EU Russia energy relations:
Gespeichert in:
| Weitere Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Rixensart
Euroconfidentiel
2010
|
| Schriftenreihe: | OGEL collection
|
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XIX, 376 S. graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9782930066714 |
Internformat
MARC
| LEADER | 00000nam a2200000 c 4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | BV039665044 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 005 | 20111209 | ||
| 007 | t | ||
| 008 | 111027s2010 bd|| |||| 00||| eng d | ||
| 020 | |a 9782930066714 |9 978-2-930066-71-4 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)730310672 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BSZ321761715 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a eng | |
| 049 | |a DE-703 | ||
| 084 | |a PS 2420 |0 (DE-625)139712: |2 rvk | ||
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a EU Russia energy relations |c ed. by Kim Talus ... |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a EU-Russia Energy relations |
| 264 | 1 | |a Rixensart |b Euroconfidentiel |c 2010 | |
| 300 | |a XIX, 376 S. |b graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 0 | |a OGEL collection | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Talus, Kim |4 edt | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024514333&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024514333 | ||
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804148530160336896 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Table of
Contents
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD
1
INTRODUCTION
5
SECTION I: POLITICAL ENERGY RELATIONS
BETWEEN
EU
AND RUSSIA
Chapter I: The EU-Russia Energy Dialogue at the Origin of
the European Foreign Energy Policy
9
1.
Introduction
9
2.
Objectives and Functioning of the
EU -
Russia Energy Dialogue
10
A. Objectives
10
B. Other energy dialogues
11
C. Functioning
13
1.
The Permanent Partnership Council (PPC)
13
2.
The coordinators
14
3.
Working groups
14
3.
Progress Achieved Under the Energy Dialogue
16
4.
Main Elements of the Energy Dialogue
16
A. Investment
17
B. Markets
18
C. Infrastructure
19
D. Energy efficiency
20
E. Early Warning Mechanism
23
5.
Future of the Dialogue
24
6.
Conclusion
24
Chapter
П:
The Politics of
EU -
Russia Energy Relations
25
1.
Introduction
25
2.
Russian Energy Policy
28
3.
Ukraine
31
4. EU
Energy Policy
32
5.
Conclusion
33
viii Table of
Contents
SECTION
Π:
LEGAL
ASPECTS
OF
EU
-
RUSSIA
ENERGY RELATIONS
Chapter I: A Common Russia
-
EU
Energy Space (The New
EU
-
Russia Partnership Agreement,
Acquis
Communautaire,
the Energy Charter and the New Russian
Initiative)
45
1.
Introduction
45
2.
First Option: Export of the
Acquis Communautaire
(the EU s
Preferred Approach But a no go For Russia)
49
A. Direct expansion of the
acquis
area
50
B. Indirect expansion of the
acquis
area
54
3.
Second Option: A New Bilateral Treaty
57
4.
Third Option: a New PA Energy Chapter Based on the
1994
ЕСТ
63
A. Russia and the
ЕСТ
65
B.
The
EU
and the
ЕСТ
71
5.
The Energy Charter and Consequences of the Recent Russia-
Ukraine Gas Dispute (Role of the Energy Charter Secretariat)
78
6.
New Russian Energy Initiative and the Energy Charter
83
A. Russia is bound by the
ЕСТ
83
B.
Consequences of withdrawal from the
ЕСТ
85
C.
Transit: common fallacy
87
D. Destroy or renew
90
7.
Practical Actions for Moving Forward
91
8.
Russia Between Two Margins: to Lead Energy Charter Process
Plus
-
or to Withdraw From
ЕСТ
Provisional Application?
93
A. Disadvantages resulting from withdrawal
94
B. Energy Charter process plus
96
C. Road map within Energy Charter plus scenario
97
D. Package solution
97
9.
Unfortunate Development
-
and its Consequences
99
Chapter
П:
EU-
Russia Relations in the Energy Field: The
Continuing Role of International Law
103
1.
Context
104
2.
Energy and Sovereignty
105
3.
The EU s House-Keeping Matters
107
4.
Avenues in International Law
109
A. Contractual provisions
109
Table
of
Contents
ix
В.
Treaties and
public
international law
110
С
Russia s provisional application 111
D. Opting Out
112
E. The domestic exception clause in Article
45 113
F. Scope of provisional application: time and relationship
to substantive
ЕСТ
provisions
114
G. Treaties and Russian law
115
H. The rule of law in the
ЕСТ
116
I. The way forward
117
5.
Conclusion
118
Chapter III: Arbitrating Disputes Under the Energy
Charter Treaty
119
1.
Introduction
119
2.
