Plastics failure guide: cause and prevention
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Munich
Hanser
2013
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXXIV, 833 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 25 cm |
| ISBN: | 9781569904497 9783446416840 9783446428829 |
Internformat
MARC
| LEADER | 00000nam a2200000 c 4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | BV039573370 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 005 | 20131122 | ||
| 007 | t | ||
| 008 | 110908s2013 ad|| |||| 00||| eng d | ||
| 015 | |a 09,N03,0955 |2 dnb | ||
| 016 | 7 | |a 991815858 |2 DE-101 | |
| 020 | |a 9781569904497 |c Geb. : ca. EUR 179.90, ca. EUR 185.00 (AT) |9 978-1-56990-449-7 | ||
| 020 | |a 9783446416840 |c kart. |9 978-3-446-41684-0 | ||
| 020 | |a 9783446428829 |c EBook |9 978-3-446-42882-9 | ||
| 024 | 3 | |a 9783446416840 | |
| 028 | 5 | 2 | |a 559/41684 |
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)856596574 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)DNB991815858 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rakddb | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a eng | |
| 049 | |a DE-29T |a DE-210 |a DE-863 |a DE-12 |a DE-703 |a DE-1102 |a DE-91G |a DE-83 | ||
| 082 | 0 | |a 668.4 |2 22//ger | |
| 084 | |a UV 4300 |0 (DE-625)146900: |2 rvk | ||
| 084 | |a ZM 3900 |0 (DE-625)157031: |2 rvk | ||
| 084 | |a ZM 5270 |0 (DE-625)157064: |2 rvk | ||
| 084 | |a 540 |2 sdnb | ||
| 084 | |a TEC 780f |2 stub | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Ezrin, Myer |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Plastics failure guide |b cause and prevention |c Myer Ezrin |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Munich |b Hanser |c 2013 | |
| 300 | |a XXXIV, 833 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. |c 25 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Werkstofffehler |0 (DE-588)4122412-7 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Kunststoff |0 (DE-588)4033676-1 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Schadensanalyse |0 (DE-588)4130826-8 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Kunststoff |0 (DE-588)4033676-1 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Werkstofffehler |0 (DE-588)4122412-7 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 689 | 1 | 0 | |a Kunststoff |0 (DE-588)4033676-1 |D s |
| 689 | 1 | 1 | |a Schadensanalyse |0 (DE-588)4130826-8 |D s |
| 689 | 1 | |8 1\p |5 DE-604 | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m DNB Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024424835&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024424835 | ||
| 883 | 1 | |8 1\p |a cgwrk |d 20201028 |q DE-101 |u https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk | |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| DE-BY-863_location | 1000 |
