Velekince: rimska i srednjovekovna nekropola
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Beograd
Muzej u Prištini (sa izmeštenim sedištem) [u.a.]
2010
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | In kyrill. Schr., serb. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 176 S. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9788685235085 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | ВЕЛЕКИНЦЕ
-
РИМСКА И
СРЕДЊОВЕКОВНА
НЕКРОПОЛА
Садржај
Предговор
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5
I
Увод
_____________ _____________________________ 7
II
Топографија
и
историјаттла
_________________________________ 9
III
Резултати археолошких
ископавања
_____________ _________ 17
1.
Римска некропола
__________________________________ _._. 23
A. Облици
гробова
_____________________________________ 23
Б.
Погребни ритуал и
обичаји
__________________________ „ 26
B. Гробни налази
_____________________________........._.......__.... 27
2.
Средњовековиа
некропола
_________________________________ 35
А. Облици
гробова
___________,_________________________ 35
Б.
Погребни ритуал и
обичаји
____________________________ 35
В.Гробни налази
_______________________________________ 37
3.
Каталог
гробова
__________________________________________ 49
Римска некропола
____________________________________ 49
Средњовековна
некропола
______________________________ 63
4.
Каталог предмета откривених у
слоју земље
изван
гробова
______101
IV
Закључак
________________________________________________
ł1
1
Summary
________ ____________________ ___________115
Табеларни преглед
римских
гробова
______________.....___136
Табеларни
преглед
средњовековних
гробова
____________138
Скраћенице
_________________ 147
Литература
(Библиографија)
______________ 148
ВЕЛЕКИНЦЕ
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SUMMARY
The village of Velekince is situated in the south of Gnjilane, less than five kilometers from town
center, on the left side of the
Gnjilane-Preševo
road. It is situated along the said road on the southwestern
slopes and foot of Mount
Velekinačka Glama,
in the hinterland of the left bank of the South
Morava
River. The
village has houses that are fairly close to one another and is now exclusively populated by Albanians. A small
Serb community lived in the village until the end of the
1970s.
Almost nothing is known about the beginnings of the village, its founder and life in it. The first
mention of the village is found in written records in one of the earliest Ottoman defters, cadastral tax census
records, from the time of the first reign of Mehmed II
(1444-1446).
The village of Velekince is mentioned in
this summary census of the
Kruševac, Toplica
and
Dubočica
areas as one of the villages owned by
Karadža,
a falconer. According to the census, the village belonged to Izmomik and had
15
households. The current
location of the village does not correspond to the location of the settlement mentioned in the said census,
a fact that can be deduced from a tradition recorded in the field in the
1930s.
According to the tradition, it
seems to have been situated south or southwest of the current village, in the place where the remains of a
ruined church lay. The original site of the village was apparently abandoned following the end of Austrian-
Turkish wars or soon after the settlement of Albanians in the eastern parts of Kosovo in the late seventeenth
and early eighteenth centuries. According to the tradition, the ancestors of the current families found four
Serb households in the village when they settled there. However, the Serbs soon moved elsewhere when
the Turks of
Novo Brdo
appropriated their estates and then sold them to the Albanian newcomers. The most
probable reason why the latter abandoned the original location of the village was that they did not think it
was favorable because of the ruins of the church lying there.
The existence of an old graveyard in the area became known in
1979,
when, during a survey of
the meadowland on the slopes of Ilijina
Glava,
a hill located one kilometer west and southwest of the village,
remains of human bones were found in a portion of a culvert under the
Gnjilane-Preševo
asphalt road, which
runs along the southeastern slopes of this locality.
Archaeological investigation of this site was conducted in
1984.
The investigation was conservative
in character, as several facilities were to be built in the locality for the need of the
Gnjilane-based Mladost
agricultural estate. Unfortunately, excavation commenced only after most of the old graveyard site had been
devastated by earthmoving machines. The thickness of the removed layer of soil was evident from numerous
human bones scattered over a large area, as well as from the depth of inhumation in the graves found during
excavation, which in several places amounted to about ten centimeters below the level at which the scrapers
stopped. It was also observed that, in addition to removing the surface layer, construction work also involved
filling, which, in all likelihood, took place in the period between submitting to the contractor a request to
discontinue construction and the beginning of conservation excavation, which lasted nearly full three
months. This was confirmed during the excavation, while subsequent discoveries of graves revealed the scope
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of the filling. Namely, a year and a half after the conclusion of the excavation, when big holes were being dug
for concrete pillars of one of the processing plants, which involved digging through a filling nearly one meter
deep, several graves containing skeletal remains were discovered.
Despite the fact that the graveyard seemed to have been completely demolished, it turned out
that its larger part was preserved. Admittedly, the state of preservation, in
stratigraphie
terms, existed only in
relation to the depth at which the bodies had been buried, while the upper archaeological layers, formed over
a centuries-long period in which the graveyard had been used, were completely destroyed. The content of
these layers, which were by no means very thick, is to a certain extent obvious from the rare shards of ceramic
collected from the surface of the ground and those discovered in the preserved thin layer of soil immediately
above the skeletons of the deceased.
Results of archaeological excavation
During a two-month excavation, using a system of probes of seven by five meters in size, an area of
1,100
square meters was investigated. The size of the area was conditioned by the position of principal and
auxiliary facilities to be built. Primarily, it included the mildly concave section of a wider terrace on the said
hill slope. Unfortunately, even though sporadic finds of ceramic shards, also found outside the investigated
area, indicated the existence of archaeological remains, this section of the terrain was not probed, with the
exception of two probes located east of the said area (probes
D
and E), in the lower part of the slope and at
the foot of the hill, immediately above the
Gnjilane-Preševo
asphalt road.
Despite the fact that the largest part of the terrain where the excavation was being conducted
had been devastated by construction works,
224
graves were discovered in the said area. The disposition of
the graves indicates that the graveyard lay in the southeastern section of the said terrace and stretched in a
northeast-southwest direction. Of the total number of investigated graves,
207
contained skeletal remains,
while
17
contained remains of cremated persons. All the graves with cremated remains belong to the Roman
period. Undoubtedly belonging to the same period are eight graves with skeletal remains, whose date and
cultural provenance was established on the basis of the items found in them. The number of graves with
skeletal remains may have been a little larger, given that the method of burying in an ordinary grave and
placing one or several rocks laterally to the skeleton was also used during the Roman period and in Late
Antiquity. It is difficult to say how plausible the assumption is because of the absence of sepulchral remains
that would support it. Thus it can be said with a pinch of salt that the remaining
119
graves date from the
Middle Ages. The ratio of Roman and medieval graves indicates that the graveyard at Ilijina
Glava
was used
over a long period during the Middle Ages and that the population of the Velekince settlement was a little
larger than in the Roman period.
Of the total number of discovered graves, over
40
were demolished either completely or to a greater
or lesser extent in the course of construction work. On the other hand, however, the same number of both
Roman and medieval graves were damaged due to later inhumation. The Roman graves destroyed by later
inhumation are attested by shards of Roman ceramics discovered in some parts of the necropolis, primarily in
the layer of the soil with which some of the medieval graves were filled. As it was established that the Roman
116
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graves with skeletal remains were deeper than the medieval ones and that slight damage was observed only
in the case of Grave
181
and just to a small part of the grave s structure, the said ceramic shards should by
all means be linked to the graves with cremated remains, which were shallower and therefore much more
exposed to the danger of partial or total destruction by later inhumation. This supposition is also supported
by rare finds of small areas or just traces of particles of soot and small red fired lumps of earth. In the case of
the medieval graves, the types of damage done by later inhumation indicate that the exact position of the
original graves was not known, which is evidence of a significant time span separating the damaged and later
graves, with no traces of funerary art, if there was any.
Five pits were also discovered in the western section of the investigated area, i.e. in the northwestern
end of the graveyard. All the pits are grouped together in a comparatively small area within four probes (K,
L,
171,
and M). The pits are of an irregular spherical shape with mildly slanting sides and rounded bottoms
and dug into a soft bedrock. They were of different sizes and depths. The largest were the three pits ranging
in size from
1.80
by
1.40
meters to
1.84
by
1.76
meters. All the pits were filled with dark brown earth. Only
two pits (Pits
2
and
3)
contained particles of soot and small red or reddish brown fired lumps of earth in
addition to the dark brown earth, while Pit
2
also contained a few shards of ceramic. The shards included rims
of bowls and pots decorated using a cogged wheel or with oblique cannelures, as well as a part of a strap and
looped handle
(
T.
1/1,4,5,7,8,11,12; 111/1,3).
