Forest dynamics, growth and yield: from measurement to model
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Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
Berlin ; Heidelberg
Springer
2010
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Ausgabe: | 1. softcover printing |
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Beschreibung: | Literaturangaben |
Beschreibung: | XIX, 664 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 24 cm |
ISBN: | 9783642148613 9783540883067 |
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IMAGE 1
CONTENTS
FOREST DYNAMICS, GROWTH, AND YIELD: A REVIEW, ANALYSIS OF THE PRESENT
STATE, AND PERSPECTIVE 1
1 . 1 SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS OF TREES AND FOREST STANDS I
1.1.1 DIFFERENCES IN THE TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL SCALE BETWEEN TREES AND
HUMANS 2
1.1.2 FOREST STANDS ARE OPEN SYSTEMS 6
1.1.3 FORESTS ARE STRONGLY STRUCTURALLY DETERMINED SYSTEMS . . . 8
1.1.4 TREES, FOREST STANDS, AND FOREST ECOSYSTEMS ARE SHAPED BY HISTORY
11
1.1.5 FORESTS ARE EQUIPPED WITH AND REGULATED BY CLOSED FEEDBACK LOOPS
12
1.1.6 FOREST ECOSYSTEMS ARE ORGANISED HIERARCHICALLY 14 1.1.7 FOREST
STANDS ARE SYSTEMS WITH MULTIPLE OUTPUT VARIABLES 20
1.2 FROM FOREST STAND TO GENE LEVEL: THE ONGOING SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL
REFINEMENT IN ANALYSIS AND MODELLING OF TREE AND FOREST STAND DYNAMICS
21
1.2.1 EXPERIMENTS, INVENTORIES, AND MEASUREMENT OF STRUCTURES AND RATES
22
1.2.2 FROM PROXY VARIABLES TO "PRIMARY" FACTORS FOR EXPLANATIONS AND
ESTIMATIONS OF STAND AND TREE GROWTH 24
1.2.3 FROM EARLY EXPERIENCE TABLES TO ECOPHYSIOLOGICALLY BASED COMPUTER
MODELS 26
1.3 BRIDGING THE WIDENING GAP BETWEEN SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE AND PRACTICAL
RELEVANCE 29
1.3.1 SCALE OVERLAPPING EXPERIMENTS 29
1.3.2 INTERDISCIPLINARY LINKS THROUGH INDICATOR VARIABLES 31 1.3.3 LINK
BETWEEN EXPERIMENTS, INVENTORIES, AND MONITORING BY CLASSIFICATION
VARIABLES 32
BIBLIOGRAFISCHE INFORMATIONEN HTTP://D-NB.INFO/1004243901
DIGITALISIERT DURCH
IMAGE 2
CONTENTS
1.3.4 MODEL DEVELOPMENT 33
1.3.5 LINK BETWEEN MODELS AND INVENTORIES: FROM DEDUCTIVE TO INDUCTIVE
APPROACHES 35
SUMMARY 37
FROM PRIMARY PRODUCTION TO GROWTH AND HARVESTABLE YIELD AND VICE VERSA:
SPECIFIC DEFINITIONS AND THE LINK BETWEEN TWO BRANCHES OF FOREST SCIENCE
41
2. 1 LINK BETWEEN FOREST GROWTH AND YIELD SCIENCE AND PRODUCTION ECOLOGY
41
2.2 GENERAL DEFINITIONS AND QUANTITIES: PRIMARY PRODUCTION, GROWTH AND
YIELD 42
2.2.1 GROSS AND NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION 44
2.2.2 GROSS AND NET GROWTH 46
2.2.3 GROSS AND NET YIELD 47
2.3 SPECIFIC TERMINOLOGY AND QUANTITIES IN FOREST GROWTH AND YIELD
SCIENCE 48
2.3.1 GROWTH AND YIELD OF INDIVIDUAL TREES 50
2.3.2 GROWTH AND YIELD AT THE STAND LEVEL 56
2.4 STEM AND MERCHANTABLE VOLUME GROWTH AS A PERCENTAGE OF GROSS PRIMARY
PRODUCTION 64