|---|---|
| DE-BY-FWS_call_number | 1000/ZM 5270 E99(2) |
| DE-BY-FWS_katkey | 490309 |
| DE-BY-FWS_media_number | 083101300142 |
| _version_ | 1806176502161604608 |
| adam_text | IMAGE 1
CONTENTS
PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION V
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS VII
FIRST EDITION VII
SECOND EDITION IX
1 A PRELIMINARY LOOK AT THE NATURE, CAUSES, AND CONSEQUENCES OF PLASTICS
FAILURE 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.2 PLASTICS 2
1.3 POLYMERS 3
1.4 RUBBERS AND ELASTOMERS 4
1.5 NATURAL POLYMERS 4
1.6 PLASTICS IN THE FAMILY OF MATERIALS 5
1.7 COMMON FEATURES AND DIFFERENCES IN PERFORMANCE OR FAILURE OF ALL
MATERIALS 5
1.8 UNINTENTIONAL FACTORS AFFECTING FAILURE 8
1.9 TYPES AND CAUSES OF FAILURE 8
1.9.1 WHEN FAILURE IS NOT REALLY A FAILURE 11
1.10 THE PEOPLE FACTOR 13
1.11 THE CONSEQUENCES OF PLASTICS FAILURE 14
1.12 LEGAL AND FINANCIAL ASPECTS OF PLASTICS FAILURE 15
1.12.1 LESSONS 17
1.13 REFERENCES 17
1.14 PAPERS BY MYER EZRIN AND COAUTHORS ON PLASTICS FAILURE ANALYSIS,
PLASTICS ANALYSIS, AND RELATED SUBJECTS 19
1.14.1 PLASTICS FAILURE ANALYSIS 19
1.14.2 PLASTICS ANALYSIS 21
1.14.3 ELECTRICAL INSULATION 22
1.14.4 SOLAR PANEL ENCAPSULANT DISCOLORATION 22
1.14.5 PLASTICS RECYCLING 23
HTTP://D-NB.INFO/991815858
IMAGE 2
2 FUNDAMENTAL MATERIALS VARIABLES AFFECTING PROCESSING AND PRODUCT
PERFORMANCE OR FAILURE 25
2.1 THE OVERALL PICTURE 2 5
2.2 POLYMER COMPOSITION 29
2.2.1 MAJOR CATEGORIES OF PLASTICS COMPOSITION 29
2.2.1.1 THERMOPLASTIC AND THERMOSETTING PLASTICS 2 9
2.2.1.2 THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS 31
2.2.2 TYPES OF POLYMERS 3 1
2.2.2.1 ADDITION POLYMERS BASED ON VINYL MONOMERS 31
2.2.2.2 THERMAL AND PHOTOLYTIC STABILITY OF VI NYL ADDITION POLYMERS 3 3
2.2.2.3 THERMAL ANALYSIS IN THE STUDY OF POLYMER DEGRADATION... 36
2.2.2.4 CONTROLLING THERMAL EFFECTS IN PERFORMANCE OR FAILURE OF
PLASTICS 37
2.2.2.5 ELASTOMERIC ADDITION POLYMERS BASED ON DIENE MONOMERS 37
2.2.2.6 CONDENSATION POLYMERS 3 7
2.2.2.7 OTHER POLYMER TYPES 39
2.2.2.8 HOMOPOLYMERS, COPOLYMERS, TERPOLYMERS, AND B L E N D S . . . 4 0
2.3 COMPOSITION-INTENTIONAL ADDITIVES 4 1
2.3.1 TYPES OF ADDITIVES 4 1
2.3.2 FAILURE EFFECTS OF INTENTIONAL ADDITIVES 4 1
2.3.2.1 PLASTICIZERS -. 42
2.3.2.1.1 ADHESION FAILURE OF VINYL FLOOR TILES 4 2
2.3.2.1.2 OTHER PLASTICIZER-RELATED FAILURES 4 2
2.3.2.2 COLORANTS : 4 3
2.3.2.2.1 STAINING OF CLOTHES BY PLASTIC HANGERS 4 3
2.3.2.2.2 EFFECT OF COLORANTS ON NOTCH SENSITIVITY 4 4
2.3.2.2.3 POOR MIXING OF COLORANT IN WATER FILTER CANISTER 4 4
2.3.2.3 FLAME RETARDANTS 4 8
2.3.2.3.1 OMISSION OF FLAME RETARDANTS 4 8
2.3.2.3.2 EFFECT ON MOLD AND PART DIMENSIONS 4 9
2.3.2.3.3 EFFECT ON A SECONDARY PART OF THE PRODUCT 50