Similar or nearly identical ceramic vessels were also found
in the other sections of the investigated area, even in the said probe (Probe D) at the foot of the hill, where a
somewhat larger number of shards were found (T. I/2,
3,6,9,10,13,14;
T. II/2,
4-9,11).
All the said ceramic
material is comparatively sparse, given the size of the investigated area, and rather fragmented. It was mostly
made from earth with an admixture of sand and rarely from a better kind of refined earth. The color of fired
earth is uneven, ranging from yellow-brown and orange-brown to dark gray and black.
Nearly all of the ceramic vessels are typical of the production of the local potter s shops of the
seventh and sixth centuries
ВС.
Special mention among these should be made of the bowls whose rims are
turned inwards and decorated using a cogged wheel and with oblique cannelures. Their presence, together
with fragments of various pots, was attested at the fortified settlement of Belac evac near
Pristina
and in
the necropolis at
Karagač
near
Kosovska
Mitrovica, and, outside Kosovo, at Oraovica near
Preševo,
whose
production is also dated to the seventh and sixth centuries
ВС.
Several items
,
such as two pot fragments
ft
1/11,14),
date from a later period, a fact that can be concluded from analogous fragments found in the
nearby settlement of
Černica,
which are dated to the first stage of Late Iron Age, the period from the sixth to
the fourth centuries
ВС.
Also from this period are the rare shards of better quality ceramics produced using a
potters wheel. These mostly include a few fragments of bowls and a ring-shaped bottom of a vessel (T.
11/8,
12,13)
made from well-refined clay, gray to dark gray in color. This type of ceramic was discovered at fortified
settlements in Kosovo and
Metohija
and in the nearby village of
Černica,
where a bowl similar to the one
found at Ilijina
Glava
was found and attributed to the production of local potters, who made their products in
imitation of imported Greek ceramics. It should be added that this type of ceramic was found together with
indigenous Dardanian ceramics, decorated using a cogged wheel, in the latest cultural stratum (mid-fifth to
mid-fourth centuries
ВС)
at
Gornje Gadimlje.
The total isolation of these pits and their position relative to the size of the investigated area and
the scarcity of archaeological content that would be indicative of their origin, do not allow for establishing
ГЇЇ
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their exact purpose. It can only be guessed at on the basis of pits of similar shapes from the fifth to fourth
centuries
ВС,
admittedly a little larger and with a far richer content of various ceramics and sizeable quantities
of ash and soot, found in areas comparatively close to the site at Ilijina
Glava,
most notably at
Krševica,
situated at the southeastern rim of the Vranje valley, in the area of the fortified Hellenic settlement at the
Kale site, and at
Donji Nerezi
in the Skopje valley. All these pits were classified as sepulchers with cremated
remains following the analogy of pits in Thrace, even though some of them contained no remains of cremated
human bones, nor even traces of them, as was the case of the
Krševica
pit. Similar pits were also found in the
medieval necropolis discovered at a Late Antiquity and Early Byzantine fortification at the
Hajdučka Vodenica
site near
Tekija,
on the bank of the Danube. Based on their shape, a skull that was found and some other
archaeological material, they were classified as sack-shaped
Dacian
graves.
The findings from the pits at
Krševica
and
Hajdučka Vodenica
allow for the possibility of identifying
the pits at Ilijina
Glava
as graves with cremated remains on account of the finds of soot and small lumps of
red fired earth in them, which could be the remains of funereal pyres brought to them from the place of
cremation. That these pits were some kind of sepulchral facilities is further indicated by information obtained
from older local inhabitants, who said that a long time before, in the
1920s,
there were small mounds full
of broken rocks to the southwest of the spot. When the land was being worked, the rocks were regularly
removed, and iron objects similar to spearheads were often found. The information was impossible to verify
by visiting this section of the field, but the very mention of the mounds with broken rocks and the finds of
weapons indicate the existence of some kind of necropolis under the tumuli. The supposition is also confirmed
by a find of two silver earrings, which undoubtedly came from one of the destroyed graves. The earrings are
made of thin silver wire and shaped like small, simple open-ended rings. One end of the ring is flat, while the
other end is shaped like a cone (T.
11/10).
This type of earring was widespread in northern Greece, Thrace and
some other places, and was used between the sixth and third centuries
ВС.
In all probability, the area in which the pits were discovered, given their distance from the possible
location of the mounds, was at the very edge of the supposed graveyard. This position of the pits in relation
to the mounds may have been conditioned by the very status or family roots of the deceased, given the fact
that this shape of grave with cremated remains is attributed to Thracian populations. Therefore it seems that
their presence in this area, which was part of the Dardanian territory, was an extremely rare and sporadic
phenomenon.
The possibility of this being an Iron Age necropolis is to a certain degree indicated by a small stone
structure in Probe C/1, whose shape and character have raised a dilemma, as it was obviously partly damaged
in the course of the said construction work. Incidentally, the structure is located several dozen meters east
of the pits and made from rocks broken into small pieces (Fig.
2).
It was like a small mound of an irregular
rectangular shape, five by two meters in size, and lay in a southeast-northwest direction. Found inside the
structure was a fragment of a rim of a bowl (T.
1/10)
typical of Early Iron Age and, in its northeastern end, two
heavily damaged graves with cremated remains (IV and V), which, judging by the funerary gifts in them, date
from the early Roman period. These graves were also damaged during the said construction work and all that
has remained of them are traces of small areas with admixtures of soot and fragments of cremated bones.
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Even though there are no sufficient elements to establish the character of the structure, and,
therefore, any supposition can be discarded as implausible, there is still the impression that it, like the pits,
also played the role of a sepulchral facility. To a certain extent, the location of the two graves with cremated
remains from the early Roman period upholds the assumption that this was the purpose of the structure, even
though the graves and the structure are separated by several centuries, if we assume that the lonely fragment
of a bowl rim is sufficient for its dating. If the existence of the two graves inside the structure is primarily seen
as a continuation of an older sepulchral tradition, then the stated supposition is by no means unfounded. The
possible continuity of burial customs is further attested by the other graves containing cremated remains from
the Roman period, most of which belong to the so-called Mala Kopasnica III type, attributed to the native
Dardanian ethnic community. A similar example of such a long tradition is found in the north of Kosovo, in
the earlier mentioned necropolis at
Karagač,
where, alongside the graves from the fifth century
ВС,
several
shallow early Roman graves with cremated remains from the first or second century AD were discovered.
Even though it has not been sufficiently supported, such a long burial tradition testifies to ethnic and cultural
continuity in these parts over many centuries, which does not seem to have been disrupted during the Roman
domination, not even after the passing of
Constitutie
Antoniniana in
the early third century.
Despite the fact that the area has not been sufficiently investigated, a glimpse into this continuity
is also provided by the finds of ceramic shards found on a slope just above the foot of the hill, northeast of
the necropolis, where two small settlements were obviously located. The first and older of them is from the
oldest stage of Late Iron Age (end of fifth or end of fourth century
ВС),
and the second and later one, from the
period of Roman domination. Their location and undisputed connection with the necropolis by all means bear
testimony to a long and almost uninterrupted life in them.
At the east end of the investigated area, at the very edge of the said terrace, in the section where
the necropolis ends and where the terrain starts sloping down towards the foot of the hill, contours of a narrow
and shallow trench,
26
meters long and around
0.7
meters wide, were found. The trench lay in a east-west
direction, following the direction in which the graveyard lay in this part of the terrain. After every six meters
there is an elongated, arched expansion,
1.5
meters wide and
2.5
meters long and facing the graveyard. Given
the thickness of the removed layer of earth in the course of ground leveling using construction machinery,
it can be said that the trench was only partly dug into rocky ground throughout its length. The entire trench
was filled with loose dark brown earth and a few broken rocks, which in all likelihood are the only remains
of the foundation of a wall that had been dismantled in its entirety. The location of the trench in relation to
the described terrain configuration, the direction in which it lay relative to the location of the graveyard, its
width and arched projections give rise to the currently only possible supposition that this was a protective
wall, which served as a supporting wall in this part of the terrain. As Roman graves
VII
and IX with cremated
remains were damaged during the digging of the trench, the supposed supporting wall can be said to have
been built in the Middle Ages, when the graveyard had been expanded to the very edge of the terraced part
of the terrain, perhaps in the fourteenth century, as can be concluded from the location of the graves and the
finds from them.
