Naša braća na jugu: češke predstave o Crnoj Gori i Crnogorcima 1830 - 2006
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Abschlussarbeit Buch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Podgorica
Marica Crnogorska
2009
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| Schriftenreihe: | Biblioteka U očima svijeta
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Aus dem Tschech. übers. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Our brothers in the South ... |
| Beschreibung: | 301 S. 25 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788684013134 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804148462138163200 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | SADRŽAJ
Uvod
I Prekrasni mladići
Počeci češkog interesovanja za Crnogorce
(1830-1850) 19
I1 Oživljen a prošlost
Jaroslav
Čermák:
između slovenstva i orijentalizma
43
III Naši crnogorski pobratimi
Glorifikacija Crnogoraca u 70-im i 80-im godinama
19.
vijeka
59
IV
Narodna duša praslovenska
Jozef
Holeček:
junaštvo, transfuzija crnogorstva i orijentalizam
81
V
Granica civilizacije
Slika Crne Gore u putopisima
(1890-1914) 113
VI
Strgavanje romantične maske
Kritički pogled na crnogorsku političku scenu
(1905-1914) 141
VII
Što Crnogorac, to vojnik
Slika Crne Gore za balkanskih ratova
167
VIII
Osvajačke čizme na junačkoj zemlji
Prvi svjetski rat
181
IX
Braća i saveznici
Slika Crnogoraca i Jugoslavije između dva svjetska rata
(1918-1939) 193
X
Monte Albo
U vrijeme komunističkog režima
217
XI
Uspavana ljepotica
Od pada komunizma u Čehoslovačkoj do nastanka samostalne Crne Gore
(1989-2006) 235
Zaključak
255
Summary
267
Pregled korištene literature
279
Registar ličnih imena
293
Summary
Our Brothers in the South
Czech Images of Montenegro and the Montenegrins,
1830-
2006
General interest in the lands and peoples of south-eastern Europe
was widespread in Czech society throughout the 19th century. Nu¬
merous travelogues, poems, newspaper articles, paintings, and pho¬
tographs represented the Balkans and diffused different images of its
inhabitants. However, the concept of the Balkans, encompassing ge¬
ographically and culturally all the inhabitants and lands of south¬
eastern Europe, did not play a central role in Czech mental maps of
the time. Firstly, some lands that are frequently labelled as Balkan,
such as Croatia,
Dalmaţia, Slavonia,
Vojvodina
and, after
1878,
Bosnia and
Hercegovina,
formed a part of the
Habsburg
monarchy
just like the Czech lands. On the other hand, there were the receding
remnants of the Turkey-in-Europe, the much lesser known areas of
the Balkan peninsula administered by the Ottoman Empire, often re¬
garded as wild, dangerous and exotic. Apart from the two big em¬
pires, the independent states of Greece, Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia
and Montenegro emerged and their
struggles for national libera¬
tion
attracted great attention. The Czechs, subjects of the
Habsburg
Empire that played a significant role in south-eastern Europe, were
generally well aware of these political divisions. However, the key
concept in their representations of the area was based on the ideol¬
ogy of Slavic kinship JVJiile familiar with the term Balkans, a typical
19th century Czech patriotic intellectual would be more inclined to
speak of the Slavic south.
The images of the South Slavs and the
lands they inhabited were absolutely dominant among Czech images
of the Balkans. Among them, images of Montenegro and the Mon¬
tenegrins played a very interesting role, disproportionate to the oth¬
erwise
miniseidé
size
ofthat
country.
The aim of this work is to present an overview of the main elements
of Czech discourse on Montenegro and the Montenegrins from its be¬
ginnings in the 1830s until the reemergence of Montenegro as an in¬
dependent nation in
2006.
We analyze the most characteristic images
267
of this country and its people. We also discuss the role that these im¬
ages played in the service of national mobilization of the recepient so¬
ciety. Finally, we try to situate the Czech discourse within a larger,
European context, as an example of a positive, heroic and inclu¬
sive discourse on the Balkans that has been largely neglected by re¬
cent scholarship.
