Landscape of the Megaliths: excavation and Fieldwork on the Avebury Monuments ; 1997 - 2003
The Longstones Project was a joint-universities programme of excavation and survey designed to develop a fuller understanding of the context and dynamics of monument construction during the later Neolithic period in the Avebury region. This text presents the results of the project.
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Oxford
Oxbow Books
2010
|
| Ausgabe: | Paperback ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Zusammenfassung: | The Longstones Project was a joint-universities programme of excavation and survey designed to develop a fuller understanding of the context and dynamics of monument construction during the later Neolithic period in the Avebury region. This text presents the results of the project. |
| Beschreibung: | Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke |
| Beschreibung: | XIV, 402 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9781842179710 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents List of Contributors................................................................................................................................................................ ix Acknowledgements.................................................................................................................................................................. xi Note on Authorship..........................................................................................................................................................xii Summary................................................................................................................................................................................ .. 1. Introduction: The Pongstones Project and its context................................................................ 1 The legacy of research and how it shaped the project......................................................................................................2 The research questions........................................................................................................................................................ 3 Organisation of fieldwork.................................................................................................................................................. 4 Landscape of the Megaliths................................................................................................................................................4 2. Monumentality in the third millennium BC. Part 1: The
Beckhampton Complex................ 7 2.1. The Longstones Enclosure and associated features.................................................................................. 9 Geophysical survey by Andrew David................................................................................................................................. 10 Excavation results.............................................................................................................................................................. 11 The form of the ditch.................................................................................................................................................. 12 Ditch fills...................................................................................................................................................................... 14 Finds from the ditch..................................................................................................................................................... 17 The gully-defined enclosure........................................................................................................................................ 21 Dating the Longstones Enclosure.................................................................................................................................... 23 Artefactual and environmental evidence.......................................................................................................................... 24 Earlier prehistoric pottery ly R.M.J.
Cleat.................................................................................................................. 24 Lithics............................................................................................................................................................................29 Faunal remains by Fiona Coward.................................................................................................................................. 30 Molluscan analysis ly Rosina Mount, Andrew MannandJoe White................................................................................. 39 Charcoal by Rowena Cale.............................................................................................................................................. 42 Archaeobotanical material by Ruth Young.................................................................................................................... 44 Soil micromorphology by Helen Dewis......................................................................................................................... 45 Discussion: location, sequence, activities and analogies................................................................................................. 52 2.2. The Beckhampton Avenue and LongstonesCove................................................................................... 57 Sarsen................................................................................................................................................................................. 58 The ‘snake dream of
the fanciful doctor’: antiquaries, archaeologists and the Beckhampton Avenue....................... 58 Survey and Excavation on the Beckhampton Avenue and Longstones Cove, 1989—2003.......................................... 62 Geophysical survey and the Beckhampton Avenue and Longstones Cove by Andrew David.................................. 63 Excavation....................................................................................................................................................................70 Investigation methodology....................................................................................................................................70 Stone numbers....................................................................................................................................................... 72 Longstones Field south-west................................................................................................................................ 72 Detailed stone and stone-hole descriptions............................................................................................................... 75 Artefactual material........................................................................................................................................................... 90 Worked flint from the Longstones Cove and Beckhampton Avenue by Nick, Snashall.............................................90 Worked flint from Avenue contexts ly Nick
Snashall................................................................................................. 98 Worked chalk............................................................................................................................................................. 102 Molluscan analysis by Rosina Mount and Andrew Mann............................................................................................... 103 Avebury Trusloe.............................................................................................................................................................. 103 Geophysical survey.................................................................................................................................................... 103 Excavation results...................................................................................................................................................... 105
iv Contents Discussion....................................................................................................................................................................... 108 Observations and fieldwork on the area south-west of Longstoncs Field...............................................................109 Survey and excavation in Long Barrow Field, 2002................................................................................................... Ill Geophysical survey in Long Barrow Field by Andrew David.................................................................................Ill Excavation................................................................................................................................................................ 112 Surface collection and geophysical survey in Beckhampton Field, 2001.................................................................. 113 Geophysical survey at Manor Farm, Avebury Trusloe, 2005 by James Gunter and Vaugban Roberts......................... 115 The eastern section of the Beckhampton Avenue: earlier observations and reconstruction.......................................115 Discussion............................................................................................................................................................................ 118 The course of the Beckhampton Avenue................................................................................................................... 118 Dating the Beckhampton
