Studia i materiały nad najdawniejszymi dziejami Równiny Gorzowskiej: starsza i środkowa epoka kamienia
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Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | Polish |
Veröffentlicht: |
Poznań
Wydawnictwo Poznańskie
2010
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Schriftenreihe: | Poznańskie Studia Archeologiczne
1 |
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
Beschreibung: | 156 s., [1] k. tabl. złoż. il. (w tym kolor.). - Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 27 cm. |
ISBN: | 9788371777165 |
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adam_text |
Spis
tresei
Wprowadzenie
(M.
Wąs,
К.
Pyżewicz)
. 7
Położenie fizyczno-geograficzne oraz uwarunkowania geomorfologiczne
stanowisk archeologicznych Santocko
54,
Jastrzębiec
2
i Jastrzębiec
4
(I. Hildebrandt-Radke)
. 11
Materiały (M. Wąs, K. Pyżewicz)
. 21
Jastrzębiec
2,
gm. Lubiszyn (K. Pyżewicz)
. 25
Jastrzębiec
4,
gm. Lubiszyn (M. Wąs)
. 49
Santocko
54,
gm. Kłodawa (K. Pyżewicz, M. Rejchert, P. Rozbiegalski)
. 105
Zakończenie (M. Wąs, K. Pyżewicz)
. 137
Bibliografia
. 145
Summary
. 151
Summary
Introduction
This study is devoted to problems associated with hunter-gatherer societies at the end
of the Pleistocene and start of the Holocene in the
Gorzowska
Flatland.
Its base of
finds is constituted by materials from Paleolithic and Mesolithic sites following the
direction of the S-3 motorway. In
2007-2008,
expeditions from the Institute of Prehis¬
tory at the University of Adam
Mickiewicz
in
Poznań
conducted rescue excavation
work along this route, as a result of which our store of knowledge in regard to the ear¬
liest periods in the pre-history of this region was substantially added to. The analysed
materials in this study have their origin in three sites:
Jastrzębiec
2
and
Jastrzębiec
4
(Lubiszyn Commune,
Lubuskie
Region) as well as Santocko
54
(Kłodawa
Com¬
mune,
Lubuskie
region).
This study is for the most part concerned with an analysis and subsequent clas¬
sification of flint materials from the above mentioned sites, which forms the basis
of possible interpretations. Moreover, the research presented here has demonstrated
the existence of relicts from settlements of the Late Paleolith and Mesolith that are
highly differentiated in terms of their chronology and taxonomy.
Geomorphology
The sites of Santocko
54,
Jastrzębiec
2
and
Jastrzębiec
4
are situated in the
Go¬
rzowska
Flatland,
which is part of the South
Pomorski
Lakeland. The tributaries of
the
Odra,
the
Myślą
and Kurzca rivers, cut through this region.
The above mentioned archeological sites are situated in a sandur area, on the west¬
ern scarp of the Marwica glacial river tunnel valley, where it flows east and north-east
of the sites under analysis.
The Santocko
54
site is found where the Marwica tunnel valley turns and changes
somewhat direction, running south-east. It is at the same time a glacial tunnel valley
fragment with a broad aqueous bed featuring significant marsh and peat formations.
Moreover, the drop in level around the site is rather significant, resulting from the
152
Summary
fact the site is on a scarp. The lower parts of the site are at
50
meters and the lower
ones at
62.4
meters above sea level.
The
Jastrzębiec
4
archeological site is on a narrow isthmus dividing the broad
Marwica tunnel valley from the east, where retention basins are found
-
most likely
ones naturally formed though their reaches have been modified by man. From the
west, vast biogenic accumulation areas border onto the site from the lowest situated
Chłopiny
marsh. The site stretches across the peninsula in a northerly direction at
55
meters above sea level. The southern part of the site lies on an aqueous biogenic
sediment accumulation.
Not far away towards the north-west, lies the
Jastrzębiec
2
site.
Moreover, on the archeological sites under research, almost the entire area fea¬
tures a rather uniform lithological material characterised by multi-granular
fluvio¬
glacial,
rust-brown sediments.
