236,
320
Index
Russia (continued)
285119;
and Serbia s role in Russian for¬
eign policy,
2,11,24,27-28,35,46-50,52-
55,57-60,65-66,70-72,88,90,96,99,
232,239,
252П49;
strikes and labor unrest,
65,69,128-129;
summit with France s
president,
44-46,51,53;
and Sykes-Picot
Agreement,
3-4,196-198,201,205-210,
216,220,223,233,238-239,243,
248nn5,7; Third Army,
85;
trial mobiliza¬
tion,
24;
views Turks as main enemy,
35;
war aims,
1-4,76-78,86-88,90,92-97,
100,107-108,114-126,130-131,137,139,
146,159,177,181,194-196,198-200,204,
209,216,220,223-225,231,233-234,237,
239-240,242,
247П4;
War Ministry,
92;
wartime economy and production,
218,
220;
WWI documents,
5,45-46,199,236,
247П4,
248nn5,7,8,
257Ш7;
and Young
Turk Revolution,
17,145-146.
See
aho
Chorister s Bridge; St. Petersburg; Sa-
zonov, Sergei; Nicholas II
Russo-Japanese war,
10-12,16-17,19, 58,117
Ruthenia
and
Ruthenians,
96,88,94,
251П28
Said, Edward,
3
Said
Halim
Pasha,
103,105,108-109,112-
113,151,2681143;
fictitious sale of German
warships,
105,108-109;
and note of apol¬
ogy,
112
St. Petersburg,
1,10,12-16,19,21-22,24,27-
33,37,42,44-45,49-53,56-57,60,62-63,
65-66,68-69,72,79,85,97,99,101,107,
112-114,118,123,128,130-131,136,148-
149,152,156,173,175-176,181,198-199,
203,208,210-211,215-218,220,223-226,
228,232,234,
248П5,250П22,
257mi,
258П27,262П94,266П46,286П29,
287П40;
martial law,
60,62-63,68-69;
strikes and labor unrest,
65,69,128-129.
See
aho
Chorister s Bridge
Salisbury, Robert Arthur
Talbot
Cecil,
145,
269ПЮ
Samothrace,
118
Salónica,
23,42
Samsonov, General A. V.,
82,84-86,92,
265П21
Samsun,
171,205,208-209
San River,
87,94
Sarajevo incident or outrage,
4,28,39-50,
58,70,98,239,
246Ш1,256Г14,258П27
Sariyer,
137,
271П46
Sankamiş,35,
127,129,160-161,165,168,
179-180,184,196,
2бдп2і;
Armenian par¬
tisans in,
161,168,
276П63;
Battle of,
127,
129,160-161,165,179-180,184,196,
269П21
Sazonov, Sergei,
14-16,19,21-23,25-28,30-
39,41,44-46,49-59,66-77, 87-90,92,
94-97,99,101-102,104,106,108-113,
б,
120-124,127,130-131,133,135-139,141,
148,150-152,156,161,164-166,169,173,
175,177-185,
19З-197,
199-205,208-213,
215-218,220,223-226,230-235,237-241,
248П5,252П54,253П64,
256mi,
257П16,
266П46;
and Allied Dardanelles cam¬
paign,
133-134,136-138;
on announce¬
ment of Austrian ultimatum to Serbia,
54;
announces Russian partial mobiliza¬
tion,
67,70;
Armenian policy following
occupation of eastern Turkey,
212-213,
231;
army-navy planning meeting of
1914,
ЗЗ-35,
254 73; arranges enemy coalition,
77;
and Balkan powers,
88;
and blank
cheque from France,
56;
and claim on
Constantinople and the Straits,
120,130-
131,194-195,196;
cold feet,
64-65;
and
concessions to British position in Persia,
181-182,184;
concocts Djemal peace of¬
fer,
198-201;
and conquest of Constanti¬
nople,
26;
deceives Britain about Russia s
mobilization,
68-73,99,238-239;
de¬
ceives Britain and France about Russia s
role in the Armenian rebellion at Van,
277П66;
decides on general mobilization,
74;
demands Constantinople for Russia,
95,101;
demands England retain Ottoman
dreadnoughts,
102;
demands Porte send
troops to defend Armenians of Van