Members of the nascent Czech intellectual elite began to notice the
existence of Montenegro and the Montenegrins in 1830s. Their in¬
terest, inseparable at the time from the ideology of Slavic kinship,
was largely motivated by attempts to learn more about the folk liter¬
ature and culture of these fellow Slavs. Before
1848,
the famous Ser¬
bian linguist and
folklorist Vuk Stefanović
Karadzic
(1787-1864),
living in Vienna since
1813,
represented the highest authority in South
Slav questions for Czech patriotic intellectuals. It was through his
book Montenegro
und Montenegriner
(Stuttgart,
1837)
that the
Czechs first learned more about the Montenegro. Karadzic s book
was followed by enthusiastic reviews, translated excerpts and more
articles about the Montenegrins.
Tf e journalist and writer
Prokop
Chocholousek
(1819-1864)
could
be labelled as the founding father of the Czech image of the Mon¬
tenegrins. Chocholousek, whose ambition was to become a Czech
Walter Scott,
was an author of a great number of works of popular
historical prose.
Chocholoušek s
first short-story dedicated to the
Montenegrins, entitled simply
Černohorci
(Montenegrins,) was pub¬
lished in
1843.
Chocholousek subsequently wrote many works dedi¬
cated to the Montenegrins and other South Slavs. His popular fiction
was widely read at the time and had great influence in the process of
shaping the dominant Czech image of the Montenegrins. Cho¬
cholousek presented his Montenegrins in absolutely positive terms
as physically attractive, courageous warriors who are ready to sac¬
rifice everything for the righteous national ideals. In creating his
rather shallow, one-dimensional and mutually interchangeable char¬
acters, Chocholousek was influenced by South Slavic epic poetry!,
available historical works, newspaper articles, and by the projection
of romantic ideas about Czech history into the description of Mon¬
tenegrin past and present. In
Chocholoušek s
prose, Montenegro was
represented as a free land, inhabited by free citizens, ruled by their
268
native
dynasty,
a
happily homogenous country where everybody
shares the same language, religion, national consciousness, and tra¬
ditional culture. This romantic image of Montenegro as a patriarchal
Slavic democracy persisted until the beginning of the 20th century.
Chocholoušek s
interestin
Czech history preceded his
interestin
the
history and present of the South Slavs. This tendency was quite typi¬
cal for the creators of Czech images of the Montenegrins, including the
most influential ones such as the painter
Jaroslav
Čermák
and writer
Josef
Holeček.
The romantic-nationalist ideas about Czech history,
combined with Slavic ideology, gave birth to the idea that Montene¬
grins and their contemporary social order represented the living in¬
carnation of an ancient Slavic patriarchal society, mentality and
culture that other Slavs had lost under foreign dominance and in the
process of modernization. The geopolitical situation of Montenegro,
still dominated by constant low-scale warfare against the Turks and
attempts at gaining international recognition of independence, fur¬
ther enriched the images of the Montenegrins by elements that were
regarded as exotic and romantic by most Czechs. The image of the
Montenegrins, therefore, included the high
ideals of Slavic broth¬
erhood, defence of freedom and national independence as well as ro¬
mantic, Orientalist and erotic elements popular with general public,
all that set in the wild and picturesque landscape of Montenegro.
The image of Montenegro and the Montenegrins was spread
through a wide range of sources, from travelogues to poems and
paintings. However, the dominant image, a positive stereotype of the
Montenegrins, remained quite consistent despite the different genres
and means of communication. For example, the description of his
visit to Montenegro, written by the physician and biologist
Vilém
Dušan
Lambi
(1824-1895)
in
1850,
is a scholarly account very dif¬
ferent from
Chocholoušek s
short stories in both themes and style.
However, the dominant image of Montenegro and the Montenegrins
in the texts of both contemporaries is strikingly similar.
Lambì
s
Mon¬
tenegrins are also described as physically superior to Europeans from
the industrialized areas of the continent; they are courageous, hos¬
pitable, egalitarian, and ruled by the great prince-bishop and poet
Petar Petrović Njegoš
(1813-1851,
ruled
1830-1851),
who according
to
Lambì
enjoyed natural authority among his subjects.
269
The Montenegrins were suitable for playing the role of a positive
example for several reasons. According to 19th century Slavic ideol¬
ogy, all Slavs were a community linked by common origin ( blood )
and should therefore be treated as relatives of the Czechs. At¬
tributing negative stereotypes to fellow Slavs was considered inap¬
propriate. The idea of Slavic brotherhood led to idealization and a
certain kind of political correctness
avant la lettre.
