Assessing nanoparticle risks to human health:
Gespeichert in:
1. Verfasser: | |
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Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
Amsterdam [u.a.]
Elsevier, William Andrew
2011
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Schriftenreihe: | Micro & nano technologies series
|
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
Beschreibung: | XVII, 280 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
ISBN: | 9781437778632 1437778631 |
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245 | 1 | 0 | |a Assessing nanoparticle risks to human health |c Gurumurthy Ramachandran |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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adam_text | Contents
Preface
.........................................................................................................ix
About the Editor
..........................................................................................xi
About the Contributors
..............................................................................xiii
CHAPTER
1
Challenges in Nanoparticle Risk Assessment
______......1
1.1
Introduction
.....................................................................1
1.2
The Nature of the Engineered Nanomaterial
Challenge
.........................................................................6
1.3
The Problem with Definitions
.........................................8
1.4
Principles-based Problem Formulation for
Engineered Nanomaterials
............................................10
1.4.1
Emergent Risk
......................................................10
1.4.2
Plausibility
...........................................................10
1.4.3
Impact
..................................................................11
1.5
Applying the Principles to Engineered
Nanomaterials
................................................................11
1.5.1
Materials Demonstrating Abrupt Scale-
specific Changes in Biological or
Environmental Behavior
......................................12
1.5.2
Materials Capable of Penetrating to
Normally Inaccessible Places
..............................12
1.5.3
Active Materials
...................................................13
1.5.4
Materials Exhibiting Scalable Hazard
that is Not Captured by Conventional Risk
Assessments
.........................................................13
1.6
Looking Forward
...........................................................13
CHAPTER
2
Assessing Exposures to Nanomaterials in the
Occupational Environment
-----------------------------------21
2.1
Nanotechnology and Nanoparticles
..............................22
2.2
Exposure Routes
............................................................23
2.2.1
Inhalation
.............................................................23
2.2.2
Dermal
.................................................................25
2.2.3 Ingestion..............................................................25
2.3
Measurement of Health-related Exposure Metrics
........26
2.4
Instrumentation
..............................................................31
2.4.1
Real-time Measurements
.....................................33
2.4.2
Time-integrated Measurements
...........................36
2.5
Exposure Assessment Strategy
......................................37
2.5.1
Basic Characterization
.........................................39
2.5.2
Exposure Assessment
..........................................44
vi
Contents
CHAPTER
3
Hazard and Risk Assessment of Workplace
Exposure to Engineered Nanoparticles: Methods,
Issues, and Carbon Nanotube Case Study
....................65
3.1
Introduction
...................................................................65
3.1.1
Risk Assessment Paradigm
..................................66
3.1.2
Hazard Assessment
..............................................67
3.1.3
Dose-Response Assessment
................................71
3.1.4
Temporal Extrapolation
.......................................73
3.2
Case Study Example: Carbon Nanotubes
......................74
3.2.1
Data Description
..................................................74
3.2.2
Severity of Effects
...............................................75
3.2.3
Risk Assessment Steps: Benchmark Dose
Estimation
............................................................77
3.3
Discussion
.....................................................................83
3.3.1
Comparison to Other Methods
............................83
3.3.2
Research Needs
...................................................87
3.3.3
Future Directions
.................................................88
3.4
Appendix: Pulmonary Ventilation Rate Calculations
..........89
3.4.1
Rat Ventilation Rate
.............................................90
3.4.2
Human Ventilation Rate
......................................90
CHAPTER
4
Pulmonary Bioassay Methods for Evaluating
Hazards Following Exposures to Nanoscale or Fine
Paniculate Materials
.................................................99
4.1
Introduction and General Background
..........................99
4.2
What Is Postulated About the Lung Hazards of
Nanoparticle Exposures
...............................................100
4.3
Species Differences in Lung Responses to
Inhaled Fine and/or
Ultrafine TiO2
Particles
...............101
4.4
Pulmonary Bioassay Studies
.......................................102
4.4.1
Pulmonary Bioassay Studies of Fine
and Nanoscale TiO2 Particle-types
....................103
4.4.2
Pulmonary Bioassay Studies of Fine
and Nanoscale
α
-Quartz Particle-types
.............105
4.4.3
Safe-Handling of Nanoscale Particulates
in the Laboratory
...............................................106
CHAPTER
5
Using Expert Judgment for Risk Assessment
.............109
5.1
Uncertainties in Risk Assessment
..............................110
5.1.1
Challenges and Uncertainty in Data
Collection, Extrapolation, and Modeling
..........111
Contents
vii
5.2
Limitations
of Existing Methodologies for Risk
Assessment and Precedents for Using Expert
Judgment
.....................................................................112
5.2.1
Traditional Risk Assessment
.............................112
5.2.2
Using Expert Judgment in Risk Assessment
.....114
5.3
Eliciting Expert Judgment
-
Selection of Experts,
Elicitation Protocols and Best Practices
......................115
5.3.1
Expert Performance on Elicitation Tasks
..........115
5.3.2
Elicitation Methods and Best Practices
.............118
5.4
Arriving at Consensus Risk Estimates
........................123
5.5
The Use of Expert Judgment for Nanoparticle Risks
.... 124
5.5.1
Uncertainty in Characterizing Health Risks
from Nanoparticles
............................................125
5.5.2
Challenges for Expert Judgment with
Emerging Nanotechnologies
.............................130
5.6
Conclusions
.....................................................................