against Kurdish tribesmen,
150-151;
de¬
mands sacking of British consul,
179,182-
183;
denies ability to reverse mobilization,
74-75;
denies prior knowledge of Austria-
Hungary s ultimatum to Serbia,
46;
de¬
nies Russia mobilizing secretly,
64;
directs
Stavka
to arm Ottoman Armenians,
156;
Index
321
at emergency Crown Council in Novem¬
ber
1912,25;
at emergency meeting of
Council of Ministers in January
1914,32;
explains why Russia must fight,
58;
infor¬
mants attend Ottoman Cabinet meetings,
109,
267П26;
insists Russia can mobilize
against Austria alone,
55;
instructs Rus¬
sian consuls to unify Kurdish tribes
against Ottomans,
148;
instructs Yanush-
kevitch to prepare for partial mobiliza¬
tion,
55;
issues anti-ultimatum ultima¬
tum to Austria-Hungary,
53;
and
Krivoshein,
121,194,
266П46;
likely prior
knowledge of Austrian ultimatum to Ser¬
bia,
50-51;
and
Liman
von
Sanders,
30;
manipulates Allies during Dardanelles
campaign,
130,135;
manipulates Sir Mark
Sykes,
202-204,209-210;
memoirs,
33-
34,46,234,238,
271П50;
National Liberal¬
ism,
16,21;
obsession with Straits ques¬
tion,
28,31,33;
orders conditional sinking
oiGoeben and
Breslau, 104,106;
and Ot¬
toman Armenians,
156;
on Ottoman note
of apology,
112;
outwits Berlin and Vi¬
enna,
73;
partition plan for Constantino¬
ple,
195;
and Polish autonomy,
216,240;
and Polish manifesto,
87;
political views,
16,21,26;
professed pacifist intentions,
19,33-34;
proposes Entente occupation
of Ottoman Empire,
31;
protests dread¬
noughts built for Ottoman navy,
38;
and
recognition of British Egypt,
124;
reveals
war aims,
90,92;
on Russia s contribution
to Dardanelles and Gallipoli campaigns,
138-139;
and Russia s finances,
57-58;
and Russia s Ottoman Armenian gambit,
165;
Russia s postwar territorial demands,
94-97;
and Russia s renewed Straits
drive,
224-226;
sacked by tsar,
217;
on Sa¬
rajevo incident,
45,49,
256Ш1;
and Ser¬
bia,
27-28,70,88;
stipulates that Ottoman
Armenians not undertake anything with¬
out Russian instructions,
156,161,165,
169;
and Sykes-Picot Agreement,
197-
205,208-211,216,220,223,235,
248пп5,7;
and
Szápáry,
52; 89;
and war guilt,
238-
239,241;
warns Ottoman ambassador that
Russia will protect Ottoman Armenians,
152
Schilling, Baron
Moritz, 50-51,57
Schlieffen, Count Alfred
von, 78
Schlieffen Plan,
4,63-64,71-72,78,81, 85,
98,174;
hair-trigger nature,
64,72,85;
modified by Moltke,
63,78,81
Sea of Marmara,
31,36,95,104,115,124,131,
134-136
Second Balkan War,
27,71,239
Serbia,
2,11,23-24,27,35,42-50,52-54,56-
60,66,70-72,88,90,96,99,101,112,128,
183,196,232,239,
252П49;
and Balkan
wars,
11;
complicity in assassination of
Franz Ferdinand,
42,47,49,70,
256П4,
258П27;
desire for Adriatic coastline,
27;
in First Balkan War,
23-24,48;
over¬
whelmed by Central powers,
196;
re¬
straint urged by Russia,
70;
and Russian
foreign policy,
2,11,27-28,35,47-50,52-
54,57-59,65,70,88,90,96,99,232,239;
in Second Balkan War,
27;
ultimatum by
Austria-Hungary,
43-46,51,54,57-58,
71,
259П45;
war declared against by Aus¬
tria-Hungary,
66,68,70;
war declared
against by Ottoman Empire,
112;
in WWI,
81-82,84,112,128,183,196.