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Roman necropolis
As has already been said, of all the discovered graves, only
25
can be ascertained as dating from the Roman
period. Burials were performed in two different ways: by cremation and inhumation. Most graves,
17
in all,
are graves with cremated remains and all are concentrated in the eastern and northeastern sections of the
necropolis, where there are almost no graves with inhumed bodies. According to the manner of burial, these
graves can be classified into two groups. One group comprises only one grave, where the cremated remains
were separated from the pyre, rinsed and laid into a ceramic urn buried into a small hole (Grave
VIII).
The other
group comprises graves shaped like a shallow rectangular or oval pit of various dimensions, where the remains
of the deceased were placed together with some soot and ashes from the pyre. The pits vary in size. On the
one hand, there are smaller pits whose dimensions do not exceed
0.80
meters in length and
0.50
meters in
width, and, on the other hand, there are bigger pits of
1.60
by
0.80
meters in size. Nearly all of the graves in
this latter group are more or less damaged or totally destroyed due to the construction work; therefore it is
impossible to get a full insight into theirtrue appearance or depth of burial. A common characteristic of these
graves is that they were dug into the ground and partly cut into the soft rock base, with no traces of fire at the
bottom and walls of the pits. In most cases, the graves of this type in Upper Moesia are dated to the second
half of the second or third century or the first half of the fourth, and are believed to represent the Roman type
of grave, whose presence in these parts is attributed to the process of Romanization. However, in our case, this
presence can also be linked to an older burial tradition, where the custom of separating and rinsing the bones
of cremated people and placing them into urns was established in Bronze and Iron Age necropolises.
The other group comprises
16
graves. Due to the fact that the graves were damaged, it was possible
to approximately establish the size of only half of them. Of the said number, six are smaller in size (graves
Will,
VI, VII,
IX, X and
XII),
while the remaining two are bigger
(XIV
and XV). As in the case of the graves with
urns, this type of grave was widespread in nearly all Roman provinces in the Balkans, in the two
Pannonias,
Dalmaţia,
Upper Moesia, and Macedonia. In Upper Moesia, this type of grave is mostly found in its southern
parts. It is also found in the Roman necropolises in Kosovo, at Ulpiana near
Grecanica,
at
Záskok
near
Uroševac,
and in the earlier mentioned necropolises at
Karagač
near
Kosovska
Mitrovica and Glavnik near Podujevo. A
number of similar graves in the form of shallow small-sized pits, oval or oval-square in shape, were also found
in the eastern necropolis at
Skupi
and dated to the period from the end of the first to the late third century.
This type of grave in the territory of the Upper Moesia province is classified as belonging to the
so-called Mala
Kopašnica-Sase
I type, but is different from it partly in size and primarily in that its walls and
bottom were not burned. Some researchers suppose that this difference arose due to the fact that the remains
from the pyre were laid in the pits only after they had cooled down, i.e. that this is a manifestation of two
different burial procedures.
A common feature of the graves of this type is the scarcity of funerary gifts or the total absence of
them. This is also characteristic of the Velekince graves, where, in nearly all graves, the gifts include various
types of ceramic vessels. An exception is Grave
XII,
where, in addition to ceramic vessels, a fragmented bronze
fibula and glass beads, parts of a necklace, were found.
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The graves of the Mala
Kopašnica
III type are thought to continue an earlier burial tradition. In our
case, this is confirmed by the graves with cremated remains at
Karagač,
Romája
and
Vlaštica
in the vicinity
of the Velekince necropolis, even though they are under tumuli. This continuity of a burial tradition is by all
means an expression of the ethnic-cultural continuity in an area that, before the Roman conquest, belonged
to the Dardanian ethnic community. However, this type of grave, given its wide distribution in the Balkan
provinces, is rightly attributed to various native tribes. Thus graves of this type in the earlier mentioned
necropolis at
Scupi are
attributed to newcomers from the Hellenized south, i.e. to the influences coming from
central Povardarie and Pelagonia.
All of the discovered graves with skeletal remains are characterized by a unique type of grave
structure in the form of a regular rectangular pit. On the basis of how the space in the pit, i.e. around the
skeleton, was used, four variants can be distinguished. A regular rectangular pit (Graves
10,165),
a rectangular
pit covered with one row of tegulae (Grave
182),
a pit whose sides were overlaid with laterally placed tegulae
(Grave
181),
and a pit in which, laterally alongside the skeleton and to its right and left, there are several
broken rocks or only one on each side, and in one case a brick fragment (Graves
4,12,164,197).
The described types of grave are found in all Roman and Late Antiquity necropolises in the Balkan
and
Danubian
provinces. They are the commonest types of grave. In Upper Moesia, they are found in town
necropolises and dated to the second, third and fourth centuries. The said type of grave is the commonest type
in the necropolises at the Roman station of
Vindenis
at Glavnik and dated to the third and fourth centuries.
The earlier graves are attributed to foreigners, most notably Orientals from the Near East, as in the case of the
Early Roman graves in the eastern necropolis at
Scupi.
The older graves discovered in the necropolises of major
urban centers in Upper
Pannonia
and
Dalmaţia
are also attributed to Romanized settlers of Oriental or Greek
descent.
Based on the data collected during the excavation, not much can be said about the burial customs
and rites performed before and after the burial, except a few general statements that apply to nearly all
Roman necropolises of this type in the Balkan provinces. Two burial methods were used in necropolises.
The cremation ritual seems to have been the first form of burial and was used for a very long period. It was
performed upon a common pyre, from which, after cooling down, the remains of the cremated body were
transferred and buried in two different ways, as stated earlier. No traces of the pyre have been discovered, but
it can be supposed that it was located somewhere in the necropolis not far from the place where the graves
with cremated remains were discovered. The deceased were cremated fully dressed and with the items they
had worn all their lives, as can be seen from the finds in Grave
XII,
where fragments of a fibula and remains
of a glass bead necklace were discovered. After the remains of the cremated body had been transferred to a
grave pit, two or three ceramic vessels were typically laid in it. They were usually a plate or a bowl and a pot
or a cup. The placing of this kind of gift in the graves is generally linked to a belief in the afterlife according to
which the soul, free from the body, still has the need to eat and drink.
All the pits to which the bones of the cremated deceased were transferred lay in a northwestern-
southeastern direction with a slight deviation from the said direction. This direction, the same as the
northeastern-southwestern or north-south direction, is characteristic of a great number of graves discovered
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in the territory of Moesia and the neighboring provinces. It is supposed that primarily native people were
buried in the graves positioned in this direction.
Inhumation was performed contemporaneously with cremation, but it was introduced much later
than cremation. Not much is known about the inhumation ceremony, either. It must to a certain extent have
been similar to the customs obtaining during cremation.This is confirmed by the funerary gifts found with the
skeletons and included ceramic vessels and a few glass ones. It seems that the finds of rocks in several graves
should be linked to the burial ceremony, given the rather small number of them and their position relative
to the skeleton. They were obviously laid alongside the deceased at the same time as the said funerary gifts,
after the remains had been laid in the grave. A small number of graves with rocks laid laterally around the
deceased were also discovered in the necropolis at Glavnik. In one of these graves, a gold coin bearing the
image of Justinian I was found. Laying gold coins with the deceased is indubitably a reflection of the belief
in the afterlife, the same as the presence of ceramic vessels. In all likelihood, this is related to the belief that
there is a close relationship between the soul and rocks and that the rocks can keep the soul of the deceased
in the same place as his or her body.
All the deceased were laid in the graves lying on their back. The position of the arms is clear only in
three graves
(12,164,197)
and Grave
11,
if this is one of the Roman graves. The arms either lie alongside the
body or one lies alongside the body and the other is placed over the belly or the pelvis.
The directions in which the graves lie are different. Four graves lie in an east-west direction, with
the head on the eastern side
(4,12,164,165),
two in a west-east direction
(181,197),
one in a northeastern-
southwestern direction
(10),
while the direction of Grave
182
cannot be established with certainty. The
direction in which the graves with inhumed bodies lay in the Roman period was not uniform. It differed
not only from necropolis to necropolis, but also within necropolises. Doubtlessly, the choice of the direction
in which the deceased lay was primarily affected by religious and, to a certain extent, social and economic
factors. However, the effect of current fashions or traditions cannot be discarded, either.
Though few, funerary gifts were found in all the graves, both in those with inhumed and those with
cremated remains. Except in Graves
XII
and
165,
in which the necklace and the fibula were found, in all the
other graves ceramic vessels were the only funerary gifts. These were mostly types of vessels that belonged
to the so-called tableware ceramics, that is, ceramics used every day for food consumption. Their inventory
is modest and includes bowls, plates, jugs and cups. The most common type of vessel was the cup, or mug,
which was usually laid in the grave singly or together with another type of vessel. This kind of funerary gift is
characteristic of the graves with cremated remains and is not found in those with skeletal remains. A similar
phenomenon is observed in relation to the vessels with two or three handles and jugs found only in the graves
with skeletal remains. Finally, it needs to be added that the inventory of funerary gifts of ceramic vessels was
by all means greater, if fragments of a censer and terra
sigillata in
relief found in the necropolis during the
excavation are taken into account.