2.3.2.3.4 EFFECT OF FROZEN-IN STRESS ON MOLDED PARTS CAUSING EARLY
FAILURE IN SERVICE 50
2.3.2.4 UNANTICIPATED EFFECT OF ADDITIVE 50
2.3.2.4.1 ENHANCED CRYSTALLIZATION DUE TO A PIGMENT 50
2.3.2.4.1.1 SHAMPOO TUBE SCREW CAPS 50
2.3.2.4.1.2 THE CASE OF THE SHRINKING POLYETHYLENE MILK CASE 51 2.3.2.5
POOR DISPERSION OF ADDITIVES-ANTIOXIDANT 52
2.3.2.6 VOLATILITY OF ADDITIVES-ANTIOXIDANT 5 3
IMAGE 3
2.4 COMPOSITION-UNINTENTIONAL ADDITIVES 54
2.4.1 TYPES OF UNINTENTIONAL ADDITIVES 54
2.4.2 FAILURE EFFECTS OF UNINTENTIONAL ADDITIVES 54
2.4.2.1 EXTRANEOUS DIRT, LINT, AND OTHER CONTAMINANT MATERIALS . 54
2.4.2.1.1 CONTAMINANT FROM PREVIOUS RUN IN EXTRUDER 55
2.4.2.2 RESIDUAL MONOMER, SOLVENT, OR OTHER LOW LEVEL CHEMICALS 59
2.4.2.3 WATER 60
2.4.2.3.1 BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF WATER ABSORBED FROM THE AIR 60 2.4.2.3.2
HYDROLYSIS OF CONDENSATION TYPE PLASTICS IN MELT PROCESSING 60
2.4.2.3.3 APPEARANCE PROBLEM DUE TO WATER IN MELT PROCESSING . . . 60
2.4.2.3.4 VOIDS FORMED BY WATER IN MELT PROCESSING 61
2.4.2.3.5 WATER TREEING OF EXTRUDED POLYOLEFIN ELECTRICAL POWER CABLES
61
2.4.2.3.6 SHRINKAGE AND EXPANSION OF MOLDINGS 62
2.4.2.4 COMPOUNDING PROCESS AIDS IN ADDITIVES CONCENTRATES . . . 62
2.4.2.5 ADDITIVES IN FORMULATION INGREDIENTS TO IMPROVE THEIR
PERFORMANCE 6 3
2.4.2.6 IONIC IMPURITIES FROM WATER IN SERVICE 6 3
2.4.2.7 IONIC IMPURITIES IN CARBON BLACK 64
2.4.2.8 TRACE METAL FROM EXTRUDER BARREL AND SCREW COATING - 6 4 2.4.2.9
IMPUNITIES IN INTENTIONAL ADDITIVES O R PROCESSING MATERIALS 64
2.5 MOLECULAR WEIGHT (MW) 64
2.6 INTERMOLECULAR ORDER 69
2.6.1 CRYSTALLINITY 69
2.6.2 CROSSLINKING 72
2.6.3 ORIENTATION DUE TO PROCESSING 7 4
2.6.4 DEGREE OF FUSION 7 6
2.6.5 PHYSICAL AGING 7 6
2.7 COMBINED EFFECT OF MOLECULAR WEIGHT AND CRYSTALLINITY 7 7
2.8 LESSONS 7 8
2.9 REFERENCES 81
3 FAILURES RELATED TO DESIGN AND MATERIAL SELECTION 8 3
3.1 INTRODUCTION 8 3
3.2 BASIC AND PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN DESIGN-RELATED FAILURES 8 3
3.2.1 THE PEOPLE FACTOR 8 3
3.2.2 DECLARING WAR ON FAILURE 85 I
3.2.3 TO TEST OR NOT TO TEST-OR HOW MUCH IS ENOUGH? 86
IMAGE 4
3.2.4 THE PERFECT DESIGN AND PRODUCT-DOES IT EXIST? 8 8
3.2.5 THE PROTOTYPE 8 8
3.2.6 EFFECT OF DESIGN ON PROCESSING 88
3.2.7 DESIGN CHECKLIST 89
3.2.8 THE MOST COMMON MISTAKES IN DESIGN OF PLASTICS 90
3.2.8.1 CREEP 90
3.2.8.2 STRESS 9 2
3.2.8.3 HOSTILE ENVIRONMENT 9 2
3.2.8.4 SHRINKAGE 92
3.2.8.5 COLOR VARIANCE 92
3.2.8.6 GATE MARKS 92
3.2.8.7 INADEQUATE DRAFT 9 3
3.2.8.8 SINK MARKS 9 3
3.2.8.9 UNANTICIPATED USE 94
3.2.8.10 TIME 9 4
3.2.9 PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS 94
3.2.9.1 MATERIALS 94
3.2.9.2 DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS 9 5
3.2.9.3 PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS 9 5
3.2.10 DESIGN FOR SERVICE LIFE AND SERVICE CONDITIONS 96