See
aho
Bel¬
grade
Sevastopol,
111-112,137,205,223,227-228;
as headquarters of Russia s Black Sea
fleet,
111,205; 1917
naval mutiny,
227
Sèvres,
Treaty of,
235
Shebeko, Nikolai,
51,53
Shipov,I.P.,57
Siegel,Jennifer,
250Ш4
Silesia,
90,96
Sinop,
205,208-209
Sivas,
164,168,171,192,194,202,204,220;
Armenian rebel groups in,
164;
and
Sykes-Picot negotiations,
194,202,204,
208-209,213,220;
threatened by Rus¬
sians,
192,213,220
Skoda, guns and ammunition of,
10,24
Smith,
С
J.,Jr.,
247114
Smyrna (Izmir),
31,172
Sofia,
27
Somme,
Battle of,
214,
285П3
Souchon, Admiral
Wilhelm, 104-105,109-
113,128,158;
attack on Russia in Black
Sea,
111-112;
commissioned into Ottoman
navy,
110
522
Index
Soviet Union,
2-3,37,142;
fall of,
2-3;
schol¬
ars of,
2,45,236,238,
247П4,272П3.
See
aho
Russia
Spain,
11
StalinJ.V., 287ml
Stambuł,
17,146,195,197.
See
abo
Constan¬
tinople
Stavka,
77,79-82, 87,92-94,107-108,115-
117,120,123,126-129,131,133-139,164,
i73-!74,
185, 191,
і9б,
204,217-218,224-
22б,
230,233,241,
204П5,270П32;
admin¬
istration of front and occupied areas,
94;
diplomatic bureau of,
92;
shell shortage,
135,218,220
Steinbergjohn W.,
247П3,248П6
Stevenson, David, 245m,
256П4
Stolypin,
Petr,
16-17,19,29-30,
250П22;
death,
29;
land reforms,
29-30
Stone, Norman,
60,64,236,
245m,
246П3,
2591157,
264П5
Storck,
Wilhelm
Ritter von, 48
Strachan, Hew, 245m,
264П5
Straits,
7,11-12,16-17,26-38,40,73,95-104,
106-107,
m,
114-126,128,130-131,134-
135,137,139,146,159,166,177,181,194-
196,198-200,204,209,220,223-225,231,
233-234,237,239-240,242,
255П80;
Ba-
zili s memorandum on,
116-119,166;
and
Berlin Treaty of
1878,16,117;
defenses,
30-32,135,224;
economic importance for
Russia,
28-31,117;
and Russia s war aims,
7,12,16-17,26-38,40,73,95-104,106,
111,114-126,130-131,137,139,146,159,
177,181,194-196,198-200,204,209,220,
223-225,231,233-234,237,239-240,242,
247П4,254П73;
threatened by Bulgaria,
27.
See
aho
Bosphorus; Dardanelles; Sea
of Marmara; Sykes-Picot Agreement
Stürmer,
Boris,
204,217-218,220,224-226,
284П34,285П9
Sublime Porte. See Porte
Suez Canal,
4,11,282
Sukhomlinov, V.
Α.,
ig, 21,25-26,31-32,55-
58,64,68-69,74,92,156,218,230-231,
240,
25ОП22,254П71,265Ш6;
assures the
Cabinet of Ministers of army readiness in
January
1914,32;
assures Germany s mili¬
tary
attaché
of no secret mobilization,
64;
decides on general mobilization,
74;
and
emergency meeting of Council of Minis¬
ters in January
1914,31-32;
desire to leave
Germany the initiative in attacking Rus¬
sia,
69;
on fortresses,
21;
and Mobilization
Plan
19,19,21; 1910
redeployment strat¬
egy,
19,21;
and partial mobilization plan
of
1912,25-26,55,58,61;
and partial mo¬
bilization plan of
1914,55-56;
and Polish
Salient,
19,218;
and war guilt,
238-239.