All the discovered bowls come from the graves with cremated remains, except a bowl that comes
from a grave with inhumed remains. A common characteristic of all the bowls is good quality workmanship,
which implies well-refined clay and good and uniform firing. Based on the appearance of the vessel and the
profile of the rim, three types of bowl have been identified: hemispherical bowls, dome-shaped bowls and
biconic bowls.
Î22~
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Plates are represented with a total of five items and, the same as the bowls, except the item from
Grave
181,
all of them come from the graves with cremated remains. The feature they have in common is
refined clay of good quality and uniform firing. The fired color is gray or dark ocher while the coating is dark
gray to black, and on one item it is olive-brown. There are two types of plate: plates with convex sides and the
shallow plate, or platter.
Cups are the most numerous funerary gifts that were found. As in the case of the bowls and plates,
most cups were also found in the graves with cremated remains. All of the discovered cups can be classified
into two groups: cups without handles and cups with handles. Both groups are characterized by good quality
workmanship, reflected by well-refined clay and uniform firing. Their texture is mostly softer, while the fired
color is light gray or yellowish white.
It is possible to distinguish several types of cups within each group depending on the profile of
the receptacle. The first group, which has a few more representatives, comprises four shapes (types) of cups:
biconical (Type
1),
pear-shaped (Type
2),
egg-shaped (type
3),
and bell-shaped (Type
4)
cups. The second
group comprises four cups with two handles, found in the graves with skeletal remains. Based on the profile
of the receptacle, it is possible two distinguish two types of cup: cylindrical-biconical (Type
5)
and heart-
shaped (Type
6)
cups. Unlike the cups in the first group, these cups are of somewhat poorer workmanship,
without a coating and with non-uniform fired color. The cylindrical-biconical items were decorated using
seals. There do not seem to be any analogies for either of the two types of cup, so they can be called typical of
this area. Based on the rest of the ceramic material, they should by all means be dated to the third or fourth
century. The absence of analogous forms should perhaps be justified by the fact that cup shapes underwent
most changes of all the ceramic forms between the first and fourth centuries.
Mugs/cups are represented by seven items. The same as in the case of the abovementioned ceramic
vessels, all these items were discovered in the graves with cremated remains, except the cup with one handle
from Grave
4.
Based on the number of handles, the mugs can be classified into two groups: mugs with one
handle and mugs with two handles. The first group comprises two items of spherical (Type
1)
and conical
(Type
2)
shapes, while the second group comprises five mugs of either globular (Type
1)
or biconical (type
2)
shapes. They are made from well-refined clay, with mostly gray or gray-brown fired color, while the coating
is dark gray to gray-brown. Prominent among the said items is the mug with one handle. It is also known
as the
Dacian
cup, because it is believed to have been produced by the Dacians. Its presence in the central
Balkan area is dated to the very end of the Late Iron Age
(100
AD-100
ВС),
the pinnacle of the
Dacian
state
and culture. However, its presence can be followed through the period of the Roman domination and even
through its later stages during the third and fourth centuries not only in
Dacia,
but in the eastern parts of
Lower
Pannonia
and Upper Moesia.
Pots, together with bowls and cups, represent the commonest vessels found in the graves. As in the
«se
of the cups and bowls, all the pots, except the two items found in Graves
165
and
185,
were discovered
in the graves with cremated remains. Most pots are made from well-refined clay, are of a non-uniform fired
color, with or without a coating, whose color varies from light brown to light orange and mostly without
gloss. All the pots can be classified into two groups: pots without handles and pots with handles.
ВЕЛЕКИНЦЕ
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Jugs were discovered in only four graves with skeletal remains. On the basis of the profile of the rim
and the receptacle, they can be classified as jugs with a trefoil-beak-shaped lip (Type
1 )
(T. VI/164) and jugs
with circular rims, pear-shaped (Type
2/1),
elongated biconical (Type
2/2)
and egg-shaped (Type
2/3)
profile
of the receptacle (T. VII/197-1; T. VI/12-1; T. VI/181-2). These jugs are also different from one another in the
manner and quality of the workmanship and the treatment of the surface, which was glazed in two cases.
Even though it is very small, the fragment of a censer (T. VII-12) should by all means be mentioned
among the discovered ceramic objects. It was found in a layer of soil outside the graves, a fact which raises the
question of whether the censer was a funerary gift or an item used during the burial ceremony.
Unlike ceramic vessels, glass vessels as funerary gifts are extremely rare. Only two vessels were
unearthed: a glass and a balsamarium bottle, the latter found outside a destroyed grave. The glass found in
Grave
12,
with skeletal remains, together with a ceramic jug, is semi-globular in shape and has a slanting,
outward-turned rim (T. VI/12-2).
Compared with the other finds, jewelry was rather rare in the graves. On the one hand, its near to
total absence is due to the damage done to the necropolis during the construction works and to the social and
economic status of the deceased on the other. Only two necklaces of ring-like (T. VI/165-1) and globular (T.
V/XII-5) glass beads and three badly preserved fibulae. All three fibulae are of different shapes; one is made
of silver and the other two of bronze.
The silver fibula is in the shape of a fully schematized bird with a round plate body (I VIM/24). In
the upper part, the body had a shallow indentation filled with enamel, which was preserved in barely visible
traces. The fibula belonged to the group of enameled fibulae of the round plate variant. It was commonly used
in the second century, even though some of its types were also used in the third century.
A little better preserved bronze fibula is of the so-called two-member round plate fibula type,
made using the piercing technique (T. V/XII-3). These fibulae are dated to the mid-second century.
The other bronze fibula, found outside a grave, is for the most part damaged. Despite that,
however, it can be assumed on the basis of its surviving part that it is a simple bow, wire fibula, also known
as the military fibula (T. VII/25). These fibulae were used in the first and second centuries, while their local
variants kept appearing in the third and even in the fourth century.
Medieval necropolis
As mentioned earlier, the medieval necropolis was formed in the central, mildly slanting section of the
terrace, the area which had been used in earlier centuries as a suitable burial ground. In the area that was
investigated, a total of
199
graves from medieval times were discovered.
Why this area was also chosen for burials in the Middle Ages was mostly due to the awareness of
local inhabitants, springing from their collective memory, that this was a cultic place and reflected a long
tradition and continuation of life in these parts.
The same as the older, Roman graveyard, the necropolis lay in an east-west direction and was a
typical graveyard in which the deceased were buried in graves that lay in rows. The rows are not strictly regular,
as there are some deviations, most likely due to the configuration of the terrain, which also influenced the
І24~
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direction in which the necropolis lay. Based on the ratio of preserved graves and graves devastated by later
inhumation, as well as on the damage done to the skeletons, it seems that the graves were marked in some
way. The markers were probably made from some perishable material, most notably wood. Due to the ground
leveling work mentioned earlier, the depth of the graves will remain unknown.
The deceased were buried in regular pits of an irregular rectangular shape with rounded corners.
This was established on account of the contours of the dig observed on the base of the removed layer of earth
and by careful emptying of the pits. Unlike Grave
190,
where it was established that wooden boards were
placed along both of its longer sides as some kind of sheathing, in most other graves smaller or bigger broken
rocks were laterally placed along the edges of the burial pits, that is, next to the deceased after he or she had
been laid into the grave. The number of the rocks was different, ranging from one to several pieces, placed
along one side of the deceased, over or alongside the head, or in some other combination. An exception to
this rule is the child s grave
163,
in which the rocks were placed laterally to the left side of the skeleton and
over the head, while the skeleton was covered with several small stone slabs.
All the graves, that is, the deceased, lay in a west-east direction, with the head in the west, with
smaller or greater deviations from the said direction, obviously depending on the time of the year when the
burial took place and partly on the configuration of the terrain. The positions of the skeletons indicate that
most deceased were laid directly on the ground, fully stretched, with the head propped on the nape and
the arms typically laid over the pelvis or the chest, but in various combinations. The direction in which the
deceased lay and the position of the arms indicate that the deceased was of the Christian faith and imply
customs characteristic of Christians. This is also attested by the discovery of a small bronze cross in Grave
29
(T.VIII/29).
