Verfügbarkeit: Principles of terrestrial ecosystem ecology

Principles of terrestrial ecosystem ecology:

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
Hauptverfasser:	Chapin, F. Stuart III 1944- (VerfasserIn), Matson, P. A. 1953- (VerfasserIn), Vitousek, Peter Morrison 1949- (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	New York ; Dordrecht ; Heidelberg ; London Springer [2012]
Ausgabe:	Second edition
Schlagworte:	Ökologie Ecology Biogeochemical cycles Biological systems Terrestrische Ökologie Terrestrisches Ökosystem Aufsatzsammlung
Online-Zugang:	Verlagsangaben Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext
Beschreibung:	xv, 529 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten
ISBN:	9781441995032 9781441995025

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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	Titel: Principles of terrestrial ecosystem ecology Autor: Chapin, Francis Stuart Jahr: 2011 Contents Part I Context 1 The Ecosystem Concept............................................................... 3 Introduction.................................................................................... 3 A Focal Issue.................................................................................. 3 Overview of Ecosystem Ecology................................................... 4 History of Ecosystem Ecology....................................................... 8 Ecosystem Structure and Functioning........................................... 11 Ecosystem Processes................................................................. 11 Ecosystem Structure and Constraints........................................ 12 Controls over Ecosystem Processes............................................... 13 Human-Induced Ecosystem Change.............................................. 17 Human Impacts on Ecosystems................................................ 17 Resilience and Threshold Changes........................................... 20 Degradation in Ecosystem Services.......................................... 21 Summary........................................................................................ 21 Review Questions........................................................................... 22 Additional Reading........................................................................ 22 2 Earth s Climate System............................................................... 23 Introduction.................................................................................... 23 A Focal Issue.................................................................................. 23 Earth s Energy Budget................................................................... 23 The Atmospheric System............................................................... 26 Atmospheric Composition and Chemistry................................ 26 Atmospheric Structure.............................................................. 28 Atmospheric Circulation........................................................... 30 The Ocean...................................................................................... 35 Ocean Structure......................................................................... 35 Ocean Circulation...................................................................... 36 Landform Effects on Climate......................................................... 38 Vegetation Influences on Climate.................................................. 40 Temporal Variability in Climate..................................................... 41 Long-Term Changes.................................................................. 41 Anthropogenic Climate Change................................................ 44 Interannual Climate Variability................................................. 45 v¡¡¡ Contents Seasonal and Daily Variation.................................................... 48 Storms and Weather.................................................................. 50 Relationship of Climate to Ecosystem Distribution and Structure.................................................................................. 50 Summary........................................................................................ 59 Review Questions........................................................................... 61 Additional Reading........................................................................ 62 3 Geology, Soils, and Sediments..................................................... 63 Introduction.................................................................................... 63 A Focal Issue.................................................................................. 63 Controls Over Soil Formation........................................................ 64 Parent Material.......................................................................... 64 Climate...................................................................................... 66 Topography................................................................................ 66 Time.......................................................................................... 67 Potential Biota........................................................................... 68 Human Activities....................................................................... 69 Controls Over Soil Loss................................................................. 69 Development of Soil Profiles......................................................... 73 Additions to Soils...................................................................... 73 Soil Transformations................................................................. 73 Soil Transfers............................................................................ 76 Losses from Soils...................................................................... 77 Soil Horizons and Soil Classification............................................ 78 Soil Properties and Ecosystem Functioning.................................. 82 Soil Physical Properties............................................................. 82 Soil Chemical Properties........................................................... 86 Summary........................................................................................ 89 Review Questions........................................................................... 89 Additional Reading........................................................................ 90 Part II Mechanisms 4 Water and Energy Balance.......................................................... 93 Introduction.................................................................................... 93 A Focal Issue.................................................................................. 93 Surface Energy Balance................................................................. 94 Radiation Budget....................................................................... 94 Partitioning of Absorbed Radiation.......................................... 97 Overview of Ecosystem Water Budgets......................................... 100 Water Inputs to Ecosystems........................................................... 101 Water Movements Within Ecosystems.......................................... 102 Water Movement from the Canopy to the Soil.......................... 102 Water Storage and Movement in the Soil.................................. 104 Water Movement from Soil to Roots........................................ 105 Water Movement Through Plants.............................................. 106 Contents ¡x Water Losses from Ecosystems...................................................... 114 Evaporation from Wet Canopies............................................... 115 Evapotranspiration from Dry Canopies..................................... 115 Changes in Storage.................................................................... 118 Runoff........................................................................................ 119 Summary........................................................................................ 121 Review Questions........................................................................... 121 Additional Reading........................................................................ 122 5 Carbon Inputs to Ecosystems..................................................... 123 Introduction.................................................................................... 123 A Focal Issue.................................................................................. 123 Overview of Carbon Inputs to Ecosystems.................................... 