See
aho Danilov,
Yuri; Russia, General
Staff
Sultan
Osman
/, 36-37,39,102,105,119
Suny,
Ronald,
272П3
Sverbeyev, Sergei N.,
40П
Sweden,
15,25,49
Sykes, Mark, Sir,
123,197-198,200-204,208,
240;
embraces Zionism,
203-204
Sykes, Percy, Sir,
281П47
Sykes-Picot Agreement,
3-4,196-198,201,
205,209,210,216,220,223,232,235,238-
239,243,
248П5;
properly Sykes-Picot-
Sazonov agreement,
210,220,223,235,
248П5
Syria,
12,15,116,121,125,130-131,172,176,
196,198-200,204,210,232,
277П73
Szápáry,
Count
Friedrich,
46,52,64,
258П43
Szécsen
von Tenierin,
Count
Nikolaus, 49
Tabriz,
15,128,148,179-182;
as prospective
Russian railway terminus,
15;
as WWI
battleground,
128,179-182
Tagi,
Sheikh,
147-148
Talaat Pasha, Mehmed,
110,171-172198,
277П73,278П75,282ПІ2;
and Armenian
deportations,
171-172,
277П73,278П75
Tannenberg,
Battle of,
77,85-86,92,228,
263П5,265П21;
miracle and legend of,
78,86
Taurus Mountains,
15,172,197,202,205,
208-209.
See
aho
Baghdad railway;
Sykes-Picot Agreement
Teheran,
4,15,150,178-180,182,184-186,
188-189,
Ч)1»
202,
280П43;
as railway ter¬
minus,
15;
taken by Russians,
188;
as
WWI battleground,
150,178-180,182,
184-186,188-189,191,
28ОП43
Tenedos,
118,194,208,240
Teşkilat-i-Mahsusa,
159
Index
З23
Thrace and Thracian plain,
3,23,25,107,
115,118,121,131,136,194,196,208,210,
224,240,
271П46;
as battleground in Bal¬
kan wars,
23,25;
Russian territorial claims
on,
115,118,121,131,194,208,210,240;
as
WWI battleground,
136,196,224
Tibet,
25ОП14
Tiflis command. See Russia, Caucasian army
and command
Tigris River,
190-191,202,208,221;
and
Sykes-Picot negotiations,
202,208
Tisza,
Count Stefan,
44,51
Townley, Sir Walter,
178-185,202
Townshend, Major General Charles
Vere
Ferrers,
189-193,196
Trabzon,
31,144,171,192-193,202,204-205,
208-209,220-221,
278П78;
and Armenian
deportations and massacres,
278П78;
cap¬
tured by Russians,
192-193,202;
as rail¬
way hub,
204,208-209,220-221
Transcaucasus, See Caucasus
Trepov, A. R,
220,225
Triple Alliance. See Austria-Hungary; Cen¬
tral powers; Germany; Italy
Trotsky,
2,4,211,235,
287П40;
revelation of
secret treaties,
2,4,211,235
Troy and Trojan Peninsula,
118-119,138,
Trubetskoi, Grigorii,
21,
254П71
Trubetskoi,E.N.,6,2i
Turabian, Yakob,
164-165
Turhan Pasha,
152
Turkey. See Ottoman Empire
Turkish Armenia. See Armenia and Arme¬
nians
Turner, L.
С
F., 47,55-56,59,
247П4,
262П95;
argument with the Fischerites,
247П4;
belief that Russia had prior knowl¬
edge of Sarajevo plot,
47
Ukraine and Ukrainians,
24,29,68;
Russian
views of Ukrainian language,
94,
251П28
Union or Death. See Black Hand
United States,
7,10,28,36,101,164-165,
235;
builds dreadnoughts,
36;
Civil War,
98;
and Cold War,
3,37,205;
diplomats
and consuls,
145;
economy,
7;
enters
WWI,
235;
and First Gulf War,
28,241;
foreign policy,
101;
missionaries,
153;
New World Order proclaimed by,
28
Urmia province and Lake Urmia,
147-148,
164,179-180,194,202,205,208,
250Ш3,
280П40
USSR. See Soviet Union
Van (city, lake, and vilayet),
143,144,147,
150-15З,
і66,
168-174,186,194,199,208,
211,230;
Armenian civilian population
targeted,
170;
battle in
1913,150-151;
con¬
quered by Russians,
169-170;
Muslim
population targeted,
170; 1877-78
war
with Ottoman Empire,
10,23,58,104,124,
143,145,159-160; 1915
uprising and siege,
168-174,211,
276П63,280П40;
retaken by
Ottomans,
170;
Russian claims on and oc¬
cupation of,
170,194,208,211,230
Varna,
154,221
Verdun, Battle of,
4,214,
285П3
Versailles Treaty,
2,43,
247П4,248П8
Vienna,
1,6,16,22-24,26,28,32,42-44,46,
48-49,
51-53,
59,66,68,71-73,79,89,92,
96,
245m,
258П27,259П45;
and Russian
postwar claims,
96.