However, some details are also indicative of some other customs, which were not Christian but
pagan in nature. Such was primarily the custom of laying a different number of rocks next to the deceased
and in different places in the grave. This custom was also established in most Roman graves with inhumed
bodies. In both cases, the custom of placing rocks next to the deceased may be related to the belief that there
is a strong connection between the soul and rock, or to an old Christian legend that says Christ was born from
a rock.
Also reminiscent of pagan beliefs is the find of a pot fragment in the layer above the skeleton
of the deceased in Grave
80.
The potshards and their position in the grave are probably traces of a funeral
feast, a custom which, besides other activities, involved the ritual of breaking a vessel and throwing it with
food still in it into the burial pit while the pit was being filled with soil or immediately before. The finds of
broken vessels, the same as the finds of intact ceramic vessels in medieval necropolises, are rare. They were
recorded in several necropolises in Bulgaria, Macedonia and
Dalmaţia.
In Serbia, this was recorded in the
necropolises at
Vinca,2 Hajdučka Vodenica3
near
Tekija,
on the bank of the Danube, at the Slog site at
Ravna
near
Knjaževac,
where broken vessels were found in as many as eight graves.4 Nearly all of the graves in the
Vbžarova
1976,414;
Maneva 2000b,
29,49;
Belošević
1980,78-79.
3
frcegović-Pavlović
1986,59.
The author has reservations about the idea that fragments of ceramics are traces of funeral feasts,
given a rather small number of shards found in the necropolis.
Petkovićetal.2005,236.
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said areas containing this kind of funerary gift date from the period between the ninth and the end of the
eleventh century. It is supposed
tìiat
the custom was supplanted by the custom of throwing current or no
longer legal money into the grave.5 This supposition is in a sense confirmed by the finds of coins in Graves
118
and
119,
which was also a kind of pagan custom.
The carbonized wood found next to the skeletons of the deceased in several graves
(48,103
and
178)
should also be attributed to older pagan customs and beliefs. Some researchers believe carbonized wood
is a memento of the older ritual of cremation or a custom of cleansing the burial pit from evil forces with
fire. Also related to older beliefs is the find of an iron nail in Grave
48,
which was probably used as part of
the custom of the so-called piercing of the deceased and preventing him or her from rising or becoming
a vampire. Another method of preventing a deceased from becoming a vampire seems to have been used
here, a method that was recorded in other medieval necropolises and involved disturbing the remains of the
deceased. This is indicated by deliberately dislocated parts of skeletons in several graves
(58,72,78,81
and
94).
The position of the skeletons in the burial pits indicates that the deceased were buried alone as a
rule, except in one case, where it seems that two people were buried at the same time (Graves
176
and
177).
It was established in a few cases that one burial pit was also used for a later burial, which may have to do
with the fact that the individuals buried there were related (Graves
7
and
8,16
and
17,53
and
54,61
and
62,
and
55
and
71).
This possibility of the existence of family tombs or burial plots is further supported by several
characteristic cases (Graves
87
and
88,118
and
125,116,117
and
119,120
and
121,133,
133a,
134,141
and
142,155
and
163).
Of the total number of discovered graves, given that no anthropological analyses was performed,
and despite the osteological material collected, only
25
graves can be said with certainty to be infant graves.
The gender of the deceased in the adult graves could not be determined. As few as
15
graves could be
attributed to female individuals based on the remains found in them.
Of the total of
199
discovered graves, a few modest objects were found in only about thirty. However,
the number of graves with gifts must have been greater. This is indicated by the few objects collected in the
course of the excavation of devastated graves, not only those that were devastated by construction work, but
also those damaged by later inhumations, as observed in several cases.
The extremely small ratio of graves with finds to the overall number of discovered graves, as well
as the inventory of the finds, was affected by a number of factors, from religious affiliation, customs, legacy
of older beliefs, to the economic and social status, and even the age and gender of the deceased.
The number of finds in the graves varies and is mostly limited to one or two objects, except in the
case of Grave
90,
where the greatest number of funerary gifts were found.
With the exception of the single find of a ceramic mug and three coins, as well as a pair of
horseshoes, funerary gifts comprised objects used for adorning the body, i.e. jewelry, and objects that were
part of clothes, such as buttons, hoops and clasps.
5
Минић1978,89.
--------------------------
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--------------------------
Jewelry
The jewelry could be divided into two groups of objects. One group includes articles for adorning the head and
neck, such as the remains of a headband
(počelica),
earrings and necklaces, and the other includes articles
worn on the arms and hands, such as rings and bracelets. The latter group is more numerous and contains
26
¡terns
(13
rings and
13
bracelets), while the former contains, in addition to the headband,
11
earrings and a
few beads and a cowry shell (Graves
42
and
90),
probably the only remains of necklaces.
The headband, of which only
13,
mostly fragmented, small decorative plates have been preserved,
was discovered on the head of the deceased female in Grave
66.
The plates are pentagonal in shape and
made from thin, gilded bronze tin by hammering over a mold. In the rectangular section, close to the corners,
four tiny wholes were made; they served for attaching the headband (T. IX/66-1). This type of jewelry was
widespread in nearly all parts of the Balkan Peninsula, but was not very common in medieval necropolises.
The majority of them were found in necropolises in Serbian
Podunavlje
and neighboring Bulgaria, while in
other parts of the Balkans, such as
Dalmaţia
and Macedonia, it was much less common. Its use is dated to the
period between the twelfth and fourteenth centuries, but its heyday was in the thirteenth and fourteenth
centuries. In thirteenth and fourteenth century documents kept in
Dubrovnik
archives, which also contain
lists of traders orders for various pieces of jewelry from
Dubrovnik
goldsmiths, this type of jewelry is called
preceleerium, that is
precelka
or
počelica.
It is believed that the
počelica
was part of women s ceremonial
jewelry, worn by girls as a symbol of their girlhood or as part of the wedding headgear. As part of folk jewelry
for adorning the head, the
počelica
was not only used in the Middle Ages, but until a much latertime, i.e. the
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. This type of ornamental plates, also
appliquée! on
narrow textile strips,
was used as a necklace or bracelet, or was sewn onto a dress as an ornament. The
počelica
headbands from
the necropolis at Velekince represent solitary finds in these parts.
Earrings were found in only six graves, even though it can be presumed that the number of graves
with this kind of funerary gift was much greater, a fact attested by several earrings found outside the graves.
They are of diverse shapes, ranging from simple hoops to circular earrings, of intricate design and high-quality
workmanship.
Several hoop earrings of different sizes were found. They were made from thin cylindrical silver or
bronze wire (T.
VIII/42-3;T.
Х/101-1,
2;
T.
XI/187
-Ι,Τ. ΧΙ/5).
Given theirsize, they were worn attached to a strip
of cloth
ora
scarf,
oras
regular earrings on the lobe of the ear, as can be presumed about the two pairs of silver
hoops from Grave
42,
found on the left side of the deceased person s skull. Due to their simple shape, this type
of earrings had a very long tradition. It was especially popular in Late Antiquity and during the Migration
Period. It was commonly found in medieval necropolises throughout the Balkans and far beyond. Their wide
distribution and use are linked to their simple shape and ready accessibility to all layers of society. Therefore
they can be tracked throughout the Middle Ages.
Another type are earrings with berries, made from bronze or silver. They are represented by four
terns, which differ in the number and shape of the berries and their workmanship. One group comprises
earrings with a simple, hollow berry of a slightly biconical shape and an earring with several biconical berries,
probably three (T. X/1
18-4).
The other group comprises earrings with one and two honeycombed berries.
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The earring with a single berry, which was found in one of the destroyed graves, was fashioned
from a circular hoop made from thick wire, with slightly separated ends, and a bronze tinplate berry, attached
to the hoop at both ends with coils of thin wire (T. XI/6). This type of earring, unlike the simple hoop ring,
is far less widespread in medieval necropolises. It is commonly dated to the eleventh and twelfth centuries,
even though its use was also recorded in the following two centuries. It was found in medieval necropolises
in Serbia, Macedonia and Bulgaria.
A somewhat similar case is with the silver earrings with honeycombed berries. This is primarily
true of the earring with a single berry. It was fashioned from a circular hoop, made from thick wire whose
ends are turned back to form hooks or small hoops, and a globular berry made from braided filigree wire. The
berry was fashioned from two calottes shaped like rosettes, whose petals touch each other with their tips (I
IX/90-5).
The earrings of this type, like those with honeycombed berries, are rare in medieval necropolises.
They were found in eleventh century necropolises, but their use can also be tracked in the following two
centuries, until the first half of the fourteenth century. The area in which the earrings were widespread was
huge, including central and eastern parts of the Balkans and territories far beyond it.