124 Biochemistry of Photosynthesis..................................................... 125 Pelagic Photosynthesis................................................................... 129 Light Limitation........................................................................ 129 CO2 Supply................................................................................ 131 Nutrient Limitation.................................................................... 132 Pelagic GPP............................................................................... 132 Living on the Edge: Streams and Shorelines................................. 133 Terrestrial Photosynthesis.............................................................. 134 Photosynthetic Structure of Terrestrial Ecosystems.................. 134 C4 Photosynthesis...................................................................... 136 Crassulacean Acid Metabolism................................................. 137 CO2 Limitation.......................................................................... 137 Light Limitation........................................................................ 140 Nitrogen Limitation and Photosynthetic Capacity.................... 142 Water Limitation....................................................................... 145 Temperature Effects.................................................................. 147 Pollutants................................................................................... 147 Terrestrial GPP............................................................................... 148 Canopy Processes...................................................................... 148 Leaf Area................................................................................... 150 Length of the Photosynthetic Season........................................ 152 Satellite-Based Estimates of GPP............................................. 153 Summary........................................................................................ 155 Review Questions........................................................................... 155 Additional Reading........................................................................ 156 6 Plant Carbon Budgets.................................................................. 157 Introduction.................................................................................... 157 A Focal Issue.................................................................................. 157 Plant Respiration............................................................................ 158 WhatlsNPP?................................................................................. 161 Marine NPP.................................................................................... 162 LakeNPP....................................................................................... 165 Stream and River NPP................................................................... 167 Contents Terrestrial NPP............................................................................... 168 Physiological Controls Over NPP............................................. 168 Environmental and Species Controls Over NPP....................... 169 Allocation....................................................................................... 172 Allocation of NPP..................................................................... 172 Allocation Response to Multiple Resources............................. 172 Diurnal and Seasonal Cycles of Allocation.............................. 174 Tissue Turnover.............................................................................. 175 Global Distribution of Biomass and NPP...................................... 177 Biome Differences in Biomass.................................................. 177 Biome Differences in NPP........................................................ 178 Summary........................................................................................ 180 Review Questions........................................................................... 181 Additional Reading........................................................................ 181 7 Decomposition and Ecosystem Carbon Budgets....................... 183 Introduction.................................................................................... 183 A Focal Issue.................................................................................. 183 Overview of Decomposition and Ecosystem Carbon Balance...... 184 Leaching of Litter.......................................................................... 185 Litter Fragmentation...................................................................... 186 Chemical Alteration....................................................................... 186 Fungi......................................................................................... 186 Bacteria and Archaea................................................................ 187 Soil Animals.............................................................................. 188 Temporal and Spatial Heterogeneity of Decomposition................ 190 Temporal Pattern....................................................................... 190 Vertical Distribution.................................................................. 193 Factors Controlling Decomposition............................................... 194 Litter Quality............................................................................. 194 Rhizosphere Stimulation of Decomposition............................. 198 Microbial Community Composition and Enzymatic Capacity............................................................ 198 The Environment....................................................................... 200 Soil Organic Matter................................................................... 202 Peat Accumulation and Trace Gas Emissions........................... 204 Heterotrophic Respiration.............................................................. 206 Net Ecosystem Production (NEP).................................................. 208 Net Ecosystem Carbon Balance..................................................... 214 Gaseous Carbon Fluxes............................................................. 214 Paniculate Carbon Fluxes......................................................... 217 Dissolved Carbon Fluxes.......................................................... 217 Stream Carbon Fluxes.................................................................... 217 Stream Decomposition.............................................................. 217 Stream Carbon Budgets............................................................. 219 Lake Carbon Fluxes....................................................................... 221 Ocean Carbon Fluxes..................................................................... 223 Contents Carbon Exchange at the Global Scale............................................ 225 Summary........................................................................................ 227 Review Questions........................................................................... 227 Additional Reading........................................................................ 228 8 Plant Nutrient Use........................................................................ 229 Introduction.................................................................................... 229 A Focal Issue.................................................................................. 229 Overview........................................................................................ 229 Ocean Ecosystems......................................................................... 233 Lake Ecosystems............................................................................ 236 Rivers and Streams......................................................................... 237 Terrestrial Ecosystems................................................................... 238 Nutrient Movement to the Root................................................ 238 Diffusion.................................................................................... 238 Mass Flow................................................................................. 239 Root Interception....................................................................... 240 Nutrient Absorption....................................................................... 241 Nutrient Supply......................................................................... 241 Development of Root Length.................................................... 