See
aho
Ballplatz
Vilnius
(Vilna),
60
Vistula River,
19,60,77,82,86,94,96
Viviani,
René, 44,53,56,99,128,239;
issues
anti-ultimatum ultimatum to Austria-
Hungary,
53;
and war guilt,
239
Vorontsov-Dashkov, Count 1.1.,
160-161,
164-166,170;
and anti-Muslim atrocities,
160;
and Armenian guerrilla cells,
161,
164;
receives Armenian rebel group,
165-
166
Vvedenskii, P. P.,
164,
25ОП13
Wangenheim, Hans von, 100,106,113,151,
267П26;
quoted,
106
Warburg banking house,
259П57
Warsaw,
6,21,24,55,60,62,67-68,70,79-
80,84,93,96,185,216,218;
falls to Ger¬
mans,
173,185;
military district mobilized,
24,60,62,67-68,84,
262П97;
and Rus¬
sian mobilization plans,
55,79-80;
as
WWI battleground,
84,93,173,185,216,
218,
260П64,265П16
324
Index
Waterloo,
Battle of,
36
Wellington, Duke of (Arthur Wellesley),
36
Whitehall,
99
Wilhelm
II,
13,24,43,50-52,72,74,100,
109,
251П39;
and Admiral Souchon s
commission,
109;
and blank cheque,
43;
learns of Russia s early mobilization,
74,
263ПІ13;
scribbled marginalia,
51-52;
Tur-
cophilia,
24;
Willy telegrams to tsar,
74
Wilhelmstrasse, 12,88
Witte,
Count Sergei,
130-131,194-195,209,
215,
284П34;
quoted,
130η
Wolf,
Lucien,
203,
283П25
World War I: Battle of the Frontiers,
77;
Bat¬
tle of Ypres,
123;
causes and outbreak,
1,4,
6,28,43-45,50,65-66,98-99,153-154,
238;
diplomatic issues,
45,77,144;
eastern
front,
2-3,10,61,78,80,88,92-94,111,
128,134,217-218,236,
246-247П3,249П5,
263П5;
historians and historical interpre¬
tations,
1,25,43,45,65-66,68,98-99,
236-239,
245Ш, 246П4;
memoirs about,
33-34,238;
and short war illusion,
78;
trench warfare,
4,135,141,214;
and war
guilt issue,
2,43,65,
245m,
247П4,
248П8;
western front,
4,78,85-86,98,
125-126,135,158,220,228,
263П5.
World War II,
2,50,138,243,
287П40;
D-Day
landings,
138
Yanushkevitch, General
N.
N.,
54-57,59-60,
67,73-74,76,81,84-85,87,94-95,101-
102,107,120,129,154,212,230,238,240,
261П91,28ОП37;
alleged incompetence,
55;
and general mobilization,
55,73,74;
and Period Preparatory to War,
60,
26ОП64;
quoted,
60,73,76,81,87,94;
re¬
fuses to retreat from Caucasian theater,
107,129;
secretly mobilizes Caucasian
army,
101;
and war guilt,
238
Young Bosnia,
42.
See
aho
Black Hand; Sa¬
rajevo incident or outrage
Young Turk Revolution,
17,145-146.
See
aho
Committee of Union and Progress; Otto¬
man Empire
Young Turks,
101,149,
223η.
