Izseljevanje, "rakrana" slovenskega naroda: od misijonarja Friderika Barage do migracijske politike države Slovenije
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Slovenian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Ljubljana
Nova Revija
2010
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. natis |
| Schriftenreihe: | Zbirka Korenine
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Emigration - the "cancerous wound" of the Slovene nation |
| Beschreibung: | 411 S. Ill. 24 cm |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Izseljevanje, "rakrana" slovenskega naroda |b od misijonarja Friderika Barage do migracijske politike države Slovenije |c Marjan Drnovšek |
| 250 | |a 1. natis | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Ljubljana |b Nova Revija |c 2010 | |
| 300 | |a 411 S. |b Ill. |c 24 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 0 | |a Zbirka Korenine | |
| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Emigration - the "cancerous wound" of the Slovene nation | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Slovenes / Foreign countries | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Geschichte | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Migration | |
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| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Slowenen |0 (DE-588)4055300-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 651 | 4 | |a Slovenia / Emigration and immigration / History | |
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| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 306.09 |e 22/bsb |f 0904 |g 4973 |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804148431182102528 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Kazalo
Uvod
13
Avstrijsko obdobje: Klic mnogih: Ne
v Ameriko!
17
Avstrijska izseljenska zakonodaja
in
praksa
21
Slovenski misijonarji
v Severní
Ameriki:
Friderik
Baraga
in Franc Pire
27
Ahasverstvo Antona
Füstra
44
Podoba
Amerike
v
očeh priseljenskih pionirjev
48
Svarila
in
vabila
ter
privlačnost Balkana
54
Sezonsko
delo na
Hrvaškem
67
Belokranjsko
in kočevarsko
krošnjarstvo
73
»Ne
v Ameriko!
Povest Slovencem
v poduk«
85
Katoliška
cerkev v obdobju
množičnih selitev
88
Odmevi izseljevanja na katoliških shodih
in
pastirsko pismo
94
Družba sv.
Rafaela v
Ljubljani
in New
Yorku
103
Odnos F. S. Šušteršiča in J. E. Kreka do priseljevanja Slovencev v
Ameriko
in Nemčijo
106
Načrti obrambnega delovanja na izseljenskem področju
116
Odmevi izseljevanja v
slovenski literaturi
129
Obdobje
prve Jugoslavije:
»Izseljenstvo je bilo in je
narodni problem!«
141
Zasnove državne
in
banovinske selitvene politike
144
Novi začetki obravnave izseljenskega vprašanja pod okriljem Cerkve
157
Narodni izseljeniški program Antona Merkuna
163
Jugoslovanska izseljeniška Katoliška akcija
v Franciji
170
Prvi slovenski izseljenski kongres
v
Ljubljani
180
10_____________________________________________________________________
(Slovenska) izseljenska
zbornica
185
Pogledi
Huga
Breña,
neznanega avtorja
in Alojzija Kuharja na izseljenstvo
196
Socializem,
komunizem in izseljenstvo
__________________________________ 207
Odnos
do
primorskih beguncev
______________________________________ 220
Uradnik
Deželić,
pisatelj
Adamie
in
politik
Golouh
o gospodarski
krizi
_________________226
Božidar Jakac: Amerika
in
ameriški Slovenci
v
očeh umetnika
233
Ljubljanski župan Juro Adlešič pri ameriških Slovencih
_____________________________239
Kocbek in
slovensko izseljenstvo
240
Pravnik Ivan Tomšič
in raziskovanje
migracij
245
Vojna je pred vrati
249
Obdobje druge Jugoslavije:
»Odhode v
tujino smo legalizirali,
ker
so
nam
ljudje
bežali
čez
mejo«
255
Konec
vojne: begunci, izgnanci, izseljenci, emigranti
255
Zametki izseljenske službe, repatriacije
in
ekonomska
pomoč
starih izseljencev
264
Od begunstva do politične emigracije
in od
»novega« begunstva do ekonomskih seiitev
277
Amnestija
in odprte
jugoslovanske meje
285
Slovenska politična emigracija
in védenje
о
njej
v
Sloveniji:
primer
Argentina
290
Delavci na začasnem
delu v tujini
in
gospodarska kriza
299
Zveza
komunistov
Slovenije
in
problemi
emigrantov
in
izseljencev
309
Varnostna problematika
in
analize Zveze
komunistov
Slovenije
o zdomcih
317
Aktivnost jugoslovanskih
komunistov v
tujini
327