The main factor responsible for shaping rock formations on the sites of Santocko
54,
Jastrzębiec
2
and
Jastrzębiec
4
was the Scandinavian continental glacier, which
upon receding from the
Poznań
phase of the last ice age left uncovered clay sediments
of the moraine plain, whereas the
déglaciation
of the
Pomorski
phase contributed to
covering the north and north-east section of this terrain with vast stretches of
sandar.
The later, late-glacial and Holocene processes did not leave a significant imprint
in the lithological record and stratigraphy of archeological sites. Small changes of
level did not lend themselves to initiating processes that generated sluiceways and
change on a mass scale. As a result, glacial and
fluvio-glacial
sediments are covered
most often only with a level of humus. The only process that continued across the en¬
tire Holocene was the accumulation of biogenic material in glacial tunnel valleys and
meltwater depressions found in neighbouring archeological sites.
Materials
Classification and principles
The classification found in the inventory presented here is based on the relation of
artefacts with a specific unfinished blade production technique. Thus basing on mac¬
ro and micro-morphological analysis of the core, unfinished blade and characteristic
technological forms (renewables) were separated in the context of specific invento¬
ries of lower rank collections known as 'technological components'. On account of
the issue's complexity, it is not possible to categorise all the goods in respect to a spe¬
cific component.
The number of goods for specific components is not, however, as significant as
the presence of relicts belonging to 'another' flint-making tradition. This method can
be said therefore to be of a very high quality as its aim is not a numerical descrip¬
tion of specific collections that group homogenic artefacts by means of technology
but rather, the separation itself of individual components as meaningful elements,
in order to demonstrate the internal differentiation and genetic complexity of large
Mesolithic inventories.
Summary
153
At the present stage of research it is possible to separate at least three groups of
goods (components) genetically related to three different techniques of production:
(1)
the technique of striking directly,
(2)
pressure and
(3)
striking indirectly.
The above technological components cannot be arbitrarily related to various
tax¬
onomic
categories, for their chronology is broad and in a general analysis of inven¬
tory these cannot be treated as a collection of goods that lends itself to being dated
per
se.
SITES
Jastrzębiec
2
The site measured an area of
62.87
ares, situated entirely on a forest clearing.
The features and relicts were found mainly in the north-west part, on the peak of
the rise. During excavation
54
objects were found, in the main related to the devasta¬
ted crematory complex dated to the Middle Bronze Age. Moreover, this revealed one
object associated with the settlement of Globular Amphora culture peoples (GAC)
and one ceramic object associated with Corded Ware culture (CWC).
The moveable materials here were mainly ceramic or flint and to a lesser extent,
stone and pugging. In the main, flint materials were derived from a late Paleolithic
kshemenitsa. The remaining relicts, however, ought to be considered as deriving from
the east European sylvan societies and peoples from the
Únětice
culture.
In this study
981
Paleolithic and Mesolithic relicts were analysed, which origi¬
nate from
36
ares, where the majority were found concentrated around one large area
yielding
623
flint artefects.
Jastrzębiec
4
This site is located in a forest clearing, covering an area of
160
ares. Exploration took
place on the basis of a metrical grid where materials were documented along
10
cen¬
timetre mechanical layers of each square meter.
In select areas the material was sifted using sieves with a
.5
cm diameter. On the
basis of analysed artefects it was established that
Jastrzębiec
4
revealed the remains
of settlement as dated from the late Paleolith up to the Bronze Age.
In later periods the site demonstrates the presence of GAC communities as in¬
dicated by relicts of construction leading to firmer assumptions, interpreting this as
a concentration of graves with megalithic traits. Here the presence of GAC sepulchral
objects played a significant influence on the quality of flint kshemenitsa configura¬
tions in the Paleolith and Mesolith.
As a result of excavation work conducted, a collection of
8,953
flints were re¬
corded, which were found deposited in a vast flint kshemenitsa measuring
200
m
in
length. The majority of relicts were retrieved in four focal deposits. Moreover, these
materials were recorded in fills of
85
objects.