Avenue................................................................................................................................ 119 The format and construction of the avenue and associated activities...................................................................... 120 The relationship between the Longstones enclosure and Beckhampton Avenue.................................................... 121 The Cove and avenue terminal.................................................................................................................................... 124 The Cove and the Sanctuary: architectural references................................................................................................ 126 3. Monumentality in the third millennium BC. Part 2: The West Kennet Avenue and Falkner’s Circle..................................................................... 129 3.1. The West Kennet Avenue......................................................................................................................... 129 Post-processional perspectives.......................................................................................................................................... 131 Excavations on the West Kennet Avenue, 2002 and 2003............................................................................................. 131 Excavation results......................................................................................................................................................... 133 Test pit
sampling..................................................................................................................................................... 134 Geology and buried soils........................................................................................................................................ 135 Features.................................................................................................................................................................... 135 Prehistoric pottery by Rick Peterson............................................................................................................................... 137 Worked flint............................................................................................................................................................ 138 Discussion.......................................................................................................................................................................... 139 Pre-avenue activity........................................................................................................................................................ 140 The logic of avenue construction............................................................................................................................... 141 3.2. The Falkner’s Circle................................................................................................................................... 142 The 2002
excavations........................................................................................................................................................ 143 Geophysical survey by Louise Martin....................................................................................................................... 143 Excavation methodology........................................................................................................................................144 Results......................................................................................................................................................................144 Prehistoric pottery by Rick Peterson......................................................................................................................... 149 Worked flint............................................................................................................................................................ 149 Discussion.................................................................................................................................................................... 151 The circle as hybrid construction........................................................................................................................... 151 The circle as a ‘conventional’ monument..............................................................................................................152 4. Monumentality in the third millennium BC. Part 3: The Avebury Cove............................. 153
Excavation Results............................................................................................................................................................. 156 Trench 1 (Stone II)....................................................................................................................................................... 156 Prehistoric features................................................................................................................................................. 156 Later deposits and features..................................................................................................................................... 160 Trench 2 (Stone I).........................................................................................................................................................162 Prehistoric features................................................................................................................................................. 163 Worked flint............................................................................................................................................................ 163 Optically stimulated luminescence dating by Ed Rhodes andJean-Luc Schwenninger..................................................... 164 Radiocarbon dating...................................................................................................................................................... 165
Discussion.......................................................................................................................................................................... 165
Contents V Constructing the Cove................................................................................................................................................ 166 The structure and symbolism of the Cove................................................................................................................ 167 5. Landscape, environment and . ..............................................................................................170 Wider context and chronology........................................................................................................................................ 171 Schematic representations: environment and landscape in context.............................................................................. 172 The Avebury landscape.................................................................................................................................................... 174 Geology, topography, hydrology and soil.................................................................................................................. 174 Palaeo environmental data sources............................................................................................................................. 177 Plant communities and their habitats........................................................................................................................ 179 Before the Neolithic (before Г.4200ВС).....................................................................................................................180
