CMOS/CCD sensors and camera systems:
Gespeichert in:
1. Verfasser: | |
---|---|
Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
Bellingham, Wash.
SPIE [u.a.]
2011
|
Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
Schriftenreihe: | SPIE Press monograph
208 |
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
Beschreibung: | XX, 388 S. graph. Darst. |
ISBN: | 9780819486530 0819486531 9780970774989 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
_version_ | 1804148448973291520 |
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adam_text | Titel: CMOS, CCD sensors and camera systems
Autor: Holst, Gerald C
Jahr: 2011
Table of contents
1. INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................1
1.1. Solid-state detectors..................................................................................2
1.2. Imaging system applications.....................................................................3
1.2.1. General imagery.................................................................................7
1.2.2. Industrial (machine vision)................................................................7
1.2.3. Scientific applications........................................................................8
1.2.4. Military applications..........................................................................9
1.3. Configurations..........................................................................................9
1.4. Image quality..........................................................................................12
1.5. Pixels, datels, disels, and resels...............................................................14
1.6. References...............................................................................................17
2. RADIOMETRY AND PHOTOMETRY...................................................19
2.1. Radiative transfer....................................................................................19
2.2. Planck s blackbody law...........................................................................21
2.3. Photometry..............................................................................................23
2.3.1. Units.................................................................................................25
2.3.2. Typical illumination levels...............................................................27
2.4. Sources....................................................................................................28
2.4.1. Calibration sources...........................................................................28
2.4.2. Real sources.....................................................................................29
2.5. Point sources and extended sources........................................................32
2.6. Camera formula.......................................................................................33
2.7. Normalization.........................................................................................37
2.8. Normalization issues...............................................................................40
2.9. References...............................................................................................44
3. CCD FUNDAMENTALS............................................................................45
3.1. Photodetection.........................................................................................46
3.1.1. Photogate..........................................................................................47
3.1.2. Photodiode.......................................................................................47
3.2. CCD array operation...............................................................................47
3.3. CCD array architecture...........................................................................56
3.3.1. Linear arrays....................................................................................57
3.3.2. Full frame arrays..............................................................................58
3.3.3. Frame transfer..................................................................................59
3.3.4. Interline transfer...............................................................................61
3.3.5. Progressive scan...............................................................................66
3.3.6. Time delay and integration...............................................................68
x CMOS/CCD Sensors and Camera System, 2nd edition
3.3.7. Super CCD.......................................................................................72
3.4. Charge conversion (output structure)......................................................74
3.5. Correlated double sampling....................................................................75
3.6. Overflow drain........................................................................................76
3.7. Low light level devices...........................................................................80
3.7.1. Electron bombarded CCD (EBCCD)...............................................80
3.7.2. Electron multiplying CCD (EMCCD)..............................................81
3.7.3. Intensified CCDs..............................................................................82
3.8. Charge injection device (CID)................................................................85
3.9. Well capacity..........................................................................................87
3.10. References.............................................................................................88
4. CMOS FUNDAMENTALS.........................................................................90
4.1. CCD and CMOS arrays: key differences................................................94
4.1.1. CCD array characteristics................................................................94
4.1.2. CMOS array characteristics.............................................................96
4.2. CMOS arrays: predictions and reality.....................................................97
4.2.1. Smaller pixel potential limitations...................................................98
4.2.2. Smaller pixel design evolution.........................................................99
4.3. Pixel electronics....................................................................................101
4.3.1. 3T pixel family...............................................................................102
4.3.2. 4T, 5T, and 6T pixel families.........................................................104
4.3.3. Rolling shutter vs. snapshot mode.................................................107
4.4. CMOS architectures..............................................................................108