\
54
Summary
Santocko
54
This site covers an area of
51.33
ares in a forest clearing.
On account of its specific nature, flint exploration was conducted in mechanical
layers
(5
and
10
cm thick), the sediment entirely sifted dry, using sieves with a
5
cm
diameter.
On the basis of analysed artefects it was established that Santocko
54
could be
said to demonstrate the remains of human activity in the period from the late Paleo-
lith up to the Bronze Age.
As a result of excavation work conducted a collection of
8,806
flints were record¬
ed, the majority of which were retrieved from two kshemenitsas. The remaining such
materials, dated to the Stone Age, were recorded in
37
objects. A further
7
objects
were documented as having ties with a Lusation culture cemetery complex.
In terms of raw materials the inventories of flints from all three sites can be con¬
sidered as being homogenous. Most likely all the objects were made out of Baltic
flint, no doubt local in origin.
Conclusion
In attempting a general outline of issues relating to the above discussed settlements at
the turn of the Pleistocene and Holocene in the
Gorzowska
Flatland,
several impor¬
tant aspects need to be addressed.
The deposit of flint materials identified in Santocko
54,
which is the remains of
peoples using arc backed (blade) points
(ABP) techno-complex,
not only demon¬
strates the earliest stage of settlement on this site, it is at the same time an important
point that fills a lacuna on the settlement map of the Late Paleolith in the western part
of the Polish Lowland.
Moreover, it is not possible to exclude the fact that part of the late Paleolithic
Jastrzębiec
4
inventory, which does not demonstrate a relation (especially techno¬
logical) with a tanged points
(TP)
techno-complex, may also potentially feature
ABP
ones. It is possible therefore to argue that the
Gorzowska
Flatland
was penetrated and
perhaps settled, on an intensive scale already in the
Allerřd
period or at the turn of
Allerod/Dryas III.
The next settlement stage In the Late Pleistocene is manifested in the form of rel¬
icts identified with the AP techno-complex, which stood out in the
Jastrębiec
2
inven¬
tory where, among others, were found
TP
typical for Swiderian culture. On account
of the specific nature of the
TP
techno-complex in the middle and lower tributary of
the
Odra
it is also not possible to exclude that in this instance, such elements identi¬
fied with
Ahrensburg
culture. There are, however, particular difficulties in interpret¬
ing cultural classification relating to the
Jastrzębiec
4
inventory.
On the basis of the unclear taxonomy in the Late Paleolith
Jastrzębiec
2
and
4
in¬
ventories, it is possible with high degree of certainty to date this at the late ice-age
-
Dryas III.
In the light of data from
Jastrzębiec
2
one can maintain that in this period the
area under discussion could have been occupied by peoples who quarried flint of
Summary
155
a high quality from moraine hillocks. The research shows that the above settlement
is well illustrated by reconstructed elements that allow to piece together early phases
of making cores, advanced processing and indirectly, selection of the preferred blade
raw material produced here.
It is not possible, however, to establish the period of duration for settlements iden¬
tified with the
TP techno-complex
or indeed, the number of above-mentioned settle¬
ment phases. The relatively broad range of tools (including those not reworked but
with signs of use) testifies to the fact that settlements were not entirely connected
with producing goods but rather, suggests 'fanning' activity in the context or many
such episodes.
In this regard the high frequency of burins in
Jastrzębiec
2
and
4
suggests a par¬
ticular form of 'production' that took place here, using this type of tool. It is possible
to conclude that the area where both sites are situated (relatively close to one another)
had its own particular functions in the context of the Late Paleolith and the communi¬
ties living there.
In similar fashion to signs suggesting a Late Paleolithic settlement, so too relicts
from the Middle Stone Age that were retrieved during excavation in these sites can
be said to be a new important point on the Mesolithic map of settlements. Although
Early Holocene inventories are documented in many places in the western part of the
Polish
Fiatland, so
far research has not embraced the
Gorzowska
Flatland
where the
sites of
Jastrzębiec
2,
Jastrzębiec
4
and Santocko
54
can be found.