2.4.1 FROM STANDING VOLUME OR STEM OR MERCHANTABLE WOOD VOLUME TO TOTAL
BIOMASS 66
2.4.2 EPHEMERAL TURNOVER FACTOR T,, N FOR ESTIMATION OF NPP 72 2.4.3
DERIVING HARVESTED VOLUME UNDER BARK FROM STANDING VOLUME OVER BARK 76
2.4.4 CONVERSION OF MERCHANTABLE WOOD VOLUME TO GPP 78 2.5 DEAD INNER
XYLEM 81
2.6 GROWTH AND YIELD AND NUTRIENT CONTENT 84
2.6.1 FROM TOTAL BIOMASS TO THE CARBON POOL 85
2.6.2 NUTRIENT MINERALS 85
2.7 EFFICIENCY OF ENERGY, NITROGEN, AND WATER USE 89
2.7.1 ENERGY USE EFFICIENCY (EUE) 90
2.7.2 NITROGEN USE EFFICIENCY (NUE) 93
2.7.3 WATER USE EFFICIENCY (WUE) 94
SUMMARY 95
BRIEF HISTORY AND PROFILE OF LONG-TERM GROWTH AND YIELD RESEARCH 101
3.1 FROM RULES OF THUMB TO SOUND KNOWLEDGE 101
3.2 FOUNDATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL FORESTRY 104 3.3 FROM THE
ASSOCIATION OF GERMAN FOREST RESEARCH STATIONS TO THE INTERNATIONAL
UNION OF FOREST RESEARCH ORGANIZATIONS (IUFRO) 105
3.4 GROWTH AND YIELD SCIENCE SECTION OF THE GERMAN UNION OF FOREST
RESEARCH ORGANISATIONS 105
IMAGE 3
CONTENTS XI
3.5 CONTINUITY IN MANAGEMENT OF LONG-TERM EXPERIMENT PLOTS IN BAVARIA AS
A MODEL OF SUCCESS 107
3.6 SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL EXPERIMENTS 110
3.7 ESTABLISHMENT AND SURVEY OF LONG-TERM EXPERIMENTAL PLOTS 112 3.7.1
ESTABLISHMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL PLOTS AND TRIAL PLOTS 112 3.7.2 MEASURING
STANDING AND LYING TREES 115
SUMMARY 118
4 PLANNING FOREST GROWTH AND YIELD EXPERIMENTS 121
4.1 KEY TERMINOLOGY IN THE DESIGN OF LONG-TERM EXPERIMENTS 121 4.2 THE
EXPERIMENTAL QUESTION AND ILS FOUR COMPONENT QUESTIONS . . 123 4.2.1
WHICH QUESTION SHOULD BE ANSWERED? 123
4.2.2 WITH WHAT LEVEL OF ACCURACY SHOULD THE QUESTION BE ANSWERED? 124
4.2.3 WHAT LEVEL OF SPATIAL-TEMPORAL RESOLUTION IS WANTED IN THE
EXPLANATION? 124
4.2.4 WHY AND FOR WHAT PURPOSE SHOULD THE QUESTION BE ANSWERED? 124
4.3 BIOLOGICAL VARIABILITY AND REPLICATES 125
4.3.1 TOTAL POPULATION AND SAMPLE 125
4.4 SIZE OF EXPERIMENTAL PLOT AND TRIAL PLOT NUMBER 126
4.5 BLOCK FORMATION AND RANDOMISATION: ELIMINATION OF SYSTEMATIC ERROR
128
4.6 CLASSICAL EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS 129
4.6.1 ONE-FACTOR DESIGNS 130
4.6.2 TWO-FACTOR OR MULTIFACTOR ANALYSIS 133
4.6.3 SPLIT-PLOT AND SPLIT-BLOCK DESIGNS 137
4.6.4 TRIAL SERIES AND DISJUNCT EXPERIMENTAL PLOTS 139 4.7 SPECIAL
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS AND FOREST GROWTH SURVEYS 141 4.7.1 FROM STAND TO
INDIVIDUAL TREE EXPERIMENTS 141
4.7.2 EXPERIMENTS AND SURVEYS OF GROWTH DISTURBANCES 144 4.7.3
ARTIFICIAL TIME SERIES OR GROWTH SERIES 145
SUMMARY 148
5 DESCRIPTION AND QUANTIFICATION OF SILVICULTURA! PRESCRIPTIONS 151 5.1
KIND OF THINNING 154
5.1.1 THINNING ACCORDING TO SOCIAL TREE CLASSES BY KRAFT (1884) 154
5.1.2 THINNING ACCORDING TO COMBINED TREE AND STEM QUALITY CLASSES FROM
THE ASSOCIATION OF GERMAN FOREST RESEARCH STATIONS (1902) 156
5.1.3 THINNING AFTER THE SELECTION OF SUPERIOR OR FINAL CROP TREES 160