The problematic
aspects of ideal Slavic unity, such as the Russian-Polish relations,
represented a real headache for panslavist intellectuals who tended
to minimize or overlook such diversions from the Slavic ideal. Mon¬
tenegrins were seen as unproblematic in this sense. Unlike the Slavs
living under
Habsburg
or Ottoman dominance, the Montenegrins
were not perceived as being oppressed. Unlike the Russians, on the
other hand, they were not perceived as oppressors either (the fact
that the Turks
whom the Montenegrins had been fighting were usu¬
ally local Slavic Muslims speaking the same language sometimes had
to be conveniently overlooked). Montenegrins were therefore re¬
garded as a community of free people, never conquered and virtually
untouched by foreign influences. They also seemed to embody the
qualities that generally tend to arouse sympathies of others: their
country was small, poor, but proud and independent. The dramatic
landscape, spectacular folk costumes and patriarchal way of life fur¬
ther fuelled romantic idealization. The glorification of Montenegrins,
these proud and heroic warriors with a natural talent for poetry
represented the clearest version of Czech idealization of the South
Slavs. Other South Slavs, such as the Dalmatians or Serbs from the
Serbian principality, could also be represented in similarly positive
terms. However, the Montenegrins were regarded as the purest and
most authentic example of the species.
The rich Czech sources concerning Montenegro and the Montene¬
grins represent a specific commentary on the development of this
country from mid-19th century until the end of its political inde¬
pendence after the First World War. At the same time, the images of
Montenegro indirectly shed light on different aspects of Czech men¬
tality of the time. There is no doubt that the descriptions of Mon¬
tenegrin fights against the Turks served the purpose of national
mobilization. The Turks, often described as hereditary enemies of
270
the Montenegrins, could be easily identified as a symbol for Germans
or German speaking Austrians, who in the Czech nationalist dis¬
course represented the hereditary enemies
of the Czechs. Similarly,
the glorification of Montenegro s ruler, prince Nikola
(1841-1921,
ruled
1860-1918),
and his direct approach to fellow citizens and for¬
eign visitors, testified to uneasy relations of Czech patriots with their
own ruler, the
Habsburg
emperor Francis Joseph
(1830-1916,
ruled
1848-1916).
The image of Montenegro and the Montenegrins was
often used in order to evoke desired parallels and analogies with the
perceived condition of the Czech nation.
The Montenegrins were primarily represented as a people who have
preserved the values and patriarchal lifestyle typical for ancient
Slavs, ancestors common to all Slavs and therefore common to both
Czechs and Montenegrins. According to this reasoning, a Czech vis¬
iting Montenegro was not discovering the other or stranger,
but
the living world of his own ancestors, his own roots. For a Czech, a
trip to Montenegro was not simply a journey in space, but rather a
travel in time, into his own mythic past. In the nationalist ideology, a
return to the imagined past was in fact the most effective way of
progress. Future, after all, was to be a resurrection and re-emergence
of the glorious national past.
It would be easy to dismiss the idealization of Montenegro and glo¬
rification of the Montenegrins by 19th century Czech intellectuals as
a curious and perhaps even a little bizarre example of romantic fas¬
cination by the exotic, combined with exalted nationalist imagina¬
tion. However, the idea of strengthening the national character
by
values discovered either abroad (usually in the West) or in the ideal¬
ized national past ( ancient Slavic democracy,
Hussites etc.) was re¬
current in the Czech national discourse before and even after
1918.
The adoration of Montenegro also seems more understandable when
we compare the position of the Czechs and Montenegrins in Europe
of the time. The Czech lands enjoyed all the advantages of lying ge¬
ographically close to the centres of European economic, social and
cultural life. Montenegro, on the other hand, represented in this sense
a periphery of Europe s periphery.
From this point of view, the
Montenegrins could be perceived as representing a lower , archaic
and backward society and culture that could hardly offer any inspi-
271
ration
to the higher culture of the more modern and Western
Czechs. However, Czech nationalists found something else which
made them regard Montenegrins with envy. Montenegro, with just
around
200 000
inhabitants at the end of 19th century, was an inde¬
pendent state, ruled by its native dynasty, a state with an army and
diplomatic relations with other European countries. Czech authors
frequently pointed out that the Montenegrins were incomparably
more visible and recognizable in the international arena than the
Czechs, whose very existence was generally little known beyond the
borders of Austria-Hungary. Political independence, regarded as a
result of a long and heroic struggle for freedom, therefore represented
an important component of the positive stereotype of the Montene¬
grins in Czech society.