Overview of the Energy Charter Treaty
120
A. Background
120
B. Investment promotion and protection
121
C. Dispute settlement
122
3.
Investment Protection
122
A. Introduction
122
B. Scope of protection
123
C. Minimum standard of investment protection
-
Article
10(1) 124
1.
Fair and equitable treatment
124
2.
Most constant protection and security
125
3.
Discrimination
126
4.
Umbrella clause
126
D. Most favoured nation treatment
127
E. Article
13
-Expropriation
129
F. Article
17 -
Non-application of Part III in certain
circumstances
130
4.
Settlement of Disputes Between an Investor and a Contracting
Party
130
A. Introduction
130
B. Amicable settlement
131
С
The investor s choice of forum for dispute resolution
131
D. Applicable law
132
E. Local companies controlled by foreign investors
133
5.
Provisional Application of the
ЕСТ
133
A. Provisional application of Treaty obligations
133
Table of
Contents
B.
The relationship between international law and
municipal law
136
C. Termination and opting out of provisional application of
the
ЕСТ
138
6.
Awards Rendered
139
A. Brief introduction to the cases
140
1.
Nykomb Synergetics Technology Holding
AB v.
the
Republic of Latvia
140
2.
Petrobart Limited v. the Kyrgyz Republic
141
3.
Plama
Consortium Limited v. Republic of Bulgaria
(ICSID case no. ARB/03/24)
142
4.
Amto v. Ukraine
144
5.
Ioannis Kardassopoulos v. Georgia (ICSID Case No.
ARB/05/
18) -
Decision on jurisdiction
146
B. Jurisdictional issues
147
1.
Nykomb
147
(a) Investment
147
(b) Retroactive application
148
2.
Petrobart
148
(a) Investment
148
(b) Applicability of the
ЕСТ
with regard to
Gibraltar
149
(c) Article
17
ЕСТ
151
(d)
Res Judicata
152
3.
Plama
152
(a) Burden of proof
152
(b) Investment
153
(c) Article
17
ЕСТ
154
4.
Amto
156
(a) Investment
156
(b) Article
17
ЕСТ
156
5.
Kardassopoulos
157
(a) Jurisdiction Ratione Materiae
157
(b) Provisional application
159
6.
Concluding remarks on jurisdiction
160
(a) Article
17
ЕСТ
160
(b)
Provisional application
161
(c) Investment
161
С
Compensation standards
161
1.
Nykomb
162
2.
Petrobart
164
Table of
Contents xi
3.
Concluding remarks regarding compensation
165
7.
Concluding Remarks
166
Chapter IV: Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards in
Russia: Improving, But Still Uncertain
167
1.
Introduction
167
2.
The Russian Legal System has Generally Demonstrated a Two
Steps Forward, One Step Back Approach to Enforcement of
Foreign Arbitral Awards Under the New York Convention
168
3.
Examining Russia s Nascent Pro-Enforcement Trend Through
the Application of Three Oft-Cited Grounds for Refusal
Highlights the Domestic Courts Internal Struggle
170
A. Non-arbitrability of the underlying dispute
171
B. Lack of sufficient notice
173
С
Arbitration awards as contrary to Russian public policy
176
4.
Conclusion
180
Chapter V: The Effect of the EC
-
Russia Partnership
Agreement in Community Law: Lessons Learned From the
Soccer World
181
1.
Introduction
181
A. The EC-Russia Partnership Agreement
181
B. Partnership Agreements as an instrument of EC external
policy
183
2.
The Effect of International Agreements in the Community
Legal Order
184
3.
Direct Effect of the EC-Russia Partnership Agreement
187
4.
From Professional Football to Energy Relations
190
5.
Relevance for a New EC-Russia Bilateral Agreement
192
A. Lessons learned from Simutenkov
192
B. Implications for an energy chapter in the future
agreement
195
1.
Rules modelled on EC law
195
2.
Rules not modelled on EC law
197
6.
Conclusion
198
xii
Table of
Contents
SECTION
Ш:
CHANGING THE RULES FOR THE
EU
NATURAL GAS MARKETS
-
FROM STATE TO
MARKET AND PLAN TO CONTRACT
Chapter I: The New
EU
Energy Policy and Implications for
Former Soviet Union Natural Gas Suppliers
205
1.
Introduction
205
2.
Changes in the Regulation of the
EU
Internal Market in Natural
Gas
206
3.
Natural Gas Pipeline Projects from the Caspian Region
215
A. Inconsistent rule of law
218
B. Resource base
220
4.
New Energy Strategy
-
Second Strategic Energy Review
222
5.
Conclusion
226
Chapter
П:
Unbundling as a Defence Mechanism Against
Russia: Is the
EU
Missing the Point?