Množične prireditve izseljencev
in
zdomcev v
tujini
in
domovini
333
Cerkev, izseljenstvo
in zdomstvo
336
Slovenska izseljenska matica
347
Znanstvene raziskave migracij po letu
1945 357
Država Slovenija: »Slovenci po svetu
so enakovreden del
slovenskega naroda.«
367
11
Slovenska
migracijska
politika
368
Programi nevladnih
organizaci)
371
Pogled na sodobne migracije
376
Summary
381
__________________________________________________381
Summary: Emigration
-
the »cancerous
wound« of the Slovene nation
The monograph deals with the relation of the states in which Slo¬
venes lived in the 19th and 20th centuries, the Catholic Church and
thinking individuals to emigration and immigration in the new en¬
vironment. Through both centuries, there was a dilemma for those
that stood out: to remain at home or to emigrate, i.e., to abandon
home or the homeland. Opinions on the Slovene migration pro¬
cess were various in public, but more darkly than lightly coloured.
Put another way, more negative than understanding of those who
sought a living or refuge abroad. So it is not surprising that Slovene
emigration was designated the »cancerous wound« of the Slovene
nation.
The migration of the Slovenes was an integral part of world migrati¬
ons. The thinking of Klaus J. Bade
(Europa
in
Bewegung.
Migration
vom späten 18. Jahrhundert bis zur Gegenwart, München, 2000)
can
be confirmed that migrations, as a social process, are a response to
more or less complex economic and ecological, social and cultural
existence and social relations. Only exceptionally do they represent
expulsion or the flight of people. The history of migration is the¬
refore also part of general history. Because of the small numbers
of the Slovenes, their presence in migration fluctuations was less
or barely noticeable. This was also a result of their living in multi¬
national countries; i.e., the
Habsburg
monarchy (until
1918)
the first
(1918-1941)
and the second
(1945-1991)
Yugoslavia. Given the tran¬
sit nature of Slovene territory between the Adriatic and the
Panno¬
nian
Plain and the Alps and the Balkans, there were constant flows
of people in this space, as well as cultural, economic, conceptual-
political, world outlook and ideological influences from the world.
Migrations had an important role in helping to create the Slovene
identity. Although Slovenia was divided over the course of the two
centuries by the administrative, political and state character of all
three states, there was throughout a common development of the
Slovene national identity, based mainly on language and culture.
We also cannot ignore the role of other ethnic groups, especially
the Germans
(Kočevarji).
The Slovenes were formed as a nation by
the beginning of the 20th century, and as a state community with
independence in
1991.
Accession to NATO and the European Union
confirmed the appearance of the Republic of Slovenia on the world
382______
Summary: Emigration
-
the »cancerous wound« of the Slovene nation
__________
map. The Catholic Church predominated from a religious point of
view. The socio-economic position of the Slovenes lagged most in
the period of Austria (in comparison with the Austrian industrially
developed north), when Slovenia represented the southern, unde¬
veloped part of the monarchy, but in both the following periods, in
both the first and second Yugoslavias, according to all indicators it
represented the most socio-economically developed part of the sta¬
te of the time. Throughout, the migrations of the Slovenes represen¬
ted socio-demographic and economic phenomena, which were not
avoided in any period. A line of separation is observable between
emigration and immigration in both centuries. Until the sixties of
the 20th century, emigration predominated. Then immigration was
strengthened, especially from the space of the former Yugoslavia.
This is not to say that there was not also immigration in all three
periods, but it was weaker. Mention should at least be made of the
immigration of technical intelligentsia from the Czech lands of the
monarchy. The ethnic composition of the emigrants was not uni¬
form, since the German inhabitants in particular participated in Slo¬
vene migration flows, and partially also Italian and Hungarian. Both
world wars also caused forced migration, refugees and expulsions.