5.1.4 THINNING BASED ON DIAMETER CLASS OR TARGET DIAMETER. 164 5.2
SEVERITY OF THINNING 166
5.2.1 THINNING BASED ON A TARGET STAND DENSITY CURVE 167
IMAGE 4
CONTENTS
5.2.2 APPROACHES FOR REGULATING THINNING SEVERITY AND STAND DENSITY 167
5.2.3 SELECTION OF DENSITY CLASSES 170
5.2.4 MANAGEMENT OF STAND DENSITY IN FERTILISATION AND PROVENANCE TRIALS
171
5.2.5 INDIVIDUAL TREE BASED THINNING PRESCRIPTIONS 172 5.3 INTENSITY OF
THINNING 175
5.4 ALGORITHMIC FORMULATION OF SILVICULTURAL PRESCRIPTIONS FOR FOREST
PRACTICE AND GROWTH AND YIELD MODELS 177
SUMMARY 178
STANDARD ANALYSIS OF LONG-TERM EXPERIMENTAL PLOTS 181 6. 1 FROM
MEASUREMENT TO RESPONSE VARIABLES 183
6.2 IMPORTANCE OF REGRESSION SAMPLING FOR STANDARD ANALYSIS 184 6.2.1
PRINCIPLE OF REGRESSION SAMPLING 184
6.2.2 LINEAR TRANSFORMATION 184
6.3 DETERMINATION OF STAND-HEIGHT CURVES 186
6.3.1 FUNCTION EQUATIONS FOR DIAMETER-HEIGHT RELATIONSHIPS . . 187
6.3.2 SELECTION OF THE MOST SUITABLE MODEL FUNCTION 188 6.4
DIAMETER-HEIGHT-AGE RELATIONSHIPS 189
6.4.1 METHOD OF SMOOTHING COEFFICIENTS 191
6.4.2 GROWTH FUNCTION METHODS FOR STRATA MEAN TREES 193 6.4.3
AGE-DIAMETER-HEIGHT REGRESSION METHODS 195
6.5 FORM FACTORS AND VOLUME CALCULATIONS FOR INDIVIDUAL TREES 196 6.5.1
FORM FACTORS 197
6.5.2 VOLUME CALCULATIONS FOR INDIVIDUAL TREES 199
6.6 STAND MEAN AND CUMULATIVE VALUES AT THE TIME OF INVENTORY AND FOR
THE PERIODS BETWEEN INVENTORIES 199
6.6.1 REFERENCE AREA 199
6.6.2 TREE NUMBER 199
6.6.3 MEAN DIAMETER AND MEAN DIAMETER OF THE TOP HEIGHT TREE COLLECTIVE
200
6.6.4 MEAN AND TOP HEIGHT 201
6.6.5 SLENDERNESS H Q /D Q AND HIOO/DIOO 203
6.6.6 STAND BASAL AREA AND VOLUME 203
6.6.7 GROWTH AND YIELD CHARACTERISTICS 204
6.7 RESULTS OF STANDARD ANALYSIS 205
6.7.1 PRESENTATION IN TABLES 205
6.7.2 STAND DEVELOPMENT DIAGRAMS 211
SUMMARY 220
DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS OF STAND STRUCTURES 223
7.1 STRUCTURES AND PROCESSES IN FOREST STANDS 225
7.1.1 INTERACTION BETWEEN STRUCTURES AND PROCESSES 225 7.1.2 EFFECT OF
INITIAL STRUCTURE ON STAND DEVELOPMENT 227
IMAGE 5
CONTENTS XIII
7.2 DESCRIPTIONS OF STAND STRUCTURE 229
7.2.1 TREE DISTRIBUTION MAPS AND CROWN MAPS 230
7.2.2 THREE-DIMENSIONAL VISUALISATION OF FOREST GROWTH 234 7.2.3 SPATIAL
OCCUPANCY PATTERNS 239
7.3 HORIZONTAL TREE DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS 242
7.3.1 POISSON DISTRIBUTION AS A REFERENCE FOR ANALYSING STAND STRUCTURES
243
7.3.2 POSITION-DEPENDENT DISTRIBUTION INDICES 246
7.3.3 DISTRIBUTION INDICES BASED ON SAMPLE QUADRATS 252 7.3.4 K-FUNCTION
256
7.3.5 L-FUNCTION 260
7.3.6 PAIR CORRELATION FUNCTIONS FOR DETAILED ANALYSIS OF TREE
DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS 261
7.4 STAND DENSITY 266
7.4.1 STOCKING DENSITY 266
7.4.2 PERCENTAGE CANOPY COVER (PCC) 267
7.4.3 MEAN BASAL AREA, MBA, BY ASSMANN (1970) 269 7.4.4 QUANTIFYING
STAND DENSITY FROM THE ALLOMETRY BETWEEN MEAN SIZE AND PLANTS PER UNIT
AREA 270
7.4.5 CROWN COMPETITION FACTOR CCF 273