227
1.
Introduction
227
2.
Challenging Unbundling and the Third Country Clause Under
the EC Treaty
229
A. Is the
EU
competent to require unbundling?
229
1.
Article
95
cannot be used to address potential
behaviour
230
2.
Unbundling requirements are inconsistent with the
principle of subsidiarity and proportionality
231
B. Can the
EU
restrict the free movement of capital and the
freedom of establishment?
233
1.
Unbundling and the third country clause violate the
free movement of capital and the freedom of
establishment
234
2.
These violations cannot be covered by any
exceptions
235
3.
Challenging Unbundling and the Third Country Clause Under
BITs and the
ЕСТ
237
A. Claiming compensation under a BIT
238
B. Claiming compensation under the
ЕСТ
240
4.
Concluding Remarks
-
Enforceability and Bilateral Relations
241
A. Enforceability
242
B. EU-Russia bilateral energy relations
243
Table of Contents
xiii
Chapter III:
Long-Term
Capacity Agreements, Third Party
Access and Ell-Russia Relations
245
1.
Introduction
245
2.
Access to Import and Transit Pipelines Under
EU
Law
248
3.
Secondary EC Law and Third Party Access in the Gas Sector
251
A. The gas market Directive
251
B. The access Regulation
253
1.
Tariffs
255
2.
Third party access services
256
3.
Exemptions from
TPA
-
new infrastructure
257
4.
TPA
and EC Competition Law
259
A. Article
82
and
TPA
260
1.
Refusal to deal
262
2.
The essential facility doctrine
265
3.
Refusal to deal
-
access to pipelines
269
(a) There must be a refusal to deal
269
(b) There are two distinct markets and the
requested company has a dominant position
in the upstream market
272
(c) The input is essential and indispensable for
competition in the downstream market
273
(d) Refusal leads to total elimination of
competition
276
(e) In case of IP rights, there is a requirement of
new product
276
(f) There is no objective justification for the
refusal
277
B. Some reflections
279
5.
Relationship Between General Competition Laws And Sector-
Specific Energy Regulation
282
A. The relationship
-
possible approaches
283
B. The European Court of Justice
287
С
Application of the two regimes
289
6.
TPA
and EU-Russia Relations-The Right of First Refusal
290
7.
Conclusion
292
xiv
Table of
Contents
Chapter IV: Russian Energy Strategy and Transit Routes in
Eastern Europe
-
A View From Warsaw
295
1.
Introduction
295
2.
Poland s Energy Policy
296
A. Poland s energy security
296
B. Tensions on the Yamal-Europe gas pipeline
300
C. Russian Polish transit disputes in Europolgaz
302
3.
Poland s Perceptions of the Russian Energy Policy
305
A. Perceptions of the Russian-Ukrainian gas disputes
305
B
.
Perceptions of the Russian-German energy cooperation
310
4.
New Energy Alliances in Eastern Europe
315
A. Amber Stream
316
B. Baltic pipe
316
С
Developments on the Druzhba pipeline
317
D. Odessa-Brody oil pipeline
319
E. Mazeikiu refinery
321
F. Ignalin nuclear plant
323
5.
Conclusions
325
Chapter V: Can Nordstream and Southstream Survive in a
Changing European Gas Market?
327
1.
Introduction
327
2.
Nordstream
328
3.
Southstream
335
4.
A Changing European Gas Market
338
A. Market liberalization
338
B. Unconventional gas and LNG
342
C. Gazprom and the economic crisis
345
5.
Conclusion
347
Table of Contents
xv
Chapter VI: The
2009
Gas Conflict and its Consequences
for European Energy Security
351
1.
Introduction
351
2.
Russia: Energy and Financial Background Prior to the Crisis
352
A. The need to sweep under the carpet an external
business conflict caused by a corporate problem of a
current gas deficit
352
B. Gazprom s shortage of energy and financial resources
353
1.
Estimate of the current deficit of Gazprom s
resources during the consumption peak in the period
of January
1-20, 2009 354
2.
The critical financial standing of Gazprom caused by
debts and the price downturn on the main market in
the
EU
356
3.
Russia: Political and Economic Considerations Behind
Unleashing the Crisis
357
A. Articulated political and economic considerations
357
B. Russia was also pursuing non-articulated goals
358
4.
Ukraine: Allegations vs Reality
359
5.
Prospects of Gas Transit via Ukraine
361
6.
The Gas Crisis as a Mirror of Energy Vulnerability of the
EU
364
7.
Resolution of the Crisis and its Consequences
370
8.
Proposals for Enhancement of European Energy Security
372
9.
Conclusive Remarks
376
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| title_short | EU Russia energy relations |
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