Mesolithic/Neolithic transition (.4200-3700BC).....................................................................................................18 3 Earlier Neolithic (л3700—3400BC)............................................................................................................................. 185 Middle Neolithic Q3400-3000BQ............................................................................................................................ 188 Later Neolithic C3000-2600BC)............................................................................................................................... 190 Final Neolithic ty2600-2200BC)................................................................................................................................ 193 Early Bronze Age (.2200- 1600BC).......................................................................................................................... 196 Middle and later Bronze Age (.1600- 600BC).......................................................................................................... 19 8 Monuments in their landscape..........................................................................................................................................199 6. Monumentality in the third millennium BC. Part 4: Avebury and Beyond........................ 201 The sequence and chronology of monuments in the later Neolithic of the Avebury region.................................... 202 Avebury in
context............................................................................................................................................................ 204 Wessex and its hinterland............................................................................................................................................ 205 The Stonehenge region......................................................................................................................................... 205 Dorchester, Dorset................................................................................................................................................ 207 Stanton Drew......................................................................................................................................................... 209 Discussion.............................................................................................................................................................. 210 Beyond Wessex............................................................................................................................................................ 212 Etton/Maxey......................................................................................................................................................... 213 Dorchester-on-Thames......................................................................................................................................... 214 Walton
Basin.......................................................................................................................................................... 216 Thornborough....................................................................................................................................................... 217 Ferrybridge............................................................................................................................................................. 219 Theme and diversity in later Neolithic ceremonial centres............................................................................................219 Monuments, cosmology, materiality and non-human agency........................................................................................ 221 Coda: a return to the Avebury landscape........................................................................................................................ 223 7. Later Prehistoric, Roman and early post-Roman activity in Longstones Field...................225 The later prehistoric ditch system................................................................................................................................... 225 Roman and early post-Roman activity at the Longstones Cove................................................................................... 230 Metalwork Ay Philip Macdonald and Philip Parkes......................................................................................................... 232 Romano-British pottery by Nicholas
Cooper................................................................................................................ 234 Faunal remains by Fiona Coward................................................................................................................................. 234 Discussion......................................................................................................................................................................... 235 Roman activity elsewhere in the region........................................................................................................................... 236 8. Bounding the Avebury landscape........................................................................................ 238 The interior of Avebury.................................................................................................................................................. 239 The North-West Quadrant......................................................................................................................................... 240 The South-West Quadrant.......................................................................................................................................... 243 The South-East Quadrant.......................................................................................................................................... 244
vi Contents Avebury summary.......................................................................................................................................................... 245 The Beckhampton Avenue..................................................................................................................................................247 The West Kennet Avenue................................................................................................................................................... 250 Ownership............................................................................................................................................................................ 250 Stones and boundaries........................................................................................................................................................ 251 9. Stone burial.............................................................................................................................. 252 Early encounters with buried sarsens................................................................................................................................ 253 The excavations of Keiller ................................................................................................................................................ 253 West Kennet Avenue..................................................................................................................................................... 254 North-West
Quadrant................................................................................................................................................... 256 South-West Quadrant.................................................................................................................................................... 257 South-East Quadrant..................................................................................................................................................... 258 Excavations on the Beckhampton Avenue....................................................................................................................... 259 Excavations on the West Kennet Avenue......................................................................................................................... 266 Finds from burial pits.......................................................................................................................................................... 266 Medieval pottery by Lorraine Mepbani........................................................................................................................... 267 Metalwork from the T1 burial pit by Graham Morgan................................................................................................. 268 Animal bone................................................................................................................................................................... 269 The practices of stone-