7.4.6 DENSITY OF SPATIAL OCCUPANCY AND VERTICAL PROFILES 274 7.5
DIFFERENTIATION 276
7.5.1 COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION OF TREE DIAMETERS AND HEIGHTS .276
7.5.2 DIAMETER DIFFERENTIATION BY FUELDNER (1995) 276 7.5.3 SPECIES
RICHNESS, SPECIES DIVERSITY, AND STRUCTURAL DIVERSITY 279
7.6 SPECIES INTERMINGLING 284
7.6.1 SPECIES INTERMINGLING INDEX BY FUELDNER ( 1996) 284 7.6.2 INDEX OF
SEGREGATION FROM PIELOU ( 1977) 285
SUMMARY 287
8 GROWING SPACE AND COMPETITIVE SITUATION OF INDIVIDUAL TREES 291 8.1
THE STAND AS A MOSAIC OF INDIVIDUAL TREES 292
8.2 POSITION-DEPENDENT COMPETITION INDICES 292
8.2.1 EXAMPLE OF COMPETITOR IDENTIFICATION AND COMPETITION CALCULATION
293
8.2.2 METHODS OF COMPETITOR IDENTIFICATION 295
8.2.3 QUANTIFYING THE LEVEL OF COMPETITION 299
8.2.4 EVALUATION OF METHODS 302
8.3 POSITION-INDEPENDENT COMPETITION MEASURES 305
8.3.1 CROWN COMPETITION FACTOR 305
8.3.2 HORIZONTAL CROSS-SECTION METHODS 306
8.3.3 PERCENTILE OF THE BASAL AREA FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION 307 8.3.4
COMPARING POSITION-INDEPENDENT WITH POSITION- DEPENDENT COMPETITION
INDICES 308
IMAGE 6
CONTENTS
8.4 METHODS BASED ON GROWING AREA 311
8.4.1 CIRCLE SEGMENT METHOD 311
8.4.2 RASTERING THE STAND AREA 312
8.4.3 GROWING AREA POLYGONS 313
8.5 DETAILED ANALYSIS OF A TREE'S SPATIAL GROWTH CONSTELLATION 315 8.5.1
SPATIAL RASTERING AND DOT COUNTING 315
8.5.2 CALCULATION OF SPATIAL DISTANCES 318
8.5.3 CROWN GROWTH RESPONSES TO LATERAL RESTRICTION 320 8.6
HEMISPHERICAL IMAGES FOR QUANTIFYING THE COMPETITIVE SITUATION OF
INDIVIDUAL TREES 321
8.6.1 FISH-EYE IMAGES AS A BASIS FOR SPATIAL ANALYSES 321 8.6.2
METHODOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES OF FISH-EYE PROJECTION IN FOREST STANDS 323
8.6.3 QUANTIFYING THE COMPETITIVE SITUATION OF INDIVIDUAL TREES IN A
NORWAY SPRUCE-EUROPEAN BEECH MIXED STAND. 325 8.7 EDGE CORRECTION
METHODS 326
8.7.1 EDGE EFFECTS AND EDGE CORRECTION METHODS 326
8.7.2 REFLECTION AND SHIFT 327
8.7.3 LINEAR EXPANSION 328
8.7.4 STRUCTURE GENERATION 332
8.7.5 EVALUATION OF EDGE CORRECTION METHODS 333
SUMMARY 334
EFFECTS OF SPECIES MIXTURE ON TREE AND STAND GROWTH 337 9.1
INTRODUCTION: INCREASING PRODUCTIVITY WITH SPECIES MIXTURES? 337 9.1.1
FUNDAMENTAL NICHE AND NICHE DIFFERENTIATION 338 9.1.2 MAXIMIZING FITNESS
ISN'T EQUIVALENT TO MAXIMIZING
PRODUCTIVITY 340
9.1.3 THE BALANCE BETWEEN PRODUCTION PROMOTING AND INHIBITING EFFECTS IS
IMPORTANT 341
9.2 FRAMEWORK FOR ANALYSING MIXING EFFECTS 343
9.2.1 ECOLOGICAL NICHE 343
9.2.2 SITE-GROWTH RELATIONSHIPS 344
9.2.3 RISK DISTRIBUTION 344
9.2.4 COMPARISON OF MIXED STANDS WITH NEIGHBOURING PURE STANDS:
METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS 348
9.3 QUANTIFYING EFFECTS OF SPECIES MIXTURE AT STAND LEVEL 351 9.3.1
CROSS-SPECIES DIAGRAMS FOR VISUALISING MIXTURE EFFECTS . 351 9.3.2
NOMENCLATURE, RELATIONS AND VARIABLES FOR ANALYSING MIXTURE EFFECTS 352