Due to political liberalization of the
Habsburg
monarchy after
¡860,
the number of Czech printed media was on the rise. The pro¬
duction of images of Montenegro intensified at the same time. From
I860
until
1867,
Czech journalist and politician Jan Vaclik
(1830-
1918)
worked as a secretary to Montenegrin princes
Danilo
and
Nikola with the aim of helping the principality to gain international
recognition. Vaclik regularly wrote articles for the Czech press on
the latest political developments, especially at the time of the Mon¬
tenegrin-Ottoman war in
1862.
Besides, his presence in Cetinje fa¬
cilitated the visits of other Czech intellectuals and artists. The
Paris-based painter
Jaroslav
Čermák
(1830-1878),
who visited Mon¬
tenegro several times during the first half of the 1860s, was most in¬
fluential among them.
Čermák
s
dramatic paintings, depicting
Montenegrin dignitaries, members of the royal family, and romantic
scenes with Orientalist flavour, inspired by his personal experience
from the military conflict of
1862,
were essential in creating the Czech
visual representation of the Montenegrins. The romantic image of the
noble Montenegrins, defending the freedom of their rocky homeland,
was further cemented by the accounts of other visitors, such as the
celebrated poet
Vítězslav Hálek
(1835-1874).
Some, like the writer
Eliška
Krásnohorská
(1847-1926),
glorified the Montenegrins and
other South Slavs without ever setting foot in the Balkans.
The Czech interest in the South Slavs and the adoration of our
brothers in the south reached its peak in late 1870s, during the
272
Hercegovina
uprising and the anti-Ottoman wars that followed.
These events were commented in great detail and were discussed by
all segments of the Czech society. According to many testimonies, re¬
ports from the battlefield and other articles by the young writer, jour¬
nalist and translator Josef
Holeček
(1853-1929)
drew special
attention.
Holeček
was first attracted by South Slavic literatures.
After the outbreak of the
Hercegovina
uprising in
1875,
he covered
the political developments as a correspondent for the influential daily
Národní listy
and participated in the subsequent military campaign
of the Montenegrin army. These experiences deeply influenced his
thinking and literary career:
Holeček
visited Montenegro several
more times and dedicated a large number of literary fiction as well
as non-fiction to this country and its inhabitants. Since the second
half of 1870s,
Holeček
was generally recognized as the greatest
Czech expert and opinion-maker on Montenegrin questions.
Holeček
s
complex image of the Montenegrins includes many basic
elements
ofthat
image that were already familiar to the Czech au¬
dience, but elaborates them further than most other creators.
Holeček
first encountered the Montenegrins at the time of war that
turned out to be victorious. It is therefore not surprising that values
such as courage and warrior spirit play a defining role in
Holeček
s
representation of the Montenegrins. The key concept through which
Holeček
explained the Montenegrin character was
junáctví
(Mon¬
tenegrin
junaštvo),
a sort of heroism that harmonically included the
values of courage and goodness, strength and morality. This quality
could be best observed in the personal characters and actions of
junaci
(sg.
junák,
Montenegrin
junak,
pl.
junaci),
living incarna¬
tions of these values represented by Montenegrin warriors such as
Marko
Miljanov
(1833-1901),
Peko
Pavlovié
(1818-1903)
and
Jole
Piletić
(1814-1900).
What it meant to be
a junák
in practical life
was demonstrated by
Holeček
in his numerous short-stories, espe¬
cially those devoted to the respected tribal leader
Marko
Miljanov.
Holeček
was also full of esteem for the
democratic patriarchal-
ism, family life and moral values of Montenegrin society. In fact,
the image of the Montenegrins that
Holeček
presented to the Czech
public was more or less identical with the ideal self-image of the
Montenegrins themselves.
.273
Holeček
also firmly believed in the ancient Slavic
(praslovan¬
ský)
character of the Montenegrins. The writer even advocated a
transfusion
of some Montenegrin values into Czech society. The
Czech character was to be strengthened by elements of Montene¬
grin patriarchal and warrior values that were presented as original
Czech values lost during centuries of foreign dominance. The ac¬
ceptance of these values would then provide the reborn Czech nation
with a new vitality.
Holeček
did not specify how exactly such a
process could be undertaken, however, one thing was certain: he pre¬
sented the Montenegrins as great heroes and examples worthy of cre¬
ative imitation and inspiration to the Czechs.