4.5. CMOS future.........................................................................................110
4.6. References.............................................................................................117
5. ARRAY PARAMETERS..........................................................................120
5.1. Number of detectors..............................................................................120
5.1.1. Video formats.................................................................................121
5.1.2. Scientific arrays..............................................................................122
5.1.3. Digital still cameras........................................................................123
5.1.4. Image stabilization.........................................................................123
5.2. Optical format.......................................................................................124
5.3. Dark pixels............................................................................................125
5.4. Microlenses...........................................................................................128
5.5. Quantum efficiency...............................................................................130
5.5.1. CCD, CMOS, and EMCCD...........................................................131
5.5.2. ICCD and EBCCD.........................................................................140
5.6. Creating color........................................................................................141
5.6.1. Color filter arrays...........................................................................142
5.6.2. Vertically stacked detectors...........................................................149
Table of Contents xi
5.6.3. 3CCD.............................................................................................153
5.7. Defects..................................................................................................153
5.8. References.............................................................................................154
6. SENSITIVITY............................................................................................158
6.1. Responsivity..........................................................................................159
6.1.1. CCD, CMOS, and EMCCD...........................................................160
6.1.2. Super CCD.....................................................................................167
6.1.3. ICCD and EBCCD.........................................................................168
6.2. Dark current..........................................................................................170
6.3. Maximum signal...................................................................................173
6.4. Noise.....................................................................................................174
6.4.1. Shot noise.......................................................................................177
6.4.2. Reset noise.....................................................................................178
6.4.3. On-chip amplifier noise.................................................................178
6.4.4. Off-chip amplifier noise.................................................................180
6.4.5. Quantization noise.........................................................................180
6.4.6. Partem noise...................................................................................181
6.4.7. Super CCD noise............................................................................183
6.4.8. EMCCD noise................................................................................184
6.4.9. ICCD noise.....................................................................................186
6.4.10. Camera noise ............................................................................186
6.5. Dynamic range......................................................................................187
6.6. Photon transfer and mean-variance.......................................................191
6.7. Signal-to-noise ratio..............................................................................196
6.7.1. CCD, CMOS, and Super CCD SNR..............................................197
6.7.2. Incremental SNR............................................................................198
6.7.3. EMCCD SNR.................................................................................198
6.7.4. ICCD SNR.....................................................................................200
6.8. Noise equivalent inputs.........................................................................202
6.8.1. NEI.................................................................................................202
6.8.2. Noise equivalent reflectance..........................................................203
6.9. Lux transfer...........................................................................................204
6.10. Speed-ISO rating..............................................................................211
6.11. References...........................................................................................212
7. CAMERA DESIGN...................................................................................215
7.1. Camera operation..................................................................................216
7.2. Optical design.......................................................................................217
7.3. Analog-to-digital converters.................................................................217
7.4. Image processing..................................................................................219
7.4.1. The knee.........................................................................................220
xii CMOS/CCD Sensors and Camera System, 2nd edition
7.4.2. Aperture correction........................................................................220
7.4.3. Gamma correction..........................................................................220
7.5. Video formats........................................................................................223
7.5.1. Conventional video timing.........................................................225
7.5.2. Digital television............................................................................227
7.6. CRT overview.......................................................................................228
7.6.1. Monochrome displays....................................................................229
7.6.2. Color displays................................................................................229
7.7. Flat panel displays.................................................................................232