After the First World War, numerous officials had to depart to the
new Austria, e.g., from Trieste, and after the Second World War all
Germans in Slovenia were forcibly expelled, whereby there was gre¬
at similarity with the behaviour in other east European countries.
At least three different waves of Slovene migration must be highli¬
ghted.
The first was during the period of Austria, which began with the
arrival of the missionary
Friderik
Baraga in the United States of
America
(1830).
Slovene missionaries were primarily active in the
north-eastern part of America with the aim of converting the native
population to the Catholic faith. The missionaries also performed
charitable activities, helped them become accustomed to arable far¬
ming (Franc
Pire),
educated them in their native language (F. Bara¬
ga) etc. The first economic immigrants from Slovenia also arrived,
settling mainly in Minnesota. They normally settled where German
settlers were also living. The missionary era in the United States en¬
ded at the start of the 20th century. The second wave in the Austrian
period was the mass immigration of Slovenes to the United States of
America. This began in the 1880s, reached a peak immediately befo¬
re the First World War and came to an end immediately afterwards
(1924).
This was emigration from the whole of Europe (even from
China) to a country that precisely in that period became the leading
economic and military great power in the world. The account of
Summary: Emigration
-
the »cancerous wound« of the Slovene nation
383
this mass of immigrants was very varied, and very much ethnically
and religiously determined. The Slovenes were for the most part
Catholic and not so exposed to pressures, since they blended with
the representatives of other, larger nations. Nevertheless, they were
part of the Slavic population on which Americans looked with disli¬
ke, especially because of the great gulf between east European, Me¬
diterranean and Balkan circumstances of life (poverty, illiteracy, low
cultural level) and conditions in the USA. Movements against new
immigrants were ever sharper. Immigration legislation was increa¬
singly restrictive (Ellis Island). Precisely this period caused the dark
image of emigration among the Slovenes. Both the Church at home
and political parties, the intelligentsia and writers sharply opposed
Slovene emigration. Only rarely did they see the positive side of
migration. One of the more important reasons was the warning of
the small numbers of Slovenes, of their extinction, of the so-called
cancerous wound of the Slovene nation. The mass emigration of
Slovenes to the USA, and to a lesser extent to Germany (Westphalia)
and to other continents was not the only reasons for rejecting emi¬
gration. This period was greatly marked by the national struggle.
In the north, there were pressures of the German element towards
the south, in the west of the Italians were pressing towards the east
and the lost Slovene element in
Istria
should not be forgotten. The
German
Kočevarji
represented the pillar of the bridge, Drang
nach
Ostent. Various defensive organisations thus developed on a natio¬
nal basis that opposed emigration, e.g., the Society of St. Ciril and
Metodius, the Society of St. Rafael etc. The Church, in particular, was
active and, in addition to the aforementioned reasons, stressed the
danger of loss of faith abroad. The new socialist/communist ideas,
the evil of those times, were an additional danger to the Church.
There is a paradox in that it was precisely from religious circles that
more voices were heard that understood people leaving across the
Atlantic to America. The theologian and politician Anton
Korošec,
at the third Slovene Catholic assembly in
1906
stated: »Our Slovene
emigrants, who are destined to larger cities, whether in Germany
or in America, are not pallid, bled white, hungry and hopeless but
strong, flourishing, lively and young men full of power and the most
robust women. Not such great hopelessness but the joy of hope and
awareness of their own powers and strength accompanies them on
the sad journey from the homeland«. He was not the only one, altho¬
ugh there were extremely few of these positive views. In the statisti¬
cal data of the Austrian authorities on emigration there is also a he¬
ading on the duration of emigration. The majority of those leaving
said that they were going abroad only for a year or two. In fact, they
remained longer or permanently. That is not to say that they did not
384______
Summary: Emigration
-
the »cancerous wound« of the Slovene nation
__________
return. I would put forward the thesis that it was the successful in
particular that did not return. When a wife and children followed a
husband, this meant more extended residence, and with the second
and third generations permanent. In part, the outbreak of the First
World War prevented return.