Josef
Holeček
perfected the image of the Montenegrins and con¬
tinued to enrich it bv new writings in the following decades. Many au¬
thors after him described the Montenegrins more or less in the same
terms. From 1840s until the end of19th century, creators of the Czech
image of the Montenegrins were Slavic enthusiasts, usually writers or
painters. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, they were slowly
replaced by a new generation of scientists and tourist pioneers. A
positive stereotype of the Montenegrins remained at the core of their
images. However, the authors who emerged at the end of the 19th
century or in the last years before the First World War, such as
Vratislav Černý
(1871-1933)
and Viktor
Dvorský
(1882-1960),
tried
to describe Montenegro and its inhabitants in more realistic
terms.
There were several reasons for that. Montenegro was enjoying an un¬
precedented period of peace since
1878
and it was no longer possi¬
ble to describe its inhabitants exclusively in martial terms. Secondly,
the Czech society had witnessed great cultural and economical, if not
always political developments and was generally more self-confident
than in the 1860s or 1870s. Therefore, there was less need to present
the Montenegrins as examples of courage and heroism. Last but not
least, travelling to Montenegro was becoming easier than before. The
authors of the new generation expected that other countrymen will
follow in their footsteps and often encouraged their readers to un¬
dertake the same journey. Since their writing also served as a pre-de-
parture advice, they described many aspects of Montenegrin life that
older authors tended to overlook or marginalize, such as hygiene, the
unequal position of women, and perceived negative attitude to work
274
of many Montenegrin males. At the same time, the image of the coun¬
try s ruler, prince (after
1910
king) Nikola and his government, re¬
mained very positive. Prince Nikola was regarded as capable of both
modernizing his country and protecting its traditions at the same
time. Many Czech travellers had the impression that the Prince and
his government are successfully modernizing the country s infra¬
structure, economy and educational system for the good but against
the wishes of sizeable segments of the population.
After the beginning of Montenegro
s
parliamentary life in
1905,
some Czech intellectual circles began to regard the prevailing pos¬
itive image of heroic and patriarchal Montenegro as obsolete and
too idealistic. This was especially the case of the realist circle
around
Tomáš
Garrigue
Masaryk
(1850-1937).
Their opinions were
spread by the daily
Čas
and monthly
Slovanský přehled.
Montene¬
gro, similarly to other Balkan countries, was largely identified with
the personality of its ruler. After the
1903
dynastical change in Ser¬
bia, the Montenegrin patriarchal regime was increasingly seen as
outdated and absolutist. The realists perceived Serbia as the most
progressive Slavic country in the Balkans. Their growing hostility
toward Montenegro and Prince Nikola was also a result of close
connections between Montenegro and tsarist Russia. In the years
preceding the First World War, the political situation in Montene¬
gro and the country
s
foreign policy led to several heated debates in
the Czech press. The positive image of Montenegro as it developed
in the second half of the 19th century persisted, but its supremacy
was challenged by intellectuals who favoured the notions of democ¬
racy and progress over patriarchal values and traditional Slavic ide¬
ology. Czech opponents of the Montenegrin ruling elite such as Adolf
Černý
(1864-1952)
identified the pro-Serbian political opposition
in Montenegro as progressive and democratic. They also employed
the images of the good Montenegrin people
ruled by a bad and
corrupt Prince and his advisors.
As we have seen, this image,
spread by political commentators who observed Montenegro from a
distance, differed from the images presented by Czech travellers,
who regarded Nikola and his government as positive forces and the
conservativ
is
m
of the population as an obstacle on the path towards
modernization.
275
Even though the positive stereotype of the Montenegrins was chal¬
lenged after
1905,
it was still very much alive, especially in the more
conservative and nationalist circles. After the Bosnian crisis of
1908
and especially during the Balkan wars of
1912-1913,
the images of
Montenegrins as courageous Slavic warriors were successfully recy¬
cled once again. The 19th century positive images of the Montene¬
grins faded away only after
1914,
first due to war censorship, then as
a result of the emergence of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia after the
end of the war in
1918.
Montenegro, incorporated into the new South
Slavic kingdom, lost its political sovereignty and importance.
Czechoslovak independence effectively terminated the demand for im¬
ages of Slavic heroes in the service of national mobilization. Tradi¬
tional sympathies for the South Slavs, including the Montenegrins,
were transferred to the new Yugoslav state and all its (Slavic) inhab¬
itants. As time progressed, especially after the Second World War, the
19th century fascination with the Montenegrins faded into oblivion.