7.8. Computer interface................................................................................233
7.9. References.............................................................................................234
8. LINEAR SYSTEM THEORY..................................................................235
8.1. Linear system theory.............................................................................236
8.1.1. Time varying signals......................................................................236
8.1.2. Spatially varying signals................................................................239
8.2. Electronic imaging system....................................................................240
8.3. MTF andPTF interpretation.................................................................241
8.4. Superposition applied to optical systems..............................................243
9. SAMPLING................................................................................................246
9.1. Sampling theorem.................................................................................248
9.2. Aliasing.................................................................................................250
9.3. Image distortion....................................................................................251
9.4. Array Nyquist frequency.......................................................................253
9.5. CFA Nyquist frequency........................................................................256
9.5.1. Bayer CFA.....................................................................................256
9.5.2. WRGB CFA...................................................................................257
9.5.3. Super CCD FPA.............................................................................258
9.5.4. Foveon...........................................................................................259
9.5.5. 2PFC..............................................................................................260
9.6. Reconstruction......................................................................................260
9.7. Multiple samplers..................................................................................264
9.8. References.............................................................................................266
10. MTF...........................................................................................................268
10.1. Frequency domains.............................................................................269
10.2. Optics..................................................................................................272
10.3. Detectors.............................................................................................275
10.3.1. Rectangular..................................................................................276
10.3.2. Circular........................................................................................278
10.3.3. L-shaped.......................................................................................279
Table of Contents xiii
10.3.4. Notched rectangle........................................................................279
10.4. Diffusion.............................................................................................281
10.4.1. Bulk diffusion..............................................................................281
10.4.2. Surface lateral diffusion...............................................................282
10.4.3. Epitaxial layer diffusion...............................................................283
10.5. Optical crosstalk..................................................................................286
10.6. Color MTF.......................................................................................286
10.6.1. Optical low pass filter..................................................................287
10.6.2. Bayer pattern................................................................................290
10.6.3. Measured MTF.............................................................................291
10.7. Sampling MTF ................................................................................292
10.8. Charge transfer efficiency...................................................................293
10.9. TDI......................................................................................................297
10.10. Motion...............................................................................................300
10.10.1. Linear motion.............................................................................301
10.10.2. Random motion (jitter)...............................................................303
10.11. Digital filters.....................................................................................305
10.12. Reconstruction..................................................................................310
10.12.1. Sample-and-hold........................................................................310
10.12.2. Post-reconstruction filter............................................................310
10.13. Boost.................................................................................................312
10.14. CRT display......................................................................................313
10.14.1. Spot size.....................................................................................313
10.14.2. Addressability............................................................................316
10.14.3. Character recognition.................................................................320
10.14.4. CRT MTF...................................................................................323
10.15. Flat panel displays.............................................................................324
10.16. Printer MTF......................................................................................325
10.17. The observer.....................................................................................326
10.18. Intensified CCD................................................................................329
10.19. References.........................................................................................330
11. IMAGE QUALITY..................................................................................333
11.1. Resolution metrics...............................................................................335
11.2. Optical resolution................................................................................337
11.3. Detector resolution..............................................................................338
11.4. Electrical resolution metric.................................................................340