241 Mycorrhizae.............................................................................. 243 Nitrogen Fixation...................................................................... 244 Root Absorption Properties....................................................... 244 Nutrient Use................................................................................... 249 Nutrient Loss from Plants.............................................................. 253 Senescence................................................................................ 254 Leaching Loss from Plants........................................................ 255 Herbivory.................................................................................. 255 Other Avenues of Nutrient Loss from Plants............................ 256 Summary........................................................................................ 256 Review Questions........................................................................... 257 Additional Reading........................................................................ 258 9 Nutrient Cycling........................................................................... 259 Introduction.................................................................................... 259 A Focal Point................................................................................. 259 Overview of Nutrient Cycling........................................................ 260 Marine Nutrient Cycling................................................................ 261 Large-Scale Nutrient Cycles..................................................... 261 Estuaries.................................................................................... 262 Coastal Currents........................................................................ 263 Lake Nutrient Cycling.................................................................... 263 Stream Nutrient Cycling................................................................ 265 Nitrogen Inputs to Terrestrial Ecosystems..................................... 266 Biological Nitrogen Fixation..................................................... 267 Nitrogen Deposition.................................................................. 269 Internal Cycling of Nitrogen.......................................................... 271 Overview of Mineralization...................................................... 271 Production and Fate of Dissolved Organic Nitrogen................ 271 xü Contents Production and Fate of Ammonium.......................................... 274 Production and Fate of Nitrate.................................................. 277 Temporal and Spatial Variability............................................... 280 Pathways of Nitrogen Loss............................................................ 281 Gaseous Losses of Nitrogen...................................................... 281 Solution Losses......................................................................... 285 Erosional Losses........................................................................ 286 Other Element Cycles.................................................................... 286 Phosphorus................................................................................ 287 Sulfur......................................................................................... 290 Essential Cations....................................................................... 291 Micronutrients and Nonessential Elements............................... 293 Nitrogen and Phosphorus Cycling in Agricultural Systems.......... 293 Summary........................................................................................ 295 Review Questions........................................................................... 295 Additional Reading........................................................................ 296 10 Trophic Dynamics........................................................................ 297 Introduction.................................................................................... 297 A Focal Issue.................................................................................. 297 Overview of Trophic Dynamics..................................................... 298 Controls Over Energy Flow through Ecosystems.......................... 300 Bottom-Up Controls.................................................................. 300 Top-Down Controls................................................................... 305 Trophic Effects on Nutrient Cycling.............................................. 306 Ecological Efficiencies................................................................... 307 Trophic Efficiency and Energy Flow........................................ 307 Consumption Efficiency............................................................ 308 Assimilation Efficiency............................................................. 312 Production Efficiency................................................................ 313 Food Chain Length........................................................................ 314 Seasonal and Interannual Patterns.................................................. 314 Nutrient Transfers.......................................................................... 315 Detritus-Based Trophic Systems.................................................... 317 Integrated Food Webs.................................................................... 318 Summary........................................................................................ 319 Review Questions........................................................................... 319 Additional Reading........................................................................ 319 11 Species Effects on Ecosystem Processes..................................... 321 Introduction.................................................................................... 321 A Focal Issue.................................................................................. 321 Overview of Species Effects on Ecosystem Processes.................. 322 Effect Functional Types................................................................. 324 Species Effects on Biogeochemistry......................................... 324 Species Effects on Biophysical Processes................................. 327 Species Effects on Trophic Interactions.................................... 328 Species Effects on Disturbance Regime.................................... 329 Response Functional Types............................................................ 330 Contents xiü Integrating the Effects of Traits on Ecosystems............................. 332 Functional Matrix of Multiple Traits........................................ 332 Linkages Between Response and Effect Traits......................... 332 Diversity as Insurance............................................................... 333 Species Interactions and Ecosystem Processes......................... 334 Summary........................................................................................ 335 Review Questions........................................................................... 335 Additional Reading........................................................................ 335 Part III Patterns 12 Temporal Dynamics.........................¦............................................ 339 Introduction.................................................................................... 339 A Focal Issue.................................................................................. 339 Ecosystem Resilience and Change................................................. 340 Alternative Stable States........................................................... 340 Resilience and Thresholds......................................................... 341 Disturbance.................................................................................... 346 Conceptual Framework............................................................. 346 Impact of a Disturbance Event.................................................. 347 Recovery and Renewal after Disturbance................................. 348 Disturbance Regime.................................................................. 349 Succession...................................................................................... 351 Ecosystem Structure and Composition..................................... 351 Water and Energy Exchange..................................................... 355 Carbon Balance......................................................................... 356 Nutrient Cycling........................................................................ 