The images of Montenegro, of the South Slavs and of the Balkans
produced by Czech intellectuals were undoubtedly influenced by spe¬
cific national traits. Before the First World War, it was especially the
ideology of Slavic kinship that distinguished the Czech (as well as a
parallel Slovak) discourse on the Balkans from the images
ofthat
re¬
gion and its inhabitants created by the British, French or Germans.
At the same time, the Czech discourse formed in many ways an inte¬
gral part of a larger European discourse on the Balkans. The posi¬
tive stereotype of the Montenegrins and South Slavs in general that
was dominant in the Czech discourse on the Balkans until mid-20
century, should therefore be considered in this wider context.
Interdisciplinary researches and scholarly debates focusing on the
image of the Balkans have been developing since the beginning of
1990s
in an atmosphere strongly influenced by the dramatic political
and social situation in the region. Maria Todorova s Imagining the
Balkans (New York,
1997)
has probably been the most influential and
stimulating work that defined the contours of the debate. Like Todor¬
ova, most authors tend to emphasize the negative aspects of Western
-
images of the Balkans, past or present. Whether they discuss the
image of the Balkans in the British popular prose throughout the 19th
and 20th century, British perception of Serbia at the dawn of the 20th
276
century, images of Albania in British media a century later or the
image of Bulgaria from 18th century until present, most authors usu¬
ally come to similar conclusions
-
that the image of the Balkans as a
whole as well as more specific representations of different countries
and peoples of the region tend to be negative. They provide numer¬
ous examples in order to stress the validity of their conclusions that
the West tends to overlook, underestimate, ridicule, fear, and demo-
nize the Balkans, typically without much real knowledge of the re¬
gion, its history, cultures and languages. The specific details of these
representations can vary, depending on the studied sources, but the
resulting stereotypes are overwhelmingly negative, portraying the na¬
tives of the Balkans as violent, bloodthirsty primitives, obsessed by ir¬
rational ancient hatreds; as lazy, ineffective people with little regard
for hygiene; barbarians, thieves, drug dealers and
maffia
members;
Europe s internal others or second-class Europeans living in
grotesque statelets that periodically become easy targets of western
satire, contempt, and air strikes.
It is not my intention to deny the existence
o f
a negativistic dis¬
course on the Balkans upon which recent scholarship has tended to
focus. There is no doubt that this phenomenon really does exist and
often represents the dominant form of describing South East Europe
in many societies. In fact, Czech media discourse after
1989
would
certainly provide numerous examples of Balkanism,
to borrow
Maria Todorova s term, and even outright racism toward the Balkans
and its inhabitants. My argument is a little different.
Apartfrom
the
negativistic discourse on the Balkans, there has also existed an al¬
ternative, much more positive discourse that tends to be unnoticed
or underestimated. The positive image of the Montenegrins and other
South Slavs in Czech society was not an isolated aberration from the
norm. I believe that it in fact represents an example, albeit a specific
one, of a much larger, currently overlooked positive discourse on the
Balkans that has historically co-existed with the better known nega¬
tive representations. The ideology of Slavic kinship, combined with
the absence of imperialist interest in the region, ensured that the
Czech images of the South Slavs prior to the First World War bor¬
dered on adoration and glorification of our brothers in the South,
however, they were not at all autochthonous or unique.
277
The heroic discourse on the Balkans was not limited to the
Czechs and did not focus exclusively on Montenegrins and other
South Slavs. At the heart of this discourse, onefinds an adoration of
the just struggle for freedom and independence of various Balkan na¬
tions (Greeks, Serbs, Bulgarians etc.) at different times of modern
history. Balkan fighters, defenders, and rebels were not uniquely pre¬
sented as irrational cutthroats, but were also constructed in a very
positive way as freedom fighters, standing for the right cause. Un¬
like Todorova s Balkanism,
the heroic
discourse on the Balkans
enables to present the Balkanites in an inclusive way as undoubtedly
European, often in the context of
antemural
mythology (Balkan free¬
dom fighters defending Europe and European
values such as cul¬
ture, civilization, and freedom). The adoration of the Balkan heroes
usually goes hand in hand with other positive associations: they live
simple, but more natural and real
lives than their European neigh¬
bours to the north and west, they openly display their emotions, and
culture, especially traditional one, plays an important role in their
society. The best examples of this type of discourse can be found
throughout the
19
century, with a tendency to make a come-back at
various times in the 20th century as well.