After the end of the war, interest in emigration increased, but the
United States had closed their Golden Door and the restrictions,
so to speak, completely halted immigration from the Kingdom of
Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia. The waves of migration from Slovenia
were directed to western European countries and partially overse¬
as. The Kingdom of Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia, later Yugoslavia,
became a direction of migration for Primorskan refugees from Italy,
some of whom headed across the Atlantic, especially to Argentina.
The attitude of the first Yugoslavia to migrants was multi-layered,
first of all not easily accepting of refugees into the new state and
not accepting of those who left for Argentina and were oriented
to the left. There were also Primorskan refugees in Argentina, who
were Yugoslav or nationalistically oriented, with a range of nuan¬
ces from the point of view of ideological and political differences.
When the communists and partially their sympathisers were placed
outside the law, many fled abroad, where they worked against Yu¬
goslavia. Organised, selective and partially also protected emigra¬
tion of new, economic emigrants also started. They left mainly for
France, Luxembourg, Belgium, The Netherlands and Germany. The
social composition of emigrants was not varied. The men were ma¬
inly miners, the women servants or seasonal workers in the French
and German arable farms. The efforts of the state to encourage farm
workers to go to the southern parts of Yugoslavia
(Baranja, Bačka)
were not very successful. The period between the world wars was
full of ideological and political conflict. The great economic crisis
complicated the situation still further. Despite the apparently bet¬
ter regulation or policy to foreign workers (International Labour
Office, concluding social contracts, inter-state agreements on the
acceptance of workers etc.) a great deal of uncertainly prevailed on
the labour market in Europe, in which Slovene workers were also
under pressure. The limitation of workers rights, expulsion from
the mother country, repatriation and much more made the lives of
migrants and returnees worse. On all levels of the Yugoslav state,
from ministries to provincial authorities, various plans were created
for resolving the so-called emigration question. It can be said that
the state was not as active as above all the Catholic Church in the
Slovene case. However, everything depended on state funding, whi¬
ch was always too little. There were many plans but few concrete
results. Contacts of the Church in Slovenia with Catholic emigrants
________
Summary: Emigration
-
the »cancerous wound« of the Slovene nation
385
existed, e.g., through sending teachers and priests among them, of
whom up to ten can be counted in the European space over the en¬
tire period. German and Dutch priests came to their assistance, who
worked especially with the young in the Slovene language. Slovene
communists, as political emigrants, were connected to Moscow. De¬
spite their small number, they were active in the propaganda field.
Their aim was to weaken the regime in Yugoslavia. The outbreak of
war in September
1939
detained part of the Slovene emigrants in
the country of immigration, who, with the German breakthrough
in The Netherlands and Belgium into France, were the first of the
Slovenes to experience the state of war.
With the creation of socialist Yugoslavia in May
1945,
a mass flight to
Austria occurred. It consisted of collaborators of the occupier and
numerous family members, wives and children. The soldiers of the
home guard in Carinthia were mainly returned to Yugoslavia and a
large proportion disappeared in the post-war massacres. Refugees
in Italy avoided this fate. From
1947,
the refugees began to settle
throughout the world. Argentina accepted the most. The attitude of
this country to them was of acceptance, not just those able to work
but also the elderly, women and children. Others were dispersed
over European countries and the United States of America and Au¬
stralia. Simultaneously, repatriation of pre-war economic emigrants
from Argentina and western European countries occurred. The at¬
titude of the Yugoslav authorities to the Carinthian refugees was
negative, but it was favourable to returnees from former European
countries of immigration, since for the most part people favoura¬
bly disposed to the new Yugoslavia and the regime returned. Many
were disappointed, since people received them coldly. They were
more or less foreigners to them.