9.3.3 MIXTURE PROPORTION 354
9.3.4 EXAMINING EFFECTS OF SPECIES MIXTURE ON BIOMASS PRODUCTIVITY IN
NORWAY SPRUCE-EUROPEAN BEECH STANDS: AN EXAMPLE 356
9.3.5 EXAMINING MEAN TREE SIZE IN NORWAY SPRUCE-EUROPEAN BEECH STANDS:
AN EXAMPLE 360
IMAGE 7
CONTENTS XV
9.4 QUANTIFYING MIXTURE EFFECTS AT THE INDIVIDUAL TREE LEVEL 363 9.4.1
EFFICIENCY PARAMETERS FOR INDIVIDUAL TREE GROWTH 363 9.4.2 APPLICATION
OF EFFICIENCY PARAMETERS FOR DETECTING MIXTURE EFFECTS 365
9.5 PRODUCTIVITY IN MIXED FOREST STANDS 371
9.5.1 THE MIXED STANDS ISSUE: A CENTRAL EUROPEAN REVIEW AND PERSPECTIVE
371
9.5.2 BENCHMARKS FOR PRODUCTIVITY OF MIXED STANDS COMPARED TO PURE
STANDS 372
9.5.3 SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL NICHE DIFFERENTIATION AS A RECIPE FOR
COEXISTENCE AND CAUSE OF SURPLUS PRODUCTIVITY 375 9.5.4 CROWN SHYNESS
376
9.5.5 GROWTH RESILIENCE WITH STRUCTURAL AND SPECIES DIVERSITY 377
SUMMARY 378
10 GROWTH RELATIONSHIPS AND THEIR BIOMETRIE FORMULATION 381 10.1
DEPENDENCE OF GROWTH ON ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AND RESOURCE
AVAILABILITY 381
10.1.1 UNIMODAL DOSE-EFFECT-CURVE 381
10.1.2 DOSE-EFFECT-RULE BY MITSCHERLICH (1948) 383 10.1.3 COMBINING THE
EFFECTS OF SEVERAL GROWTH FACTORS 386 10.2 ALLOMETRY AT THE INDIVIDUAL
PLANT LEVEL 387
10.2.1 ALLOMETRY AND ITS BIOMETRIE FORMULATION 387
10.2.2 EXAMPLES OF ALLOMETRY AT THE INDIVIDUAL PLANT LEVEL 389 10.2.3
DETECTION OF PERIODIC CHANGES IN ALLOMETRY 391 10.3 GROWTH AND YIELD
FUNCTIONS OF INDIVIDUAL PLANTS 393
10.3.1 PHYSIOLOGICAL REASONING AND BIOMETRICAL FORMULATION OF GROWTH
FUNCTIONS 393
10.3.2 OVERVIEW OVER APPROVED GROWTH AND YIELD FUNCTIONS .394 10.3.3
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GROWTH AND YIELD 397
10.4 ALLOMELRY AT THE STAND LEVEL: THE SELF-THINNING RULES FROM REINEKE
( 1933) AND YODA ET AL. ( 1963) 399
10.4.1 REINEKE'S (1933) SELF-THINNING LINE AND STAND DENSITY INDEX 400
10.4.2 -3/2-POWER RULE BY YODA ET AL. ( 1963) 402
10.4.3 LINK BETWEEN INDIVIDUAL TREE AND STAND ALLOMETRY 405 10.4.4
ALLOMETRIC SCALING AS GENERAL RULE 406
10.5 STAND DENSITY AND GROWTH 407
10.5.1 ASSMANN'S CONCEPT OF MAXIMUM, OPTIMUM AND CRITICAL STAND DENSITY
409
10.5.2 BIOMETRIE FORMULATION OF THE UNIMODAL OPTIMUM CURVE OF VOLUME
GROWTH IN RELATION TO STAND DENSITY AND MEAN TREE SIZE 411
IMAGE 8
XVI CONTENTS
10.6 DEALING WITH BIOLOGICAL VARIABILITY 415
10.6.1 QUANTIFYING VARIABILITY 416
10.6.2 REPRODUCTION OF VARIABILITY 418
SUMMARY 420
11 FOREST GROWTH MODELS 423
11.1 SCALES OF OBSERVATION, STATISTICAL AND MECHANISTIC APPROACHES TO
STAND DYNAMICS 425
11.1.1 SCALES OF FOREST GROWTH AND YIELD RESEARCH AND MODELS 425
11.1.2 FROM THE CLASSICAL BLACK-BOX TO WHITE-BOX APPROACHES 426
11.1.3 TOP-DOWN APPROACH VS BOTTOM-UP APPROACH 428 11.2 MODEL
OBJECTIVES, DEGREE OF SYSTEM ABSTRACTION, DATABASE 429 11.2.1 GROWTH
MODELS AS NESTED HYPOTHESES ABOUT SYSTEMS BEHAVIOUR 430
11.2.2 GROWTH MODELS AS A DECISION TOOL FOR FOREST MANAGEMENT 430