278
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Šíštek, František |
| author_facet | Šíštek, František |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Šíštek, František |
| author_variant | f š fš |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV039616960 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)743281451 (DE-599)BVBBV039616960 |
| era | Geschichte 1900-2000 Geschichte 1800-1900 Geschichte 1830-2006 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1900-2000 Geschichte 1800-1900 Geschichte 1830-2006 |
| format | Thesis Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Hochschulschrift |
| geographic | Montenegro / Civilization / Foreign public opinion, Czech / History / 19th century Montenegro / Civilization / Foreign public opinion, Czech / History / 20th century Tschechien (DE-588)4303381-7 gnd Böhmische Länder (DE-588)4069573-6 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Montenegro / Civilization / Foreign public opinion, Czech / History / 19th century Montenegro / Civilization / Foreign public opinion, Czech / History / 20th century Tschechien Böhmische Länder |
| id | DE-604.BV039616960 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:07:31Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788684013134 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024467465 |
| oclc_num | 743281451 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 301 S. 25 cm |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | Marica Crnogorska |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Biblioteka U očima svijeta |
| spelling | Šíštek, František Verfasser aut Junáci, horalé a lenoši Naša braća na jugu češke predstave o Crnoj Gori i Crnogorcima 1830 - 2006 František Šistek Podgorica Marica Crnogorska 2009 301 S. 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Biblioteka U očima svijeta Aus dem Tschech. übers. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Our brothers in the South ... Zugl.: Prag, Univ., Diss., 2006 Geschichte 1900-2000 Geschichte 1800-1900 Geschichte 1830-2006 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte Tschechen (DE-588)4061083-4 gnd rswk-swf Montenegrobild (DE-588)4826645-0 gnd rswk-swf Montenegro / Civilization / Foreign public opinion, Czech / History / 19th century Montenegro / Civilization / Foreign public opinion, Czech / History / 20th century Tschechien (DE-588)4303381-7 gnd rswk-swf Böhmische Länder (DE-588)4069573-6 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Böhmische Länder (DE-588)4069573-6 g Tschechien (DE-588)4303381-7 g Montenegrobild (DE-588)4826645-0 s Geschichte 1830-2006 z DE-604 Tschechen (DE-588)4061083-4 s Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024467465&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024467465&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Šíštek, František Naša braća na jugu češke predstave o Crnoj Gori i Crnogorcima 1830 - 2006 Geschichte Tschechen (DE-588)4061083-4 gnd Montenegrobild (DE-588)4826645-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4061083-4 (DE-588)4826645-0 (DE-588)4303381-7 (DE-588)4069573-6 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | Naša braća na jugu češke predstave o Crnoj Gori i Crnogorcima 1830 - 2006 |
| title_alt | Junáci, horalé a lenoši |
| title_auth | Naša braća na jugu češke predstave o Crnoj Gori i Crnogorcima 1830 - 2006 |
| title_exact_search | Naša braća na jugu češke predstave o Crnoj Gori i Crnogorcima 1830 - 2006 |
| title_full | Naša braća na jugu češke predstave o Crnoj Gori i Crnogorcima 1830 - 2006 František Šistek |
| title_fullStr | Naša braća na jugu češke predstave o Crnoj Gori i Crnogorcima 1830 - 2006 František Šistek |
| title_full_unstemmed | Naša braća na jugu češke predstave o Crnoj Gori i Crnogorcima 1830 - 2006 František Šistek |
| title_short | Naša braća na jugu |
| title_sort | nasa braca na jugu ceske predstave o crnoj gori i crnogorcima 1830 2006 |
| title_sub | češke predstave o Crnoj Gori i Crnogorcima 1830 - 2006 |
| topic | Geschichte Tschechen (DE-588)4061083-4 gnd Montenegrobild (DE-588)4826645-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geschichte Tschechen Montenegrobild Montenegro / Civilization / Foreign public opinion, Czech / History / 19th century Montenegro / Civilization / Foreign public opinion, Czech / History / 20th century Tschechien Böhmische Länder Hochschulschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024467465&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024467465&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT sistekfrantisek junacihoralealenosi AT sistekfrantisek nasabracanajuguceskepredstaveocrnojgoriicrnogorcima18302006 |