Despite the Iron Curtain and the conditions of the cold war, the
border of Yugoslavia with western democracies was never imper¬
meable. New refugees fled illegally across it. The regime discovered
early on that this wave consisted for the most part of young people
who wanted a better life, although there was no lack of those who
left because of aggravation from the authorities (abusing farmers as
kulaks , pressures because of taking part in religious ceremonies
etc.). Until the end of the fifties of the 20th century the policy of
the League of Communists of Yugoslavia designated migration as
a phenomenon of the capitalist world and rejected it. In
1962,
the
authorities first introduced an amnesty for all who had fled after
the war, except for war criminals. It allowed those who wanted it to
arrange citizen status. The borders were also more open, which was
a result of the recognition that, even in a socialist world, external mi-
386
Summary: Emigration
-
the »cancerous wound« of the Slovene nation
__________
grations exist. Yugoslavia became the only country from the eastern
block that allowed people to leave to work abroad. It thus released
the social pressures and also obtained necessary foreign exchange.
The standard of living of the population also rose. This was a time
when immigration to Slovenia from other Yugoslav republics inc¬
reased, where the social production per capita was highest in the
country. There was an ever greater brain drain. This led to a relative¬
ly mass departure of Yugoslav workers to work abroad, especially
the Federal Republic of Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, Austria and
Italy (daily migration). The oil crisis of
1973/74
partially halted emi¬
gration. Through the uniting of families, migration into countries of
immigration took place in another way.
Migrations did not end with the disintegration of Yugoslavia and
the creation of new countries. Legal and above all illegal immigrati¬
on continued. The Republic of Slovenia became primarily a transit
country, for some categories also a target country, e.g., for Chinese,
qualified people (doctors) etc. From the point of view of legal (sea¬
sonal) work, e.g., in construction, the share of immigrants to Slove¬
nia increased. Despite government migration policy and numerous
non-governmental organisations, the attitude to them was more or
less negative among Slovenes.
The attitude of state and church authorities and the thinking of in¬
dividuals of various viewpoints to the emigration of Slovenes was
negative for the reasons already mentioned: fear of extinction, beca¬
use of the small number and, to speak in today s terms, also because
of the fall in the birth rate. Until its collapse, the Austrian monarchy
did not restrict the emigration of its citizens, just as on the other
hand the United States did not restrict immigration. The Slovene
Catholic parties, the Church and numerous Slovene intellectuals
however were opposed to emigration. There was almost no thin¬
king Slovene who supported this phenomenon. A similar attitude
and those holding it can also be traced in the period of the first Yu¬
goslavia. Slovene migration policy on the
Banovina
level, with the
strong support of the Catholic Church, was only more realistic. The
desire on the part of the Church (the Franciscan
Kazimir Zakrajšek)
for links with the
Banovina
and higher state was foreseeable but
unrealised. The Church did not condemn but only warned or ad¬
vised how emigrants should behave abroad. During the period of
the economic crisis, the state leadership even recommended that
emigrants should remain as long as possible in the country of im¬
migration, for financial reasons of course. So the thesis appeared at
that time that this was a consequence of the fact that mainly Slove¬
nes and Croats emigrated and fewer Serbs. In the period of socialist
________
Summary: Emigration
-
the »cancerous wound« of the Slovene nation
________387
Yugoslavia, emigration to developed western European countries
was supported and organised on the part of the emigrants and the
countries of immigration. The Church shifted more to a position of
advising and helping immigrants. The main concern was maintai¬
ning the Catholic faith, often in Protestant environments. For ide¬
ological reasons, the state devoted great attention to workers wor¬
king temporarily abroad. They considered workers working abro¬
ad to be part of the Yugoslav working class; hence the designation
»workers working temporarily abroad«. Preserving affiliation to the
Yugoslav social order was the basic task, first of all of the Slovene
Emigrant Society and other socio-political organisations in Slovenia
and secondly, Slovene emigrant societies abroad. Combining social
intercourse and preserving affiliation to the regime were two forms
of operating among emigrants, among whom priests from Slovenia
also worked. Political emigrants were a special group, who worked
against Yugoslavia, for the most part through propaganda. Indivi¬
duals from the ranks of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia
and Slovenia also operated in the background as ideological leaders
among the emigrants.