Unlike the earring just described, the earrings with two honeycombed berries are of a somewhat
simpler appearance. This is obvious not only from the shape of the berries, but from the quality of the wire
from which they were made and from the workmanship (T. X/1
29).
This type of earring is very rare in medieval
necropolises. The earrings were found in several necropolises in Serbian
Podunavlje.
They are dated to the
twelfth and thirteenth centuries, a period to which, in all likelihood, the Velekinci earring should be dated as
well.
Among the said earrings, a special place is occupied by the silver earring, known as round or
circular, of an unusual shape and exquisite workmanship (T. XI/8). It comes from a grave that was destroyed
during the construction work in this part of the necropolis. Missing from it are the earwire and two globular
ornaments from the bottom part of the earring. This type of earring, and its variants, is primarily linked
to the Balkans, where it was commonly used in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Its use, however,
can be tracked in the following centuries, the time of Ottoman domination, when it was changed through
various additions to or simplifications of the original form. The oldest shapes of circular earrings originated
in the tenth and eleventh centuries, which is attested by their depictions in portraits of females in medieval
frescos of this period, as well as by the Byzantine earrings of this type kept in the Historical Museum of Crete
at Heraklion. Their origin is linked to the Antiquity models of lunular earrings, which, through additions of
diverse decorative motifs and an increasing number thereof, assumed a circular shape. This transformation is
also obvious in thirteenth and fourteenth century lunular earrings.
Another group of jewelry, comprising finger rings and bracelets, is much more numerous and
varied than the group described above. It contains
26
items, more than half of them being finger-rings. Most
of the rings were found in undamaged graves and were either the only funerary gifts or were found together
with some other type of jewelry. All the rings were found on the fingers of the right hand, except the ring from
Grave
32,
which was found on the left hand, which may be due to the fact that it has the shape of a wedding
ring (T. VHI/32).
128
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The said ring, or band, is of the simplest shape. Among the other rings, there are several types,
distinguishable by their various shapes and the appearance of the shank, as well as by the shape of the
shoulders and the design of the head.
Most rings belong to the type of ring with a specially fashioned head, which has two prominent
variants. One variant is represented by rings with a cylindrical cassette head filled with blue-green glass paste
(T. VIII/1
3-1,3;
T. VIII/42-1; T.
VIII/51;
T. X/155). The cassette head, which is strengthened at the bottom with
a length of wire, is made from a thin bronze strip and fixed to the shank. The shank consists of a flat, narrow
strip, rounded at the outer edges. The ends of the strip, where the head is attached, were hammered thin. This
variant is represented by six items and is the most numerous among the discovered rings.
Unlike the first variant, the second variant comprises only two rings, one of which is heavily
damaged (T. XI/187-2; T. XI/7). The head of the ring is in the shape of a calotte, which is closed at the bottom
and fixed to the shank. The calotte is made of thin bronze tin. The surface of the calotte is decorated with an
ornament in the shape of a spiral made from thin, pseudo-filigree wire, while there is a granule at the top of
the calotte. The strip shank is made from four pseudo-filigree wires joined together.
Both these variants of the ring with a specially fashioned head are rare in medieval necropolises.
They were mostly found in necropolises in the southern and southeastern parts of the Balkans, and far more
rarely outside this area. The ring is dated to the tenth and eleventh centuries.
Another type of ring is represented by a lone strip ring with a rounded head and slightly separated
end of the shank (T. IX-90-7). The head of the ring is decorated with an engraved, stylized image of a bird,
while an engraved spiral ornament is found on the shoulders. This type of ring has been found only at a few
medieval sites in Serbia and neighboring Macedonia and is usually roughly dated to the period between the
tenth and twelfth centuries. Bearing in mind the dating of the other finds from Grave
90
to a broad period,
the Velekince ring should by all means be dated to the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.
Unlike the above rings, the other types were fully cast. They are made of bronze and are different
from one another by the appearance of the shoulders, the shape of the head, and
massiveness.
In one type,
the shoulders are profiled and the head is oval or rectangular and slightly protruding (T.
VIII/ 6;
T. IX/90-6).
In
another type, which comprises more or less massive rings, the shoulders are only rounded, while the head,
submerged into the mass of the loop, is flat and mostly oval or elliptical
(T. IX/66-2).
Less massive rings came
from the destroyed graves
(T. XI/1,
2,4).
This type of ring was rare in medieval necropolises in the surrounding
areas and is usually dated to the period between the ninth and twelfth centuries.
Other massive rings typically have an ornament engraved in the head, the most prominent of these
being the ring with a highly stylized image of a person standing
(T. IX/90/6).
A similar or identical image is
found on several rings discovered in necropolises in Serbia and Macedonia, dated to the period between the
eleventh and thirteenth centuries. It is believed that this stylized human figure represents Archangel Gabriel.
Unlike the rings bearing a depiction of a human figure, the other rings of this type are of a later date, i.e. the
thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.
There was a slightly smaller number of bracelets found than the rings. They were discovered in
six graves, in pairs or singly, and only in one case, in Grave
90,
several bracelets were found. All were made
of cast and hammered bronze, except the bracelets from Graves
13
and
118,
which were made of iron and
129
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poorly preserved. Based on their shape, workmanship and cross sections, three types of bracelets have been
distinguished: strip bracelets, bracelets with a full cross-section and bracelets made of four intertwined
wires.
A strip type bracelet of high-quality workmanship, with open, fan-shaped ends with engraved
ornaments, was found in Grave
90
(T.
IX/90-1
).
This form of bracelet is typically being linked to eastern parts
of the Balkans, where it was worn in the long period between the tenth and thirteenth centuries.
The second type of bracelet, with the so-called full cross-section, is represented by three items.
In two of these, the open ends of the bracelet were thinned and broadened and decorated with a simple
ornament made by engraving and stamping. In the case of the third bracelet, the ends are flat (T. IX/
90-2;
T.
Х/Щ Т. ХІ/Ш-І).
The same as the strip bracelets, this type of bracelets is dated to a long period between
the tenth and thirteenth centuries, and even to the fourteenth century.
The third type of bracelet, made from four intertwined wires, is slightly more numerous than the
other two types (T. IX/
90-3,4;
T. X/90-8,9; T. X/
118-1;
T. X/154; T. XI/157-2). It was always found together
with another bracelet, but of a different shape, or with several pairs of bracelets, as in the case of Grave
90.
This type of bracelet is the commonest type in the eastern Balkans and favorite with the Slavic population. It
is believed that it was first made under the influence of Late Antiquity production. It was commonest in the
twelfth century, particularly among rural populations. Its use can be tracked from the end of the tenth to the
fourteenth century. Bracelets of this type have been found in a large number of necropolises both in Kosovo
and
Metohija
and other parts of Serbia.
Iron bracelets are represented by two different items. One is a bracelet that emulates the shape of
bronze strip bracelets with broadened ends (T. X/1
18-2).
The other is a bracelet with a circular cross-section,
whose ends, in all likelihood, were also broadened. Both bracelets are in a bad state of repair.
Iron bracelets are rather rare in medieval necropolises. They are typically dated to the period
between the tenth and fourteenth centuries. It is believed that their number was much greater than can be
concluded on the basis of items found so far. There are also opinions that these bracelets did not play the role
of jewelry, but were worn for their apotropaic powers.
Sporadicfìnds
of beads of various shapes and a few cowry shells in some of the graves indicate that
stringsornecklaceswerealsowornaX/M-ICnj.XI^-^J.Theirappearancecanonlybeconjecturedabout,
even though they could not have been much different from those found in other medieval necropolises.
A special place among the above finds is held by the lone cross pendant from Grave
29
(T. VIII/29),
even though it is not part of jewelry in the proper sense of the word. It is made from thin copper tinplate, with
the annulus soldered to it. It was found in the area of the deceased person s neck and was undoubtedly worn
on the chest. Finds of crosses in medieval necropolises in Serbia and neighboring areas are rather rare. All the
currently known cross pendants found in Serbia and Macedonia nearly always date from the eleventh, twelfth
and thirteenth centuries, while in neighboring Bulgaria their use extended into the fourteenth century.
Dress accessories
Buttons were discovered in twelve graves, if we disregard the find from Grave
42,
which can also be described
as a pendant, given its appearance and workmanship.
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The number of buttons found
¡η
the graves was different and ranged from one to five. Buttons
were mostly found at the level of the shoulders and neck. In six instances, in Graves
34,35,46,49,85,128,
and
133,
a button was found lying at the level of the right shoulder in Grave
194.
In the remaining two graves,
125
and
180,
they lay in the area of the neck and chest. An exception is the button in Grave
36,
found at the
level of the belly, which was completely destroyed, the same as the button found in Grave
46.