11.3 GROWTH MODELS BASED ON STAND LEVEL MEAN AND CUMULATIVE VALUES 432
11.3.1 PRINCIPLES OF YIELD TABLE CONSTRUCTION 432
11.3.2 FROM EXPERIENCE TABLES TO STAND SIMULATORS 437 11.4 GROWTH MODELS
BASED ON TREE NUMBER FREQUENCIES 445 11.4.1 REPRESENTING STAND
DEVELOPMENT BY SYSTEMS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 445
11.4.2 GROWTH MODELS BASED ON PROGRESSING DISTRIBUTIONS 446 11.4.3 STAND
EVOLUTION MODELS - STAND GROWTH AS A STOCHASTIC PROCESS 449
11.5 INDIVIDUAL TREE GROWTH AND YIELD MODELS 450
11.5.1 OVERVIEW OF THE UNDERLYING PRINCIPLES OF INDIVIDUAL- TREE MODELS
451
11.5.2 GROWTH FUNCTIONS AS THE CORE ELEMENT OF INDIVIDUAL- TREE MODELS
453
11.5.3 OVERVIEW OF MODEL TYPES 455
11.6 GAP AND HYBRID MODELS 456
11.6.1 DEVELOPMENT CYCLE IN GAPS 457
11.6.2 JABOWA - PROTOTYPE MODEL FROM BOTKIN ET AL. (1972) . . 458 11.7
MATTER BALANCE MODELS 462
11.7.1 INCREASING STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ACCORDANCE OF MODELS WITH
REALITY 462
11.7.2 MODELLING OF THE BASIC PROCESSES IN MATTER BALANCE MODELS 465
11.7.3 OVERVIEW OF MATTER BALANCE MODEL APPROACHES 476 11.8 LANDSCAPE
MODELS 478
11.8.1 APPLICATION OF LANDSCAPE MODEL LANDCLIM 481
IMAGE 9
CONTENTS XVII
11.9 VISUALISATION OF FOREST STANDS AND WOODED LANDSCAPES 482 11.9.1
VISUALISATION TOOLS TREEVIEW AND L-VIS 484 11.10 PERSPECTIVE 488
SUMMARY 490
12 EVALUATION AND STANDARD DESCRIPTION OF GROWTH MODELS 493 12.1
APPROACHES FOR EVALUATION OF GROWTH MODELS AND SIMULATORS . . . . 4 94
12.1.1 SUITABILITY FOR A GIVEN PURPOSE 494
12.1.2 VALIDATION OF THE BIOMETRIE MODEL 496
12.1.3 SUITABILITY OF THE SOFTWARE 499
12.1.4 CUSTOMISING MODELS AND SIMULATORS FOR END-USERS 500 12.2 EXAMPLES
OF MODEL VALIDATION 503
12.2.1 VALIDATION ON THE BASIS OF LONG-TERM SAMPLE PLOTS AND INVENTORY
DATA 503
12.2.2 COMPARISON WITH GROWTH RELATIONSHIPS 508
12.2.3 COMPARISON WITH KNOWLEDGE FROM EXPERIENCE 510 12.3 STANDARDS FOR
DESCRIBING MODELS AND SIMULATORS 510
SUMMARY 512
13 APPLICATION OF FOREST SIMULATION MODELS FOR DECISION SUPPORT IN
PRACTICE 515
13.1 MODEL OBJECTIVE AND PREDICTION ALGORITHM 516
13.1.1 MODEL OBJECTIVE 516
13.1.2 PREDICTION ALGORITHM 516
13.1.3 DATABASE 519
13.2 SITE-GROWTH MODEL 519
13.2.1 THE PRINCIPLES OF CONTROLLING INDIVIDUAL TREE GROWTH BY MEANS OF
SITE FACTORS 520
13.2.2 MODELLING THE POTENTIAL AGE-HEIGHT CURVE IN DEPENDENCE ON SITE
CONDITIONS 520
13.3 GENERATION OF INITIAL VALUES FOR SIMULATION RUNS 525
13.3.1 STAND STRUCTURE GENERATOR STRUGEN 526
13.4 SPATIALLY EXPLICIT MODELLING OF THE GROWTH ARRANGEMENT OF THE
INDIVIDUAL TREES 528
13.4.1 INDEX KKL AS THE INDICATOR OF THE CROWN COMPETITION . . . 528
13.4.2 INDEX NDIST AS THE INDICATOR FOR COMPETITION ASYMMETRY 528
13.4.3 INDEX KMA FOR THE SPECIES MIXTURE IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF
INDIVIDUAL TREES 529
13.5 APPLICATION FOR SCENARIO ANALYSIS AT THE STAND LEVEL: A PURE NORWAY
SPRUCE STAND VS A NORWAY SPRUCE - EUROPEAN BEECH MIXED STAND 530