Political emigration was a thorn in the side of the political leadership
throughout the period of socialist Yugoslavia. The Slovene leader¬
ship was only one of them, which was often said to be less aggres¬
sive than, e.g., the Croatian, Albanian or Serbian leadership. There
was only rarely mutual cooperation, e.g., with the Croatian leader¬
ship, and with the others still less. Just as Slovene workers working
temporarily abroad were combined under the national designati¬
on, so Slovene political emigrants were also combined according to
it. Stressing anti-communism, believing in the values of democracy
and highlighting Sloveneness and an independent Slovene state,
were unwelcome themes for the Slovene authorities. The top leader¬
ship of the League of Communists of Slovenia debated policy and
the state and public security bodies implemented it. The opened
archives of the former League of Communists of Slovenia and state
and public security (Republican Secretariat for Internal Affairs) ena¬
ble insight into these events: The material allows an analysis of the
propaganda war which lasted throughout, with various intensities.
Whatever attempt is made to extenuate the repression in this field,
the fact remains that many people suffered because of this, who had
to live on opposite shores, separated from members of their fami¬
lies and their friends. It encroached on their private life in various
ways, through supervision, occasional imprisonments, preventing
promotion in the workplace, with aggravation
....
and by preventing
personal contacts. In all periods of Yugoslavia, repression oscilla¬
ted in terms of severity. Periods of political hawks were followed by
388______
Summary: Emigration
-
the »cancerous wound« of the Slovene nation
__________
periods of political doves. The most affected were thinking people,
which does not mean that simple people were not affected. Control
of post from abroad and post to families abroad, obtaining banned
literature, styles from emigrants abroad etc. could result in obtain¬
ing the designation of someone whom it was at least necessary to
control, if not something more serious. With economic migration,
the concern of the state or system increased that contacts establis¬
hed between workers abroad and at home should create the closest
contacts possible. The operation of socio-political organisations,
the Slovene Emigrant Society, organising mass events at the time of
major Yugoslav holidays abroad, arranging picnics for emigrants in
the homeland, creating emigrant societies abroad etc. was directed
at preserving affiliation to the Yugoslav social system. This also cau¬
sed the split of migrants into at least two halves and into a number
of levels, i.e., those faithful to Yugoslavia and forces opposed to it.
The first strove for cooperation, obtained money from the mother
country for their activities, supported a positive image of Yugosla¬
via in the countries of immigration, saved in branches of Yugoslav
banks abroad or directly at home etc. The others moved away or
were cool to the system, rejected membership of Yugoslav emigrant
societies, realised themselves on the side of the Church or were at le¬
ast passive. The boundary between the two was not sharp. With the
disintegration of Yugoslavia, the Slovene emigrant societies were
more closed in themselves and membership ever more dwindled.
The Republic of Slovenia regulated relations with Slovenes throug¬
hout the world in the legislative field, but the aforementioned gulf
on ideological and political levels remained.
To show that everything was not dark in the roughly two hundred
year period of migration of Slovenes, it is necessary to highlight also
the lighter sides, which, although they were few, nevertheless exi¬
sted. The economic and financial aspect is too little stressed, since
migrants sent savings home that strengthened the national budget
in all three states and, at the same time, enabled Slovenes to have
a better life; at least in periods of economic ascent. This field has
been too little investigated scientifically from the point of view of
its importance for all the people with relations who had emigrated.
Going into the world did not bring only sadness because of the de¬
parture of loved ones abroad, later homesickness or unhappiness
because of living in a different world, but also satisfaction with the
new environment, better living conditions, higher pay than at home,
with more opportunities for promotion and other things. Those at¬
tracted to go abroad thus pointed to the better life than other mem¬
bers of the family had at home. The birth of children in emigration,
their education and inclusion of their own homeland in it meant
________
Summary: Emigration
-
the »cancerous wound« of the Slovene nation
________389
the possibility of personal and professional development in develo¬
ped countries. A foreign country was not just a strange place it also
offered more possibilities. So it is not surprising that throughout,
but most of all in the period of the second half of the 20th century,
the so-called brain drain spread to Slovenia. This was not just the
highly educated but also skilled individuals, talented as artisans and
successful in business. Some of whom succeeded in world conditi¬
ons. Openness to the world is undoubtedly important, knowledge
of it, knowledge of foreign languages and a curiosity about the wor¬
ld which enabled many to shake off the desire to stay at home and
to go out to confront the challenges of the world. Yesterday this was
still
utopia.