burial............................................................................................................................................. 269 Digging the burial pit.................................................................................................................................................... 269 Toppling the stone........................................................................................................................................................ 273 Preparing the stone....................................................................................................................................................... 273 Manoeuvring stones into the pits and back-filling..................................................................................................... 274 Summary: the practice of burying stones...................................................................................................................274 Dating the burials................................................................................................................................................................ 275 Stratigraphy: burials...................................................................................................................................................... 276 Stratigraphy: boundaries............................................................................................................................................... 276 Stratigraphy: destruction
pits....................................................................................................................................... 276 Stratigraphy: structures..................................................................................................................................................277 Material culture.............................................................................................................................................................. 277 Radiocarbon dating....................................................................................................................................................... 278 Summary of dating evidence....................................................................................................................................... 279 The impact of stone burial................................................................................................................................................. 280 Motivations......................................................................................................................................................................... 281 Simple economics: burial for clearance........................................................................................................................282 Challenging the clearance hypothesis.......................................................................................................................... 283 Burial: a religious
dimension?........................................................................................................................................ 285 Problems with superstition and religion...................................................................................................................... 286 Stone burial in the Avebury landscape.............................................................................................................................. 287 Conclusions..........................................................................................................................................................................289 10. Stone Breaking...................................................................................................................... 291 Destruction and depredation............................................................................................................................................. 291 Ad hoc usage and the practice of breaking stones...................................................................................................... 291 Documentary evidence for deliberate stone breaking..................................................................................................... 292 The Stukeley drawings................................................................................................................................................... 293 A poetical
assault........................................................................................................................................................... 294 Archaeological evidence for stone destruction.................................................................................................................295 The unpublished Keiller records....................................................................................................................................... 296 North-West Quadrant...................................................................................................................................................296 South-West Quadrant....................................................................................................................................................296 South-East Quadrant.....................................................................................................................................................298
Contents vii The West Kennet Avenue........................................................................................................................................... 300 Clay pipes from the Keiller excavations.................................................................................................................... 300 After Keiller...................................................................................................................................................................... 302 Stone destruction at Millbarrow...................................................................................................................................... 303 Excavations on the Beckhampton Avenue, 1999-2003.................................................................................................303 Excavations at the Falkner’s Circle, 2002........................................................................................................................ 312 Medieval and post-medieval artefacts from the Beckhampton Avenue and Falkner’s Circle..................................... 314 Post-medieval pottery ^ Paul Courtney....................................................................................................................... 314 Glass....................................................................................................................................................................... 315 Clay
pipes............................................................................................................................................................... 315 Ironwork from settings LI—L4............................................................................................................................ 316 Ironwork from settings L7—LI 6 by Philip Macdonald and Philip Parkes......................................................................316 Non-ferrous metal objects.................................................................................................................................... 318 Animal bone by Fiona Coward and Anthony Gouldwell................................................................................................. 319 Analysis of the destruction debris associated with Beckhampton Avenue setting L10............................................... 319 Approaching stone destruction debris...................................................................................................................... 319 Quantifying the assemblage....................................................................................................................................... 320 Fuelling destruction.................................................................................................................................................... 322 Charcoal from the Beckhampton Avenue by Rowena Gale........................................................................................ 323 Charcoal from the Falkner’s Circle by Ruth
Young..................................................................................................... 324 After the destruction........................................................................................................................................................ 325 The process of destruction.............................................................................................................................................. 326 Variations in practice........................................................................................................................................................ 328 Approaches to burning upright stones...................................................................................................................... 328 Approaches to burning recumbent stones.................................................................................................................330 Direct fracture............................................................................................................................................................. 331 Dragging away............................................................................................................................................................. 332 Further complications................................................................................................................................................. 332 What does this variation