13.5.1 GROWTH AND YIELD AT THE STAND LEVEL 530
13.5.2 GROWTH AND YIELD ON TREE LEVEL 532
13.5.3 MODELLING STRUCTURAL DIVERSITY 532
13.5.4 MULTI-CRITERIA CONSIDERATIONS 534
IMAGE 10
XVIUE CONTENTS
13.6 GROWTH MODELS FOR DYNAMIC ENTERPRISE PLANNING 535
13.6.1 SIMULATION AT THE ENTERPRISE LEVEL FOR LONG-TERM STRATEGIC
PLANNING 536
13.6.2 APPLICATION OF MODELS FOR DECISION SUPPORT 537 13.6.3 APPLICATION
OF THE MUNICH FORESTRY ENTERPRISE FOREST MANAGEMENT PLAN 540
13.7 ESTIMATION OF GROWTH AND YIELD RESPONSES TO CLIMATE CHANGE . . . 5
43 13.7.1 DEPENDENCE OF RESPONSE PATTERNS ON SITE AND TREE SPECIES 544
13.7.2 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS AT THE REGIONAL LEVEL 545
13.7.3 DEVELOPMENT OF SILVICULTURAL MEASURES FOR MITIGATION AND
ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE 548
SUMMARY 549
14 DIAGNOSIS OF GROWTH DISTURBANCES 553
14. 1 GROWTH MODELS AS REFERENCE 556
14.1.1 COMPARISON WITH YIELD TABLE 556
14.1.2 DYNAMIC GROWTH MODELS AS REFERENCE 557
14.1.3 SYNTHETIC REFERENCE CURVES 559
14.2 UNDISTURBED TREES OR STANDS AS A REFERENCE 560
14.2.1 INCREMENT TREND METHOD 560
14.2.2 PAIR-WISE COMPARISON 565
14.2.3 REFERENCE PLOT COMPARISON 566
14.2.4 REFERENCE PLOT COMPARISON BY INDEXING 570
14.2.5 REGRESSION-ANALYTICAL ESTIMATION OF INCREMENT DECREASE 572
14.3 GROWTH BEHAVIOUR IN OTHER CALENDAR PERIODS AS REFERENCE 576 14.3.1
INDIVIDUAL GROWTH IN PREVIOUS PERIOD AS REFERENCE 576 14.3.2 LONG-TERM,
AGE-SPECIFIC TREE GROWTH AS REFERENCE (CONSTANT AGE METHOD) 579
14.3.3 GROWTH COMPARISON OF PREVIOUS AND SUBSEQUENT GENERATION AT THE
SAME SITE 580
14.3.4 DIAGNOSIS OF GROWTH TRENDS FROM SUCCEEDING INVENTORIES 582
14.4 DENDRO-CHRONOLOGICAL TIME SERIES ANALYSIS 585
14.4.1 ELIMINATION OF THE SMOOTH COMPONENT 586
14.4.2 INDEXING 587
14.4.3 RESPONSE FUNCTION 588
14.4.4 QUANTIFICATION OF INCREMENT LOSSES 589
SUMMARY 590
15 PATHWAYS TO SYSTEM UNDERSTANDING AND MANAGEMENT 593 15.1 OVERVIEW OF
KNOWLEDGE PATHWAYS IN FOREST GROWTH AND YIELD RESEARCH 594
15.1.1 OBSERVATION, MEASUREMENT, AND COLLECTION OF DATA 595 15.1.2
DESCRIPTION 597
IMAGE 11
CONTENTS XIX
15.1.3 FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESES FOR ELEMENTS OF INDIVIDUAL SYSTEM
ELEMENTS 597
15.1.4 TEST OF HYPOTHESES 599
15.1.5 MODELS AS A CHAIN OF HYPOTHESES 602
15.1.6 TEST OF MODEL HYPOTHESIS BY SIMULATION 603
15.1.7 APPLICATION OF THE MODEL IN RESEARCH, PRACTICE, AND EDUCATION 604
15.1.8 RELATIONSHIPS, RULES, LAWS, AND THEORIES 604
15.2 TRANSFER OF KNOWLEDGE FROM SCIENCE TO PRACTICE 611
15.2.1 CONCEPT OF FOREST ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT 611 15.2.2 LONG-TERM
EXPERIMENTS AND MODELS FOR DECISION SUPPORT 613
SUMMARY 615
REFERENCES 619
INDEX 655 |
any_adam_object | 1 |
author | Pretzsch, Hans |
author_facet | Pretzsch, Hans |
author_role | aut |
author_sort | Pretzsch, Hans |
author_variant | h p hp |
building | Verbundindex |
bvnumber | BV039665914 |
ctrlnum | (OCoLC)430520065 (DE-599)DNB1004243901 |