Today it is the reality that enabled the independence of
Slovenia, the establishment of a state, membership of NATO and the
European Union.
Translated by Martin Cregeen
Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek
München
|
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| author_facet | Drnovšek, Marjan |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV039594424 |
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| edition | 1. natis |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
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| geographic | Slovenia / Emigration and immigration / History |
| geographic_facet | Slovenia / Emigration and immigration / History |
| id | DE-604.BV039594424 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:07:01Z |
| institution | BVB |
| language | Slovenian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024445453 |
| oclc_num | 714144599 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 411 S. Ill. 24 cm |
| publishDate | 2010 |
| publishDateSearch | 2010 |
| publishDateSort | 2010 |
| publisher | Nova Revija |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Zbirka Korenine |
| spelling | Drnovšek, Marjan Verfasser aut Izseljevanje, "rakrana" slovenskega naroda od misijonarja Friderika Barage do migracijske politike države Slovenije Marjan Drnovšek 1. natis Ljubljana Nova Revija 2010 411 S. Ill. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zbirka Korenine Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Emigration - the "cancerous wound" of the Slovene nation Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Slovenes / Foreign countries Geschichte Migration Auswanderung (DE-588)4003920-1 gnd rswk-swf Slowenen (DE-588)4055300-0 gnd rswk-swf Slovenia / Emigration and immigration / History Slowenen (DE-588)4055300-0 s Auswanderung (DE-588)4003920-1 s Geschichte z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024445453&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024445453&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Drnovšek, Marjan Izseljevanje, "rakrana" slovenskega naroda od misijonarja Friderika Barage do migracijske politike države Slovenije Slovenes / Foreign countries Geschichte Migration Auswanderung (DE-588)4003920-1 gnd Slowenen (DE-588)4055300-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4003920-1 (DE-588)4055300-0 |
| title | Izseljevanje, "rakrana" slovenskega naroda od misijonarja Friderika Barage do migracijske politike države Slovenije |
| title_auth | Izseljevanje, "rakrana" slovenskega naroda od misijonarja Friderika Barage do migracijske politike države Slovenije |
| title_exact_search | Izseljevanje, "rakrana" slovenskega naroda od misijonarja Friderika Barage do migracijske politike države Slovenije |
| title_full | Izseljevanje, "rakrana" slovenskega naroda od misijonarja Friderika Barage do migracijske politike države Slovenije Marjan Drnovšek |
| title_fullStr | Izseljevanje, "rakrana" slovenskega naroda od misijonarja Friderika Barage do migracijske politike države Slovenije Marjan Drnovšek |
| title_full_unstemmed | Izseljevanje, "rakrana" slovenskega naroda od misijonarja Friderika Barage do migracijske politike države Slovenije Marjan Drnovšek |
| title_short | Izseljevanje, "rakrana" slovenskega naroda |
| title_sort | izseljevanje rakrana slovenskega naroda od misijonarja friderika barage do migracijske politike drzave slovenije |
| title_sub | od misijonarja Friderika Barage do migracijske politike države Slovenije |
| topic | Slovenes / Foreign countries Geschichte Migration Auswanderung (DE-588)4003920-1 gnd Slowenen (DE-588)4055300-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Slovenes / Foreign countries Geschichte Migration Auswanderung Slowenen Slovenia / Emigration and immigration / History |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024445453&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024445453&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT drnovsekmarjan izseljevanjerakranaslovenskeganarodaodmisijonarjafriderikabaragedomigracijskepolitikedrzaveslovenije |