360 Trophic Dynamics..................................................................... 362 Temporal Scaling of Ecological Processes.................................... 364 Summary........................................................................................ 365 Review Questions........................................................................... 366 Additional Reading........................................................................ 366 13 Landscape Heterogeneity and Ecosystem Dynamics................ 369 Introduction.................................................................................... 369 A Focal Issue.................................................................................. 369 Concepts of Landscape Heterogeneity........................................... 370 Causes of Spatial Heterogeneity.................................................... 372 Detection and Analysis of Spatial Heterogeneity..................... 372 State Factors and Interactive Controls....................................... 373 Community Processes and Legacies......................................... 373 Disturbance............................................................................... 373 Interactions Among Sources of Heterogeneity......................... 377 Patch Interactions on the Landscape.............................................. 381 Topographic and Land-Water Interactions............................... 381 Atmospheric Transfers.............................................................. 384 Movement of Plants and Animals on the Landscape................ 387 Disturbance Spread................................................................... 388 Contents Human Land-Use Change and Landscape Heterogeneity............. 389 Extensification........................................................................... 389 Intensification............................................................................ 391 Extrapolation to Larger Scales....................................................... 392 Summary........................................................................................ 396 Review Questions........................................................................... 397 Additional Reading........................................................................ 397 Part rv Integration 14 Changes in the Earth System...................................................... 401 Introduction.................................................................................... 401 A Focal Issue.................................................................................. 401 Human Drivers of Change............................................................. 402 The Global Water Cycle................................................................. 403 Water Pools and Fluxes............................................................. 403 Anthropogenic Changes in the Water Cycle............................. 405 Consequences of Changes in the Water Cycle.......................... 405 The Global Carbon Cycle.............................................................. 407 Carbon Pools and Fluxes........................................................... 407 Changes in Atmospheric CO2................................................... 409 Marine Sinks for CO2................................................................ 411 Terrestrial Sinks for CO2........................................................... 412 CO2 Effects on Climate............................................................. 413 The Global Methane Budget..................................................... 413 The Global Nitrogen Cycle............................................................ 414 Nitrogen Pools and Fluxes........................................................ 414 Anthropogenic Changes in the Nitrogen Cycle........................ 415 The Global Phosphorus Cycle....................................................... 417 Phosphorus Pools and Fluxes.................................................... 417 Anthropogenic Changes in the Phosphorus Cycle.................... 419 The Global Sulfur Cycle................................................................ 419 Summary........................................................................................ 421 Review Questions........................................................................... 422 Additional Reading........................................................................ 422 15 Managing and Sustaining Ecosystems....................................... 423 Introduction.................................................................................... 423 A Focal Issue.................................................................................. 423 Sustaining Social-Ecological Systems.......................................... 423 Sustainability............................................................................. 425 Ecological Dimensions of Sustainability.................................. 427 Conceptual Framework for Ecosystem Management.................... 432 Sustaining Soil Resources......................................................... 432 Sustaining Biodiversity............................................................. 433 Sustaining Variability and Resilience........................................ 435 Applying Ecosystem Principles to Management........................... 435 Forest Management................................................................... 436 Fisheries Management.............................................................. 436 Contents Ecosystem Renewal................................................................... 437 Management for Endangered Species....................................... 439 Socioeconomic Contexts of Ecosystem Management................... 439 Meeting Human Needs and Wants............................................ 439 Managing Flows of Ecosystem Services................................... 440 Addressing Political Realities................................................... 442 Innovation and Adaptive Management..................................... 443 Sustainable Development: Social-Ecological Transformation.......................................................................... 445 Summary........................................................................................ 446 Review Questions........................................................................... 446 Additional Reading........................................................................ 447 Abbreviations....................................................................................... 449 Glossary................................................................................................ 453 References............................................................................................. 473 Index...................................................................................................... 511 F. Stuart Chapin, III ■ Pamela A. Matson * Peter M. Vitousek Principles of Terrestrial Ecosystem Ecology Second Edition Humans have directly modified half of the ice-free terrestrial surface and use 40% of terrestrial production. We are causing the sixth major extinction event in the history of life on Earth. With the Earths climate, flora, and fauna changing rapidly, there is a pressing need to understand terrestrial ecosystem processes and their sensitivity to environmental and biotic changes. This book offers a framework to do just that. Ecosystem ecology regards living organisms, including people, and the elements of their environment as components of a single integrated system. The comprehensive coverage in this textbook examines the central processes at work in terrestrial ecosystems, including their freshwater components. It traces the flow of energy, water, carbon, and nutrients from their abiotic origins to their cycles through plants, animals, and decomposer organisms. As well as detailing the processes themselves, the book goes further to integrate them at various scales of magnitude - those of the ecosystem, the wider landscape and the globe. It synthesizes recent advances in ecology with established and emerging ecosystem theory to offer a wide-ranging survey of ecosystem patterns and processes in our terrestrial environment. Featuring review questions at the end of each chapter, suggestions for further reading, and a glossary of ecological terms, Principles of Terrestrial Ecosystem Ecology is a vitallv relevant text suitable for studv in all courses in ecosvstem ecology. Resource managers and researchers in many fields will welcome its thorough presentation ol ecosystem essentials.