dewey-full | 634.98 |
dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
dewey-ones | 634 - Orchards, fruits, forestry |
dewey-raw | 634.98 |
dewey-search | 634.98 |
dewey-sort | 3634.98 |
dewey-tens | 630 - Agriculture and related technologies |
discipline | Agrar-/Forst-/Ernährungs-/Haushaltswissenschaft / Gartenbau |
edition | 1. softcover printing |
format | Book |
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id | DE-604.BV039665914 |
illustrated | Illustrated |
indexdate | 2024-09-06T00:20:21Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 9783642148613 9783540883067 |
language | English |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024515185 |
oclc_num | 430520065 |
open_access_boolean | |
owner | DE-703 |
owner_facet | DE-703 |
physical | XIX, 664 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 24 cm |
publishDate | 2010 |
publishDateSearch | 2010 |
publishDateSort | 2010 |
publisher | Springer |
record_format | marc |
spelling | Pretzsch, Hans Verfasser aut Forest dynamics, growth and yield from measurement to model Hans Pretzsch 1. softcover printing Berlin ; Heidelberg Springer 2010 XIX, 664 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Literaturangaben Forstertrag (DE-588)4155059-6 gnd rswk-swf Waldbau (DE-588)4064356-6 gnd rswk-swf Waldbau (DE-588)4064356-6 s Forstertrag (DE-588)4155059-6 s 1\p DE-604 X:MVB text/html http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=3500754&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm Inhaltstext DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024515185&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
spellingShingle | Pretzsch, Hans Forest dynamics, growth and yield from measurement to model Forstertrag (DE-588)4155059-6 gnd Waldbau (DE-588)4064356-6 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4155059-6 (DE-588)4064356-6 |
title | Forest dynamics, growth and yield from measurement to model |
title_auth | Forest dynamics, growth and yield from measurement to model |
title_exact_search | Forest dynamics, growth and yield from measurement to model |
title_full | Forest dynamics, growth and yield from measurement to model Hans Pretzsch |
title_fullStr | Forest dynamics, growth and yield from measurement to model Hans Pretzsch |
title_full_unstemmed | Forest dynamics, growth and yield from measurement to model Hans Pretzsch |
title_short | Forest dynamics, growth and yield |
title_sort | forest dynamics growth and yield from measurement to model |
title_sub | from measurement to model |
topic | Forstertrag (DE-588)4155059-6 gnd Waldbau (DE-588)4064356-6 gnd |
topic_facet | Forstertrag Waldbau |
url | http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=3500754&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024515185&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
work_keys_str_mv | AT pretzschhans forestdynamicsgrowthandyieldfrommeasurementtomodel |