The history of languages: an introduction
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Oxford [u.a.]
Oxford Univ. Press
2012
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Oxford textbooks in linguistics
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Beschreibung: | XIII, 280 S. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9780199604289 9780199604296 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804148432505405440 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
List of maps x
List of figures and tables
xi
Preface
xii
Part I Before history
1.
Unwritten languages
3
1.1.
When did languages come into being?
3
1.2.
Forty thousand or two million years?
5
1.3.
What was the reason?
6
1.4.
Languages of gatherers and hunters
9
1.5.
Were languages then just like languages now?
11
1.6.
Vocabulary and society
13
1.7.
How many Khoisan languages are there?
15
1.8.
What language do you speak? Don t know.
16
1.9.
The many languages of Australia
18
1.10.
What is a language?
19
1.11.
How many languages existed twelve thousand
years ago?
21
2.
The large language groups
24
2.1.
Societal and linguistic changes
24
2.2.
Germanic, Slavic, Romance
25
2.3.
Indo-European languages
28
2.4.
Bantu languages
34
2.5.
What is a Bantu language like?
36
2.6.
Other language groups
38
2.7.
How language groups were formed
40
Further reading, review questions, etc.
44
Partii
The basis of history
3.
History and writing
51
VÍ
CONTENTS
4.
Hieroglyphs and Egyptian
53
4.1.
River valleys and states
53
4.2.
The state, the language, and the script
54
4.3.
Hieroglyphs
56
5.
Chinese
—
the oldest survivor
59
5.1.
Writing in another way
60
5.2.
Culture and states
63
5.3.
The large state
65
5.4.
Unity and splits
67
5.5.
Devouring other languages
68
5.6.
Neighbours
70
5.7.
Writing and society
71
Further reading, review questions, etc.
73
Part III Language expansions
6.
Creek
—
conquest and culture
77
6.1.
Language and alphabet
77
6.2.
Language as creation
80
6.3.
Are languages equal?
81
6.4.
Alphabet and dialect
83
6.5.
From city states to empire
85
6.6.
The New Greek
87
6.7.
Learning from the Creeks
88
7.
Latin
—
conquest and order
91
7.1.
Empire and language
91
7.2.
Language shift and language extinction
96
7.3.
Latin as an international language
97
7.4.
The influence of Latin
101
8.
Arabic
—
conquest and religion
103
8.1.
Invasion and languages
103
8.2.
Arabic as a language of high culture
109
8.3.
Decline, splits, and dialects
110
8.4.
One language or many?
111
Further reading, review questions, etc.
117
CONTENTS
VU
Part
IV Languages and nations
9.
Did Dante write in Italian?
121
9.1.
How languages become languages
121
9.2.
Latin and French
123
9.3.
Oc,
oil, and si
127
9.4.
Written language and language name
131
10.
From Germanic to Modern English
133
10.1.
How English came to Britain
133
10.2.
Germani,
Angles, Saxons
136
10.3.
The language of the Angles and Saxons
137
10.4.
Runes in Britain
138
10.5.
The Roman script and English
140
10.6.
The first centuries of English literature
142
10.7.
Bede,
Latin, and English
144
10.8.
King Alfred and West Saxon
146
10.9.
Normans and French
148
10.10.
The transformation of English
149
10.11.
The new standard
152
10.12.
Nation state and national language
153
11.
The era of national languages
156
11.1.
State, school, and languages
158
11.2.
National languages and national poets
161
11.3.
Language and politics
163
11.4.
The language competition
165
Further reading, review questions etc.
168
Part V Europe and the world
12.
Languages of Europe and of the world
173
12.1.
Portuguese in the West
173
12.2.
Spaniards, Englishmen, and the others
176
12.3.
America
—
a continent with three languages
179
12.4.
Portugal and the rest of the world
181
12.5.
English overseas
182
12.6.
What happened?
183
VIU
CONTENTS
13.
How languages are bom
—
or made
185
13.1.
Slave trade, language mutilation, and language birth
185
13.2.
Are Creoles languages?
189
13.3.
The remarkable similarities
190
13.4.
Creole languages and language change
192
13.5.
Afrikaans
—
Germanic and African
193
13.6.
Afrikaans
—
dialect or Creole language?
195
13.7.
Norwegian
—
one language or two?
197
13.8.
How spoken language becomes written
language
—
or vice versa
199
13.9.
How languages come into being
203
14.
How languages disappear
204
14.1.
Death of a language
204
14.2.
The languages without a future
207
14.3.
The realignment of dialects
208
14.4.
What will be left?
208
14.5.
How languages disappear
209
14.6.
Shiyeyi and Thimbukushu
213
14.7.
The disappearance of languages
—
good or bad?
215
Further reading, review questions, etc.
218
Part VI Recent past, present, future
15.
The heyday of English
223
15.1.
The new internationalism
223
15.2.
French, German, Russian, English
225
15.3.
The time of English
226
15.4.
Images of English
229
16.
Chinese and English in China
233
16.1.
East and West
233
16.2.
Baihua, Putonghua, and the simplified script
235
16.3.
From antiquity to modem times in a hundred years
237
16.4.
Language in
schooi,
language in life
238
16.5.
English and China
240
16.6.
Words, script, thought
242
16.7.
The future
243
CONTENTS
IX
17.
What next?
246
17.1.
In two hundred years
247
17.2.
In two thousand years
255
17.3.
In two million years
258
Further reading, review questions, etc.
259
Chronology
261
References
264
Guidelines for answers to review questions
268
Index
271
This
¡san
introduction to the history of languages, from the
distant past to a glimpse at what languages may be like in the
distant future. It looks at how languages arise, change, and
ultimately vanish, and what lies behind their different destinies.
What happens to languages, the author argues, has to do with
what happens to the people who use them, and what happens
to people, individually and collectively, is affected by the
languages they speak.
The book opens by examining what languages the hunter-
gatherers might have spoken and the changes to language that
took place when agriculture made settled communities possible. It
then looks at the effects of the invention of writing, the formation
of empires, the spread of religions, and the recent dominance of
world powers, and shows how these relate to great changes in the
use of languages. Tore
Janson
discusses the appearance of new
languages, the reasons why some languages spread and others die,
considers whether similar cyclical processes are found at different
times and places, and examines the relations between changes in
society and changes in languages and dialects.
The book ranges widely among the world s languages and mixes
thematic chapters on general processes of change with accounts
of specific languages, including Chinese, Arabic, Latin, Greek,
and Encilish.
|
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| title | The history of languages an introduction |
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| title_full | The history of languages an introduction Tore Janson |
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