All the buttons were made from bronze, i.e. bronze tinplate, except three, which were made from
poor-quality silver, and two gilt ones, made from bronze, in Grave
133.
According to their shape and workmanship, three types of buttons can be identified. Type One,
which is the most numerous, comprises smaller, globular buttons. They are made from two hemispheres
glued together, with a shank of bronze wire attached to one of the hemispheres through a small opening
that was bored after the hemispheres had been joined (T. VIII/34,
35,49;
T. IX/
85;
T.
Х/103а,
125,128,133;
T. XI/194). Type
Two, represented by only two buttons, is similar to Type One, as it is globular in shape and
made from two hemispheres. However, it is different from Type One in that the shank was cast together with
the hemisphere, and there is a small cone of tiny granules at the bottom of the button
(T. X/133).
Type Three
comprises fully cast buttons, polyhedral in shape, with their perimeters decorated with four small engraved
circles (T.XI/180).
A small number of buttons of these types were found in numerous small and big medieval
necropolises, both in Serbia and neighboring Macedonia, Bulgaria and Croatia. Their use is commonly dated
to a broad period between the tenth and fifteenth centuries, as they did not undergo too many changes in
shape over the centuries and are therefore chronologically less susceptible than other types of objects, such
asjewelry.
In all the above cases, the buttons were the only finds in the graves. In all likelihood, this reflects
not only the customs of the time at which the deceased had lived and their style of dress, but also their social
and economic status and purchasing power.
Besides buttons, the dress accessories also included a single iron hoop and a fragmented, thorn-
shaped iron object found in Grave
171
(T. XI/171-1,2), as well as small clasps made from thin bronze wire
found in Grave
186
(T. XI/186),
which seem to be the remains of waistband accessories, given the positions in
which they were found relative to the skeletons of the deceased.
Other finds
Besides the above objects, one coin each was found in two graves, a fragmented ceramic vessel was found
in one grave and two horseshoes in another. The fragmented ceramic vessel, part of a small pot of a rough
texture, found in Grave
80,
is the only item of medieval pottery found in this neaopolis
(T. IX/80).
This type
of pot with a rough texture, made on a slow wheel, with simple ornaments consisting of four parallel and
two wavy, engraved lines, is a typical product of local potters. This fact and its simple form, widespread in
the Balkans during the Middle Ages, do not allow for a more specific dating of this pot. However, relying to
a certain extent on the preserved parts of the ornaments, no matter how simple they are, it can be assumed
that this pot comes from an earlier period. This possibility is indicated by similar finds of small pots in Serbia.
ТзТ
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On the one hand, they are items from the oldest medieval settlement in Belgrade area, found in the Lower
Town of the Belgrade Fortress, dated to the ninth and tenth centuries, and, on the other, a small pot from the
Gradina
site near
Novi Pazar,
which is linked to an earlier stratum of life in this settlement, i.e. to the first half
of the twelfth and the first decade of the thirteenth century. Rare finds of similar pots were recorded in some
of the medieval sites in Bulgaria and Macedonia.
The pair of horseshoes from Grave
167
(T. XI/167) are of the type intended for heavy horses, used
as pack and draft animals. The finds of this form of horseshoes, as far as we know, have been made in larger
medieval settlements in neighboring Bulgaria and are dated to the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.
All the items originated in archaeological strata. Therefore, the horseshoes from Grave
167
may be said to
represent a unique find in medieval necropolises. For this very reason, it is almost impossible to explain why
this kind of item was laid in the grave next to the feet of the deceased. This can only be a matter of conjecture.
Any assumption at this point may seem plausible, from the one stating that the deceased was a horse owner,
or was killed by a horse, to the one that this was part of a pagan custom indubitably related to beliefs in the
afterlife.
Unique in a sense is also the find of the two coins in Graves
118
and
119,
given that money has
been rarely found in medieval necropolises, especially the money of Serbian rulers. While one of the coins is a
copper coin of one of the Byzantine emperors, which is difficult to identify because of its poor state of repair
(T. X/118-2)6, the other one is a silver coin (T. X/119), a dinar of Despot Stefan Lazarevic
(1402-1427).
The
same as in the case of the horseshoes, as stated earlier, money found in the graves is a reflection of the pagan
customs in which money played the role of a funerary gift.
Even though it was conducted on a small scale, the excavation at Ilijina
Glava
yielded significant
results and increased, at least a little, our knowledge of the past of this area and its neighborhood. The
excavation indicated the multifold importance of this site, given that its use as a burial site spanned dozens
of centuries. Throughout the centuries, the site had the significance of a cultic place, because a necropolis
was there all the time. It assumed this role at the beginning of the second half of the first millennium. This
is attested by the five pits of various sizes, similar to those found at several sites in its eastern neighborhood,
which were classified as burial pits with cremated remains. In addition to the pits, this is also indicated by the
small stone structure, only a few dozen meters away from the pits. The structure was fashioned from rocks
broken into small pieces and had the appearance of a small mound.
The rare ceramic shards from the said pits and the stone structure, as well as the finds of the silver
earrings, allow for a more precise dating of the use of the necropolis, ranging from the sixth to the third
century
ВС,
the same as was established in the case of necropolises in the neighborhood with similar grave
types. Even though there is no firm material evidence, historical sources describing events in the area in the
last three centuries
ВС
allow for moving the date of the use of the necropolis to the first quarter of the first
century
ВС.
This time framework is indicated by the information found in Roman sources about the Dardanian
wars, waged between
75
and
73
ВС,
when this area, which was also part of the Dardanian state, suffered the
onslaught of Roman legions in the period of the Roman Empire s military campaigns aimed at conquering
<
Byzantine money was legal tender In these parts of the Balkans, especially in the twelfth century; thus this coin should perhaps
be attributed to one of the Byzantine emperors of the time.
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this part of the Balkan Peninsula. The said military operations, even though they are remembered by Roman
legionaries merciless treatment of conquered populations, seem not to have overly affected the status of this
place, as burials continued unabated. This is most notably attested by two graves with cremated remains,
discovered at the northwestern edge of the said stone structure and dated back to the early Roman period.
Confirmation of the assumed continuity is also found in the other graves with cremated remains, most of
which belong to the Mala
Kopašnica
III type of grave, whose shape is linked to the native population, i.e. the
Dardanian ethnic community. The assumption is also further supported by the lone find of a characteristically
shaped ceramic urn.
As there is no positive physical evidence, there is only uncertainty about whether life was at all
disrupted in the wake of the conflicts. If there was a disruption, it must have lasted for a negligible time.
Therefore, life continued in the area of the old settlement, whose location can be determined on the basis
of archaeological artifacts collected during the survey and the topography of the terrain. Even in the new
circumstances, the settlement was undoubtedly small, as can be assumed from the number of discovered
graves. It continued to be a settlement of farmers and stockbreeders, who, in the completely new political
and economic conditions, continued to adhere to ancestral customs, slowly adopting new forms of culture.
This is mostly reflected, as already noted, in the burial rite, since the custom of inhumation was adopted at
a comparatively late date, as can be concluded on the basis of discovered graves with skeletal remains. This
conservatism can be observed both from the presence of older ceramic forms, such as the urn and the cup
with one handle, the so-called
Dacian
cup, and from the custom of placing in the graves with cremated
remains not only various types of ceramic vessels, characteristic of the Roman provincial pottery production,
but also of certain items of jewelry, such as the fibula, which are related to the western Roman provinces. The
presence of Roman pottery and jewelry forms, highly characteristic of the end of the second and the third
century, is only a reflection of a very slow process of Romanization in these parts.
Some of the finds in the necropolis indicate that it was also undoubtedly used in the fourth century,
i.e. that life continued here in this century as well. However, there is a degree of doubt if this was also true in
the next two centuries. This is primarily due to the absence of positive material evidence from this period, even
though this absence does not completely rule out the possibility of the graveyard being used in this period
às
well. Firstly, because the absence of funerary gifts was a result of general poverty and hard economic
conditions obtaining in the fifth and sixth centuries in the Byzantine Empire. Secondly, however, because of
the beliefs of the Christians of the time, who regarded placing funerary gifts into graves as a pagan custom
and inadmissible fortrue Christians. Finally, the confirmation of the possibility that the graveyard was indeed
used during the said two centuries should be sought in the fact that this area had not suffered as much as
those in the eastern and central parts of the Balkans during the Hun and Gothic devastations in the mid and
late fifth century, given its location relative to the main routes followed by the said tribes in this part of the
Balkans. Therefore, it can be rightly presumed that among the discovered graves with no funerary gifts, where
the deceased were buried in simple burial pits or those containing a few rocks placed laterally to the body,
there are also graves from the fifth and sixth centuries.