1
32
CHAPTER
б
Risk Assessment Using Control Banding
....................139
6.1
Introduction
.....................................................................
1
39
6.2
Challenges Related to the Traditional Industrial
Hygiene Approach
..........................................................
I41
6.3
CB Nanotool
...................................................................
143
6.3.1
Severity Factors
.................................................145
6.3.2
Probability Factors
............................................149
6.4
Evaluation of the CB Nanotool
......................................152
6.4.1
Severity
..............................................................153
6.4.2
Probability
.........................................................154
6.4.3
Addressing Expert Opinion
...............................156
6.5
Considerations for the Nanotechnology Industry
........160
6.6
Conclusion
...................................................................161
CHAPTER
7
Controlling Nanopartide Exposures
..........................167
7.1
Introduction
.................................................................167
7.2
The Hierarchy of Control
............................................168
7.3
Criteria for Prioritizing Control Options
.....................170
7.4
Form of Nanomaterials
................................................171
7.5
Local Exhaust Ventilation
............................................172
7.5.1
Exterior Hoods
..................................................172
7.5.2
Ventilated Enclosures
........................................173
7.6
Air Pollution Control Devices
.....................................176
7.6.1
Electrostatic Precipitators
..................................176
7.6.2
Air Filters
...........................................................177
7.6.3
Filter Performance Over Time
...........................182
viii Contents
7.7
Work Practices
.............................................................184
7.8
Personal Protective Equipment
....................................184
7.8.1
Protective Clothing and Gloves
.........................186
7.8.2
Respiratory Protection
.......................................187
7.9
Summary and Recommendations
................................190
CHAPTER
8
Addressing the Risks of Nanomaterials under
United States and European Union Regulatory
Frameworks for Chemicals
.......................................195
8.1
Introduction
.................................................................196
8.1.1
Terminology: Nanosciences,
Nanotechnologies, and Nanomaterials
..............197
8.1.2
Different Generations of Nanotechnologies
......198
8.1.3
Commercial and Economic Dimensions
...........198
8.1.4
Environment, Health and Safety
(EHS)
Risks:
Scientific Knowledge and Uncertainty
..............200
8.2
US Chemicals Regulation
...........................................202
8.2.1
The Toxic Substances Control Act
....................202
8.2.2
The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and
Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)
..................................212
8.3
European Union Chemicals Regulation
......................217
8.3.1
Registration, Evaluation, Authorization,
and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH)
...........217
8.3.2
Pesticides
...........................................................224
8.3.3
REACH and Nanoscale Substances
..................225
8.3.4
Nanomaterials as Substances Under REACH..
228
8.3.5
Quantitative Thresholds
.....................................229
8.3.6
Inventories and Reporting Requirements
..........230
8.3.7
Timing of REACH Implementation
..................231
8.3.8
Bulk versus
Nano
Forms of Substances
............232
8.3.9
Testing Methods
................................................233
8.4
Comparative Analysis
..................................................234
8.4.1
Key Factors
........................................................234
8.4.2
Background
.......................................................236
8.4.3
Premanufacture Review and Registration
Requirements
.....................................................238
8.4.4
Information and Data-collection
Requirements
........................................................241
8.4.5
Regulatory Controls
..........................................245
8.5
Conclusion
...................................................................248
Index
........................................................................................................273
ASSESSING NANOPARTICLE
RISKS TO HUMAN HEALTH
Edited by
Gurumurthy Ramachandran
•
Essential reading for risk assessment professionals, companies working with
nanoparticles, nanotechnology research groups and regulators
•
Explores the use of risk assessment methodologies in an occupational health
setting, and their limitations
•
Provides a framework for evidence-based decision making in a context with
many uncertainties
Assessing Nanoparticle Risks to Human Health provides a systematic overview of
nanoparticle risks within the paradigm of risk assessment, and considers the limitations of
this paradigm in a context where extreme uncertainties prevail. As well as exploring the
conventional risk assessment methodology, using carbon nanotubes as an example, the
contributing authors investigate several alternate approaches. Current risk management
and regulatory oversight frameworks and their adequacy are dealt with. The US and
EU
approaches to risk assessment are explored, as well as corporate approaches, and
suggestions are made as to how these frameworks can be modified to make them more
efficient and effective.