represent?........................................................................................................................... 332 Dating the destructions.................................................................................................................................................... 332 Summary of dating evidence..................................................................................................................................... 336 Techniques revisited......................................................................................................................................................... 338 Which stones were destroyed?......................................................................................................................................... 338 The pace of destruction.................................................................................................................................................. 340 Who was breaking the stones and why?..........................................................................................................................340 A religious dimension?............................................................................................................................................... 343 Non-conformity in the latter half of the 17th century........................................................................................... 344 Acts of
resistance?...................................................................................................................................................... 345 The everyday life of the village................................................................................................................................. 346 Dispute and persecution.............................................................................................................................................348 The danger of replacing one orthodoxy with another............................................................................................ 349 The five-mile boomtown........................................................................................................................................... 350 Stone destruction and the parcelling up of the land................................................................................................ 351 Conclusion: one rationale and one motivation?........................................................................................................ 353 The Stukeley factor..................................................................................................................................................... 353 Conclusions: Stone destruction in the Avebury Landscape .........................................................................................354 Postscript - stone burning
today..................................................................................................................................... 355 11. Burial and burning in context.....................................................................................................356 Introduction: seeking parallels......................................................................................................................................... 356 Burial and burning: a capsule summary..........................................................................................................................356 The Sarsen Stones Project............................................................................................................................................... 357 “Wrecking’ Stonehenge..................................................................................................................................................... 358 The Devil’s Quoits........................................................................................................................................................... 359
viii Contents Burial, breaking and the Medway megaliths...................................................................................................................... 361 Stanton Drew........................................................................................................................................................................ 362 Conclusions: a unique phenomenon?................................................................................................................................ 363 12. Antiquarian encounters with the Beckhampton Avenue.................................................... 365 Thomas Twining’s account of the Beckhampton Avenue.............................................................................................. 365 William Stukeley and the Beckhampton Avenue........................................................................................................... 366 Summary of Stukeley’s observations on the Beckhampton Avenue......................................................................... 376 Appendix 1.................................................................................................................................. 378 Stukeley manuscripts relating to the Beckhampton Avenue held in the Bodleian Library: summary list and transcription of notes Appendix 2.................................................................................................................................. 386 The social and economic relationships between individuals named by Stukeley within early 18th-century
Avebury Appendix 3.................................................................................................................................. 388 Concordance between the Avebury stone numbering schemes adopted by Keiller (unpublished excavation records) and Smith (1965) Bibliography................................................................................................................................ 390
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| spelling | Landscape of the Megaliths excavation and Fieldwork on the Avebury Monuments ; 1997 - 2003 by Mark Gillings, Joshua Pollard, David Wheatley and Rick Peterson Paperback ed. Oxford Oxbow Books 2010 XIV, 402 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke The Longstones Project was a joint-universities programme of excavation and survey designed to develop a fuller understanding of the context and dynamics of monument construction during the later Neolithic period in the Avebury region. This text presents the results of the project. Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd rswk-swf Megalithkultur (DE-588)4038344-1 gnd rswk-swf Avebury (DE-588)4079888-4 gnd rswk-swf Avebury (DE-588)4079888-4 g Megalithkultur (DE-588)4038344-1 s Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 s DE-604 Gillings, Mark Sonstige (DE-588)173426603 oth Pollard, Joshua Sonstige (DE-588)173396569 oth Digitalisierung UB Bamberg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024468196&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Landscape of the Megaliths excavation and Fieldwork on the Avebury Monuments ; 1997 - 2003 Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd Megalithkultur (DE-588)4038344-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4129464-6 (DE-588)4038344-1 (DE-588)4079888-4 |
| title | Landscape of the Megaliths excavation and Fieldwork on the Avebury Monuments ; 1997 - 2003 |
| title_auth | Landscape of the Megaliths excavation and Fieldwork on the Avebury Monuments ; 1997 - 2003 |
| title_exact_search | Landscape of the Megaliths excavation and Fieldwork on the Avebury Monuments ; 1997 - 2003 |
| title_full | Landscape of the Megaliths excavation and Fieldwork on the Avebury Monuments ; 1997 - 2003 by Mark Gillings, Joshua Pollard, David Wheatley and Rick Peterson |
| title_fullStr | Landscape of the Megaliths excavation and Fieldwork on the Avebury Monuments ; 1997 - 2003 by Mark Gillings, Joshua Pollard, David Wheatley and Rick Peterson |
| title_full_unstemmed | Landscape of the Megaliths excavation and Fieldwork on the Avebury Monuments ; 1997 - 2003 by Mark Gillings, Joshua Pollard, David Wheatley and Rick Peterson |
| title_short | Landscape of the Megaliths |
| title_sort | landscape of the megaliths excavation and fieldwork on the avebury monuments 1997 2003 |
| title_sub | excavation and Fieldwork on the Avebury Monuments ; 1997 - 2003 |
| topic | Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd Megalithkultur (DE-588)4038344-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Ausgrabung Megalithkultur Avebury |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024468196&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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