The historical events of the late sixth and early seventh century undoubtedly affected life in these
parts. The aftermath of these events can only be a matter of conjecture, as there is at present no positive
ЇЗЗ
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evidence from the period to mark the discontinuation of Byzantium s military and administrative authority in
most of the Balkans and the mass settling of Slavic tribes in these parts of the once mighty empire. However,
given the fact that this place had retained in the Middle Ages its role assumed in Antiquity, it can be presumed
that the historical events in the said period had no fatal consequences in these parts. For only in such historical
circumstances could this locality remain a burial site in the following centuries. In different circumstances, i.e.
if life had been completely discontinued there, and time and nature mercilessly erased all traces of human
presence and all memory faded from the collective mind, any possibility of a place reassuming the same role
as the one it played in times long gone would have been rather unrealistic. This gives rise to the assumption
that the Slavic settlement in these parts was not accompanied by devastation and took place later than the
first wave of settlement in the Balkans, at the end of the sixth century and in the first decade of the seventh.
In such circumstances, a plausible assumption might be that the newcomers built their houses near the old
settlement, in an environment that provided them with all conditions for survival and peaceful coexistence
with the indigenous population. Thus this relatively early phase of coexistence of the natives and peacefully
settled and perhaps already Christianized newcomers probably had a bearing on the recognition of the cultic
significance of this site, which led the newcomers to start their own cemetery in a section of it. Thus this place
retained the role it had assumed a long time before, as demonstrated by the analysis of the archaeological
material discovered in the medieval graves and in the following centuries, during the period when this area
was part of various states; first, of the Bulgarian state in he tenth century, then of Byzantium from the early
eleventh to the end of the twelfth century, and, finally, of the Serbian state from the end of the twelfth to the
second half of the fifteenth century, when this area became part of the Ottoman Empire.
In the Middle Ages, just as in the pre-Roman and Roman periods, the settlement, whose inhabitants
were being buried in this necropolis, still had a fully rural character. This is indicated by the number of
discovered graves and collected funerary gifts, as well as other archaeological items. Its size, i.e. the number of
houses, varied depending on historical circumstances. Founded at the end of the eleventh and the beginning
of the twelfth century, the settlement seems to have reached its maximum size during the thirteenth and
fourteenth centuries, when the territory of Kosovo and
Metohija
represented the political, economic and
ecclesiastical center of the Serbian state. As has been noted about the settlements in earlier epochs, the
medieval settlement can also be assumed to have been situated southeast of the necropolis, judging from
sparse material remains, consisting of sporadic potshards, collected during the reconnaissance at the very
foot of the hill in the
Ograde
meadowland. Its location is also indicated by a tradition stating that a long time
ago there were remains of a church building in the
Ograde
meadowland. The settlement is for the first and
only time mentioned underthe name of Velekince in the oldest Turkish census conducted in the area, during
the first reign of Mehmed II
(1444-1446),
when the area became part of the Ottoman state. This important
piece of information indicates that the settlement had not suffered at the time of the Turkish conquest as
had some other settlements, which, in later censuses, were listed as deserted. There are no written records
about its fate and the fate of its inhabitants after the said census and there are also no positive material
remains either in
Ograde
or among the finds in the necropolis. However, given the historical developments
in the two centuries following the census, it can be assumed that it survived despite all the hardships caused
by the introduction of the political and legal system of the Ottoman empire. In all likelihood, the survival of
ВЕЛЕКИНЦЕ
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НЕКРОПОЛА
the settlement will be at stake as
alte
as the end of the seventeenth century, during Turkish-Austrian wars,
which will result in a great migration of the Serb and other Christian populations from this area. According to
a tradition, this settlement became desolate at the end of the seventeenth or in the early eighteenth century,
when the last of its Serb inhabitants moved out, after
Novo Brdo
Turks had sold the Serbs estates to Albanian
newcomers. The newcomers founded their settlement in a different area, north and northeast of the old
and nearly completely deserted medieval settlement. The newcomers had to do this because, according to a
tradition, the site of the old settlement had not proved good for them, who were Muhammadans, because it
contained the ruins of an old church. When the Albanian newcomers founded the new settlement, not only
the old settlement, but also its necropolis, became desolate and faded into oblivion. The only thing salvaged
from oblivion was the name of this medieval settlement.
Such a long continuity of the site s cultic significance, measured in tens of centuries, by all means
represents a reflection of historical continuity in these parts. Thus, among other issues, it also raises the issue of
the processes of ethnogenesis that occurred over such a long period. Despite the fact that no anthropological
analysis of the osteological material has been conducted, the collected archaeological finds, burial methods,
forms of graves, and burial rites allow for an insight into the ethnic structure of the population buried in this
necropolis. Starting from the well known fact that this area at the time of the founding of the necropolis
was part of a broader territory, referred to by ancient sources as Dardanian, it can be assumed with a great
degree of certainty that the inhabitants buried in the necropolis at the time of its founding were members
of the Dardanian ethnic community. This ethnic picture had certainly not changed too much in the following
centuries, during nearly the whole period under the domination of the Roman state until its fall. It will be
seriously distorted only as late as the seventh century, or a little later, at the time of the mass settlement of
Slavic tribes in the Balkans, when the process of Slavicization of the occupied territories began. The process
was by all means present in this area and led to a complete change in the ethnic composition of the population,
with the Slav population taking over the dominant role. The established Slavic ethnic structure became even
stronger in the early thirteenth century, when this area, together with other parts of Kosovo and
Metohija,
was included in the Serbian state and soon became its center, which led to the settlement of a large number
of people from the western and northern parts of the Serbian state and an increased number of settlements
and a steep rise in the population. This is attested by the number of graves and finds dating from this period.
This ethnic structure was retained until the end of the seventeenth century, as noted earlier, when the last
inhabitants of medieval Velekince left their hearthside and the remains of the settlement and the necropolis
faded into oblivion, causing the site of Ilijina
Glava,
whose name (Elijah s Head) seems to be hiding its trait of
character, to lose its significance of being a cultic place for many centuries.
135
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Fidanovski, Slobodan |
| author_facet | Fidanovski, Slobodan |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Fidanovski, Slobodan |
| author_variant | s f sf |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV039627775 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)760126169 (DE-599)BVBBV039627775 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Velekince (DE-588)7844639-9 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Velekince |
| id | DE-604.BV039627775 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:07:45Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788685235085 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024477996 |
| oclc_num | 760126169 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 176 S. Ill., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2010 |
| publishDateSearch | 2010 |
| publishDateSort | 2010 |
| publisher | Muzej u Prištini (sa izmeštenim sedištem) [u.a.] |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Fidanovski, Slobodan Verfasser aut Velekince rimska i srednjovekovna nekropola Slobodan Fidanovski Beograd Muzej u Prištini (sa izmeštenim sedištem) [u.a.] 2010 176 S. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier In kyrill. Schr., serb. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd rswk-swf Gräberfeld (DE-588)4071980-7 gnd rswk-swf Römerzeit (DE-588)4076769-3 gnd rswk-swf Velekince (DE-588)7844639-9 gnd rswk-swf Velekince (DE-588)7844639-9 g Gräberfeld (DE-588)4071980-7 s Römerzeit (DE-588)4076769-3 s Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 s DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024477996&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024477996&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Fidanovski, Slobodan Velekince rimska i srednjovekovna nekropola Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Gräberfeld (DE-588)4071980-7 gnd Römerzeit (DE-588)4076769-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4071507-3 (DE-588)4071980-7 (DE-588)4076769-3 (DE-588)7844639-9 |
| title | Velekince rimska i srednjovekovna nekropola |
| title_auth | Velekince rimska i srednjovekovna nekropola |
| title_exact_search | Velekince rimska i srednjovekovna nekropola |
| title_full | Velekince rimska i srednjovekovna nekropola Slobodan Fidanovski |
| title_fullStr | Velekince rimska i srednjovekovna nekropola Slobodan Fidanovski |
| title_full_unstemmed | Velekince rimska i srednjovekovna nekropola Slobodan Fidanovski |
| title_short | Velekince |
| title_sort | velekince rimska i srednjovekovna nekropola |
| title_sub | rimska i srednjovekovna nekropola |
| topic | Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Gräberfeld (DE-588)4071980-7 gnd Römerzeit (DE-588)4076769-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Funde Gräberfeld Römerzeit Velekince |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024477996&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024477996&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT fidanovskislobodan velekincerimskaisrednjovekovnanekropola |