The book is aimed at practitioners of risk assessment in corporate, regulatory and
academic settings who are in the position of making decisions about nanoparticle risks
in the absence of definitive evidence of their health risks. The book presents a coherent
framework for analyzing the available information to arrive at robust decisions. It presents
the latest scientific understanding of the
toxicity
and health effects of nanoparticles, the
technical issues relating to exposure assessment and management, and the ways in
which the current risk paradigm can be used/modified to deal with the challenges of
nanoparticie risks,
G
-.),·!)!
ii.-rîiîv
Ronili sjii. Sí
j.-i is Professor in the Division of Environmental Health Sciences
and the Director of the industrial Hygiene program in the School of Public Health
at the University of Minnesota. He is an authority on human exposure assessment in
occupational and non-occupationai settings, and has written extensively on occupational
exposure assessment for nanoparticles including the development of robust strategies
and analyzing measurement data, the use of expert judgment in risk assessment for
nanomaterials, and oversight of nanobiotechnokxjy. He has served on numerous national
advisory and review
paneis
and committees including on NiH and NIOSH study sections
and has participated in working groups at N!OSH, US EPA, and the National Academy of
Sciences. He
currentîy
serves on the
editoria!
boards of the Journal of Occupational and
Environmental Hygiene, and the Journal of Occupational Safety and Health.
|
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bvnumber | BV039659279 |
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ctrlnum | (OCoLC)760143965 (DE-599)BVBBV039659279 |
discipline | Chemie / Pharmazie Medizin |
format | Book |
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illustrated | Illustrated |
indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:08:28Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 9781437778632 1437778631 |
language | English |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024508717 |
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spelling | Ramachandran, Gurumurthy Verfasser aut Assessing nanoparticle risks to human health Gurumurthy Ramachandran Amsterdam [u.a.] Elsevier, William Andrew 2011 XVII, 280 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Micro & nano technologies series Nanotechnologie (DE-588)4327470-5 gnd rswk-swf Gesundheitsgefährdung (DE-588)4071808-6 gnd rswk-swf Toxikologie (DE-588)4060538-3 gnd rswk-swf Risikoanalyse (DE-588)4137042-9 gnd rswk-swf Nanotechnologie (DE-588)4327470-5 s Risikoanalyse (DE-588)4137042-9 s DE-604 Gesundheitsgefährdung (DE-588)4071808-6 s Toxikologie (DE-588)4060538-3 s b DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024508717&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024508717&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
spellingShingle | Ramachandran, Gurumurthy Assessing nanoparticle risks to human health Nanotechnologie (DE-588)4327470-5 gnd Gesundheitsgefährdung (DE-588)4071808-6 gnd Toxikologie (DE-588)4060538-3 gnd Risikoanalyse (DE-588)4137042-9 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4327470-5 (DE-588)4071808-6 (DE-588)4060538-3 (DE-588)4137042-9 |
title | Assessing nanoparticle risks to human health |
title_auth | Assessing nanoparticle risks to human health |
title_exact_search | Assessing nanoparticle risks to human health |
title_full | Assessing nanoparticle risks to human health Gurumurthy Ramachandran |
title_fullStr | Assessing nanoparticle risks to human health Gurumurthy Ramachandran |
title_full_unstemmed | Assessing nanoparticle risks to human health Gurumurthy Ramachandran |
title_short | Assessing nanoparticle risks to human health |
title_sort | assessing nanoparticle risks to human health |
topic | Nanotechnologie (DE-588)4327470-5 gnd Gesundheitsgefährdung (DE-588)4071808-6 gnd Toxikologie (DE-588)4060538-3 gnd Risikoanalyse (DE-588)4137042-9 gnd |
topic_facet | Nanotechnologie Gesundheitsgefährdung Toxikologie Risikoanalyse |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024508717&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024508717&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
work_keys_str_mv | AT ramachandrangurumurthy assessingnanoparticleriskstohumanhealth |