See also Young
Turk Revolution
Yudenich, Lieutenant-General Nikolai,
154,
158,160,164-165,173,185,
191η,
192-193,
220,223,227-229,231-232,
287П40;
On
the Arming of Ottoman Armenians,
156-
158;
requests arms from
Stavka
for Otto¬
man Armenians,
154-156
Yudenich report,
156-158
Zavriev, Hakob,
198-201,210,
282mi,
283П16
Zeytun,
144,165-166,168,170-171,199,203;
Armenian partisans request arms from
Russians,
165-166,199;
civilians flee fol¬
lowing Armenian uprising,
166;
and con¬
troversy over Armenian deportation or¬
ders,
170-171,
272П3;
1915
Armenian
uprising in,
168,
272П3
Zhilinskii, General Yakov,
25,31-32,60,81-
82,84,
253П69,254П73;
as commander,
60,81-82,84;
at emergency meeting of
Council of Ministers in
1914,31-32;
at
emergency ministerial council in
1912,25;
at
1914
army-navy conference,
253П69,
254Π73
Zionism,
203,205,210,240,242
Bayerische
Λ
Staatsbibíiothek
I
München )
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | McMeekin, Sean 1974- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)131526804 |
| author_facet | McMeekin, Sean 1974- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | McMeekin, Sean 1974- |
| author_variant | s m sm |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV039679893 |
| classification_rvk | NP 4440 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)709670289 (DE-599)BSZ351327800 |
| dewey-full | 940.3/11 |
| dewey-hundreds | 900 - History & geography |
| dewey-ones | 940 - History of Europe |
| dewey-raw | 940.3/11 |
| dewey-search | 940.3/11 |
| dewey-sort | 3940.3 211 |
| dewey-tens | 940 - History of Europe |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1900-2000 |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1900-2000 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Russland Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Russland |
| id | DE-604.BV039679893 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:08:49Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780674062108 0674062108 9780674072336 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024528918 |
| oclc_num | 709670289 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-29 DE-11 DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-521 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-20 DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-29 DE-11 DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-521 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-20 DE-188 |
| physical | XII, 324 S. Ill., Kt. 23 cm |
| psigel | BSBWK1 DHB_JDG_ISBN_1 |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publishDateSearch | 2011 |
| publishDateSort | 2011 |
| publisher | Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | McMeekin, Sean 1974- Verfasser (DE-588)131526804 aut The Russian origins of the First World War Sean McMeekin Cambridge, Mass. [u.a.] Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press 2011 XII, 324 S. Ill., Kt. 23 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index Geschichte 1900-2000 Außenpolitik Geschichte Weltkrieg (1914-1918) Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 gnd rswk-swf Kriegsursache (DE-588)4138422-2 gnd rswk-swf Kriegsschuldfrage (DE-588)4165715-9 gnd rswk-swf Russland Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf World War, 1914-1918 / Causes World War, 1914-1918 / Russia Imperialism / History / 20th century Russia / Foreign relations / 1894-1917 Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 s Kriegsursache (DE-588)4138422-2 s DE-188 Kriegsschuldfrage (DE-588)4165715-9 s 1\p DE-604 https://www.recensio.net/r/01331bc0a54e4ab4b7a87e0479b7206f rezensiert in: Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas / jgo.e-reviews, JGO 62 (2014), 4, S. 605-608 Rezension Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024528918&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024528918&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Zusätzliche Angaben Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024528918&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | McMeekin, Sean 1974- The Russian origins of the First World War Außenpolitik Geschichte Weltkrieg (1914-1918) Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 gnd Kriegsursache (DE-588)4138422-2 gnd Kriegsschuldfrage (DE-588)4165715-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4079163-4 (DE-588)4138422-2 (DE-588)4165715-9 (DE-588)4076899-5 |
| title | The Russian origins of the First World War |
| title_auth | The Russian origins of the First World War |
| title_exact_search | The Russian origins of the First World War |
| title_full | The Russian origins of the First World War Sean McMeekin |
| title_fullStr | The Russian origins of the First World War Sean McMeekin |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Russian origins of the First World War Sean McMeekin |
| title_short | The Russian origins of the First World War |
| title_sort | the russian origins of the first world war |
| topic | Außenpolitik Geschichte Weltkrieg (1914-1918) Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 gnd Kriegsursache (DE-588)4138422-2 gnd Kriegsschuldfrage (DE-588)4165715-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Außenpolitik Geschichte Weltkrieg (1914-1918) Erster Weltkrieg Kriegsursache Kriegsschuldfrage Russland |
| url | https://www.recensio.net/r/01331bc0a54e4ab4b7a87e0479b7206f http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024528918&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024528918&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024528918&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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