11.5. MTF-based resolution.........................................................................340
11.5.1. Limiting resolution.......................................................................340
11.5.2. Optics-detector subsystem...........................................................341
11.5.3. Schade s equivalent resolution.....................................................345
11.6. Display Resolution..............................................................................347
xiv CMOS/CCD Sensors and Camera System, 2nd edition
11.6.1. Disels............................................................................................348
11.6.2. TV resolution...............................................................................350
11.6.3. Flat panel displays........................................................................351
11.6.4. Printers.........................................................................................351
11.7. Spurious response...............................................................................352
11.8. Observer-based resolution..................................................................357
11.8.1. MTFA..........................................................................................358
11.8.2. Subjective quality factor..............................................................359
11.8.3. Square-root integral.....................................................................361
11.8.4. Targeting task performance.........................................................361
11.9. Viewing distance.................................................................................363
11.9.1. Video............................................................................................363
11.9.2. Digital cameras............................................................................365
11.10. Image reconstruction.........................................................................367
11.11. References.........................................................................................369
12. RANGE PERFORMANCE.....................................................................371
12.1. Atmospheric transmittance..................................................................371
12.2. Target contrast....................................................................................373
12.3. Contrast transmittance.........................................................................373
12.4. Range predictions................................................................................375
12.5. References...........................................................................................378
APPENDIX.....................................................................................................379
f-number.......................................................................................................379
INDEX............................................................................................................381
|
any_adam_object | 1 |
author | Holst, Gerald C. 1942- |
author_GND | (DE-588)132739275 |
author_facet | Holst, Gerald C. 1942- |
author_role | aut |
author_sort | Holst, Gerald C. 1942- |
author_variant | g c h gc gch |
building | Verbundindex |
bvnumber | BV039607483 |
classification_rvk | ZN 4960 |
classification_tum | ELT 534f |
ctrlnum | (OCoLC)748651770 (DE-599)BSZ34616673X |
dewey-full | 621.38152 |
dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
dewey-ones | 621 - Applied physics |
dewey-raw | 621.38152 |
dewey-search | 621.38152 |
dewey-sort | 3621.38152 |
dewey-tens | 620 - Engineering and allied operations |
discipline | Elektrotechnik Elektrotechnik / Elektronik / Nachrichtentechnik |
edition | 2. ed. |
format | Book |
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id | DE-604.BV039607483 |
illustrated | Illustrated |
indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:07:18Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 9780819486530 0819486531 9780970774989 |
language | English |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024458223 |
oclc_num | 748651770 |
open_access_boolean | |
owner | DE-83 DE-20 DE-91 DE-BY-TUM DE-M347 |
owner_facet | DE-83 DE-20 DE-91 DE-BY-TUM DE-M347 |
physical | XX, 388 S. graph. Darst. |
publishDate | 2011 |
publishDateSearch | 2011 |
publishDateSort | 2011 |
publisher | SPIE [u.a.] |
record_format | marc |
series | SPIE Press monograph |
series2 | SPIE Press monograph |
spelling | Holst, Gerald C. 1942- Verfasser (DE-588)132739275 aut CMOS/CCD sensors and camera systems Gerald C. Holst ; Terrence S. Lomheim 2. ed. Bellingham, Wash. SPIE [u.a.] 2011 XX, 388 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier SPIE Press monograph 208 Includes bibliographical references and index Digitalkamera (DE-588)4519830-5 gnd rswk-swf Bildsensor (DE-588)4495594-7 gnd rswk-swf CMOS (DE-588)4010319-5 gnd rswk-swf Ladungsgekoppeltes Bauelement (DE-588)4166395-0 gnd rswk-swf Charge coupled devices Metal oxide semiconductors, Complementary Information display systems Ladungsgekoppeltes Bauelement (DE-588)4166395-0 s CMOS (DE-588)4010319-5 s Digitalkamera (DE-588)4519830-5 s 1\p DE-604 Bildsensor (DE-588)4495594-7 s 2\p DE-604 Lomheim, Terrence S. Sonstige oth SPIE Press monograph 208 (DE-604)BV011462585 208 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024458223&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
spellingShingle | Holst, Gerald C. 1942- CMOS/CCD sensors and camera systems SPIE Press monograph Digitalkamera (DE-588)4519830-5 gnd Bildsensor (DE-588)4495594-7 gnd CMOS (DE-588)4010319-5 gnd Ladungsgekoppeltes Bauelement (DE-588)4166395-0 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4519830-5 (DE-588)4495594-7 (DE-588)4010319-5 (DE-588)4166395-0 |
title | CMOS/CCD sensors and camera systems |
title_auth | CMOS/CCD sensors and camera systems |
title_exact_search | CMOS/CCD sensors and camera systems |
title_full | CMOS/CCD sensors and camera systems Gerald C. Holst ; Terrence S. Lomheim |
title_fullStr | CMOS/CCD sensors and camera systems Gerald C. Holst ; Terrence S. Lomheim |
title_full_unstemmed | CMOS/CCD sensors and camera systems Gerald C. Holst ; Terrence S. Lomheim |
title_short | CMOS/CCD sensors and camera systems |
title_sort | cmos ccd sensors and camera systems |
topic | Digitalkamera (DE-588)4519830-5 gnd Bildsensor (DE-588)4495594-7 gnd CMOS (DE-588)4010319-5 gnd Ladungsgekoppeltes Bauelement (DE-588)4166395-0 gnd |
topic_facet | Digitalkamera Bildsensor CMOS Ladungsgekoppeltes Bauelement |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024458223&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
volume_link | (DE-604)BV011462585 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT holstgeraldc cmosccdsensorsandcamerasystems AT lomheimterrences cmosccdsensorsandcamerasystems |