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genre_facet	Aufsatzsammlung
id	DE-604.BV039609546
illustrated	Illustrated
indexdate	2024-07-10T00:07:21Z
institution	BVB
isbn	9781441995032 9781441995025
language	English
lccn	2002017654
oai_aleph_id	oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024460230
oclc_num	756370638
open_access_boolean
owner	DE-20 DE-83 DE-384 DE-703 DE-188 DE-634 DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-11 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR
owner_facet	DE-20 DE-83 DE-384 DE-703 DE-188 DE-634 DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-11 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR
physical	xv, 529 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten
publishDate	2012
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publisher	Springer
record_format	marc
spelling	Chapin, F. Stuart III 1944- Verfasser (DE-588)120681935 aut Principles of terrestrial ecosystem ecology F. Stuart Chapin, III, Pamela A. Matson, Peter M. Vitousek ; illustrated by Melissa C. Chapin Second edition New York ; Dordrecht ; Heidelberg ; London Springer [2012] xv, 529 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Ökologie Ecology Biogeochemical cycles Biological systems Terrestrische Ökologie (DE-588)4381533-9 gnd rswk-swf Terrestrisches Ökosystem (DE-588)4309007-2 gnd rswk-swf 1\p (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Terrestrische Ökologie (DE-588)4381533-9 s DE-604 Terrestrisches Ökosystem (DE-588)4309007-2 s Matson, P. A. 1953- Verfasser (DE-588)109741423X aut Vitousek, Peter Morrison 1949- Verfasser (DE-588)13183939X aut Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-4419-9504-9 http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0817/2002017654-d.html Verlagsangaben HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024460230&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024460230&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk
spellingShingle	Chapin, F. Stuart III 1944- Matson, P. A. 1953- Vitousek, Peter Morrison 1949- Principles of terrestrial ecosystem ecology Ökologie Ecology Biogeochemical cycles Biological systems Terrestrische Ökologie (DE-588)4381533-9 gnd Terrestrisches Ökosystem (DE-588)4309007-2 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4381533-9 (DE-588)4309007-2 (DE-588)4143413-4
title	Principles of terrestrial ecosystem ecology
title_auth	Principles of terrestrial ecosystem ecology
title_exact_search	Principles of terrestrial ecosystem ecology
title_full	Principles of terrestrial ecosystem ecology F. Stuart Chapin, III, Pamela A. Matson, Peter M. Vitousek ; illustrated by Melissa C. Chapin
title_fullStr	Principles of terrestrial ecosystem ecology F. Stuart Chapin, III, Pamela A. Matson, Peter M. Vitousek ; illustrated by Melissa C. Chapin
title_full_unstemmed	Principles of terrestrial ecosystem ecology F. Stuart Chapin, III, Pamela A. Matson, Peter M. Vitousek ; illustrated by Melissa C. Chapin
title_short	Principles of terrestrial ecosystem ecology
title_sort	principles of terrestrial ecosystem ecology
topic	Ökologie Ecology Biogeochemical cycles Biological systems Terrestrische Ökologie (DE-588)4381533-9 gnd Terrestrisches Ökosystem (DE-588)4309007-2 gnd
topic_facet	Ökologie Ecology Biogeochemical cycles Biological systems Terrestrische Ökologie Terrestrisches Ökosystem Aufsatzsammlung
url	http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0817/2002017654-d.html http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024460230&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024460230&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
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