One particular research difficulty relating to Mesolithic inventories from the
above sites is their chronology and taxonomy. This is foremost a result of their mixed
profile, a consequence of a complex stratification that is typical in research terms of
open settlements on sandy soil. On the other hand, considering the large inventories
of
Jastrzębiec 4and
Santocko
54,
there are clearly present typological and technologi¬
cal elements that no doubt reflect differences in taxonomy. Defining these is made
difficult and is limited solely to indicating the extent of technological components as
well as differing patterns of typology.
In attempting to determine the cultural origin of Mesolithic inventories from
Jastrzębiec
2,
Jastrzębiec
4
and Santocko
54
it is possible to argue that elements of
the Komornica and Post-Maglemosan cultures are present.
Early Mesolith elements are the most clearly visible in materials from
Jastrzębiec
4.
It is here possible to claim that part of the Mesolithic inventory from this site may
be Boreal in origin.
In this context the site of
Pławienko
31
(Bierzwnik commune) from the Dobieg-
niewski Lakeland site deserves mention. It is the closest Early Mesolithic excavation
site under research, yielding microlith forms similar to those discovered in
Jastrzębiec
4
and dated to
С
14, 7000
ВС ±
90
(Gd -
7432).
The next analysed Early Mesolithic site deserving mention is
Krzyż Wielkopolski
7,
situated in the
Noteć
valley near the mouth of the River
Drawa.
As in the case of
Hawienko
31,
it is dated to the Boreal period, around
7600
ВС.
In turn the numerical domination of Post-Maglemosan elements, particularly evi¬
dent in inventories from
Jastrzębiec
4
and Santocko
54,
may be related to the general
growth of population density of Mesolithic settlements on the Lowland. This fact is
often tied to migration from the north-west as a consequence of Early Holocene cross-
156
Summary
ings by sea that took place, especially after around
7500
ВС.
In general, the elements
of Post-Maglemosan tradition here are an archeological consequence of movements
by these peoples, for which the
Gorzowska
Flatland
was no doubt an important locus.
This would appear to be all the more evident, taking into account the geography of
sites in the
interfluvial
region of the rivers
Odra, Płonią
and
Noteć
-
significant arte¬
rial waterways in the Early Holocene.
Analogous to the case of Late Paleolithic artefects, the nature of Mesolithic settle¬
ments is difficult to determine in respect to the sites researched. The variety of quality
and size of Mesolithic inventories can be understood to reflect the specific function
of given sites.
A precise indication therefore of the number of settlement episodes and their du¬
ration in given sites is, however, impossible. The quality of relicts discovered in both
Jastrzębiec
sites and that of Santock
54
indicate rather, a high repetition of settlement
episodes. There is nothing therefore to suggest here that we have encountered a long-
term functioning of a Mesolithic community. In this context the
Jastrzębiec
2
inven¬
tory is particularly demonstrative, as its data clearly support an interpretation that this
area was characterised by an ad hoc settlement pattern.
The
Gorzowska
Flatland
region may have been therefore a relatively marginal
zone in comparison to larger settlement concentrations, which on the Lowland are
known in particular for their lakelands. The sites under research can therefore be
understood as specialist satellite encampments or short-term stations placed along
the valley, which was often a busy communications artery (Jankowska
&
Pyżewicz
2005).
This would seem to indirectly indicate a formal correspondence of inventories
from the neighbouring sites in
Jastrzębiec.
In conclusion, the sites under analysis of
Jastrzębiec
and Santocko, not only fill
a gap in respect to settlement data in this part of the Polish Lowland, but also pro¬
vide valuable data by means of their breadth of information on this region's gradual
growth and intensive exploitation in the Late Paleolith and Mesolith.
r
s,.
Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek
München |
any_adam_object | 1 |
author | Wąs, Marcin Pyżewicz, Katarzyna 19XX- |
author_GND | (DE-588)1229120750 (DE-588)1259769186 |
author_facet | Wąs, Marcin Pyżewicz, Katarzyna 19XX- |
author_role | aut aut |
author_sort | Wąs, Marcin |
author_variant | m w mw k p kp |
building | Verbundindex |
bvnumber | BV039673086 |
ctrlnum | (OCoLC)767756875 (DE-599)BVBBV039673086 |
format | Book |
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geographic | Landsberg, Warthe Region (DE-588)4510208-9 gnd |
geographic_facet | Landsberg, Warthe Region |
id | DE-604.BV039673086 |
illustrated | Illustrated |
indexdate | 2024-07-20T06:45:53Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 9788371777165 |
language | Polish |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024522179 |
oclc_num | 767756875 |
open_access_boolean | |
owner | DE-12 |
owner_facet | DE-12 |
physical | 156 s., [1] k. tabl. złoż. il. (w tym kolor.). - Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 27 cm. |
publishDate | 2010 |
publishDateSearch | 2010 |
publishDateSort | 2010 |
publisher | Wydawnictwo Poznańskie |
record_format | marc |
series | Poznańskie Studia Archeologiczne |
series2 | Poznańskie Studia Archeologiczne |
spelling | Wąs, Marcin Verfasser (DE-588)1229120750 aut Studia i materiały nad najdawniejszymi dziejami Równiny Gorzowskiej starsza i środkowa epoka kamienia Marcin Wąs, Katarzyna Pyżewicz Poznań Wydawnictwo Poznańskie 2010 156 s., [1] k. tabl. złoż. il. (w tym kolor.). - Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 27 cm. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Poznańskie Studia Archeologiczne 1 Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Steinzeit (DE-588)4057226-2 gnd rswk-swf Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd rswk-swf Landsberg, Warthe Region (DE-588)4510208-9 gnd rswk-swf Landsberg, Warthe Region (DE-588)4510208-9 g Steinzeit (DE-588)4057226-2 s Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 s DE-604 Pyżewicz, Katarzyna 19XX- Verfasser (DE-588)1259769186 aut Poznańskie Studia Archeologiczne 1 (DE-604)BV039655684 1 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024522179&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024522179&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
spellingShingle | Wąs, Marcin Pyżewicz, Katarzyna 19XX- Studia i materiały nad najdawniejszymi dziejami Równiny Gorzowskiej starsza i środkowa epoka kamienia Poznańskie Studia Archeologiczne Steinzeit (DE-588)4057226-2 gnd Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4057226-2 (DE-588)4071507-3 (DE-588)4510208-9 |
title | Studia i materiały nad najdawniejszymi dziejami Równiny Gorzowskiej starsza i środkowa epoka kamienia |
title_auth | Studia i materiały nad najdawniejszymi dziejami Równiny Gorzowskiej starsza i środkowa epoka kamienia |
title_exact_search | Studia i materiały nad najdawniejszymi dziejami Równiny Gorzowskiej starsza i środkowa epoka kamienia |
title_full | Studia i materiały nad najdawniejszymi dziejami Równiny Gorzowskiej starsza i środkowa epoka kamienia Marcin Wąs, Katarzyna Pyżewicz |
title_fullStr | Studia i materiały nad najdawniejszymi dziejami Równiny Gorzowskiej starsza i środkowa epoka kamienia Marcin Wąs, Katarzyna Pyżewicz |
title_full_unstemmed | Studia i materiały nad najdawniejszymi dziejami Równiny Gorzowskiej starsza i środkowa epoka kamienia Marcin Wąs, Katarzyna Pyżewicz |
title_short | Studia i materiały nad najdawniejszymi dziejami Równiny Gorzowskiej |
title_sort | studia i materialy nad najdawniejszymi dziejami rowniny gorzowskiej starsza i srodkowa epoka kamienia |
title_sub | starsza i środkowa epoka kamienia |
topic | Steinzeit (DE-588)4057226-2 gnd Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd |
topic_facet | Steinzeit Funde Landsberg, Warthe Region |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024522179&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024522179&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
volume_link | (DE-604)BV039655684 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT wasmarcin studiaimateriałynadnajdawniejszymidziejamirowninygorzowskiejstarszaisrodkowaepokakamienia AT pyzewiczkatarzyna studiaimateriałynadnajdawniejszymidziejamirowninygorzowskiejstarszaisrodkowaepokakamienia |