3.2.11 THE HAZARDS OF SIMULTANEOUS SERVICE FACTORS 97
3.2.12 BRITTLE FRACTURE-A BALANCING ACT OF DESIGN AND MATERIAL. 97
3.2.12.1 THE DUCTILE TO BRITTLE TRANSITION 98
3.2.12.2 MOLECULAR WEIGHT (MW) AND BRITTLE FRACTURE 100
3.2.13 , COMPARISON OF PLASTICS AND METALS 100
3.2.14 CRACK PHENOMENA IN FRACTURE 101
3.2.15 FAILURE BY FATIGUE 104
3.2.15.1 FATIGUE FAILURE BY CRACK PROPAGATION 104
3.2.15.2 FAILURE BY SOFTENING DUE TO HYSTERETIC HEATING 106
3.2.15.3 EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENT 108
3.2.16 FAILURE BY CREEP 110
3.2.16.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF CREEP BEHAVIOR 110
3.2.16.2 TESTS TO PREDICT CREEP BEHAVIOR I L L
3.2.16.3 A CASE STUDY OF CREEP FAILURE 112
3.2.16.4 CREEP FAILURE OF A THERMOSET POLYMER 116
3.2.17 FAILURE B Y IMPACT 117
3.2.17.1 DESIGN EFFECTS 117
3.2.17.1.1 CASE STUDY OF A DESIGN FAILURE 119
3.2.17.2 MATERIAL EFFECTS 120
3.2.17.3 MOLDING EFFECTS 121
3.2.17.4 MOLECULAR WEIGHT (MW) EFFECTS 121
IMAGE 5
3.2.17.5 POLYMER COMPOSITION AND CRYSTALLINITY EFFECTS 122
3.2.18 ELECTRICAL STRESS 122
3.2.19 SURFACE EFFECTS IN FAILURES RELATED TO DESIGN 122
3.2.20 WELD LINES 123
3.2.20.1 EXAMPLES OF WELD LINE FAILURES AND EFFECTS 126
3.2.20.1.1 CASE STUDIES OF WELD LINE FAILURES 128
3.2.21 WARPAGE 132
3.3 LESSONS 135
3.4 REFERENCES 137
4 EXAMPLES OF FAILURE DUE TO DESIGN AND MATERIAL SELECTION 141
4.1 INTRODUCTION 141
4.2 PART OR PRODUCT DESIGN 144
4.2.1 EXAMPLES OF FAILURE DUE TO DESIGN AND/OR MATERIAL 144
4.2.1.1 MOLD DESIGN PROBLEMS 144
4.2.1.1.1 THE REPLACEMENT NEW MOLD THAT FAILED 144
4.2.1.1.2 FRACTURE OF ULTRASONICALLY WELDED ABS PART DUE TO MOLD DESIGN
PROBLEM 145
4.2.1.1.3 FRACTURE OF PLASTIC PARTS IN WATER SERVICE DUE TO A MOLD
PROBLEM 146
4.2.1.2 WATER SERVICE FAILURES NOT RELATED TO A MOLD PROBLEM... 149
4.2.1.2.1 FRACTURE OF A TOILET CONNECTOR NUT A T AN ABRUPT WALL
THICKNESS CHANGE 149
4.2.1.2.2 HOW TO TURN A THREADED PART INSIDE OUT 152
4.2.1.2.3 TOILET VALVE DESIGN 153
4.2.1.2.4- WATER FILTER DESIGN 155
4.2.1.2.5 ELBOW COUPLING DESIGN 158
4.2.1.2.6 PLASTIC FAILURE BECAUSE OF A METAL FAILURE 159
4.2.1.3 PROCESSING-RELATED FAILURE DUE TO DESIGN 162
4.2.1.3.1 SPIN WELDING OF A WATER FILTER 162
4.2.1.3.2 A WAR-MATERIAL PROCESS PROBLEM 163
4.2.1.4 FAILURE DUE TO A METAL COMPONENT OF A PART 163
4.2.1.4.1 PLASTIC OVER METAL-THE FRACTURED KITCHEN BLENDER 163 4.2.1.4.2
METAL INSERTS 164
4.2.1.5 DESIGN BASED ON METAL DESIGN-BAD NEWS 166
4.2.1.6 ATTACHMENT STRESSES-FRACTURE OF BOSSES ATTACHING MOTOR HOUSING
TO LAWNMOWER 167
4.2.1.7 FAILURE DUE TO STATIC LOAD IMPOSED BY SCREWS AND RIVETS 167
4.2.1.7.1 CRACKS A T MOLDED-IN HOLES 168
4.2.1.7.2 CRACKS A T SCREW HOLES DRILLED INTO PLASTIC SHEET 169
IMAGE 6
4.2.1.8 STRESS CONCENTRATION AT A WEAK POINT 170
4.2.1.8.1 WELD LINES 170
4.2.1.8.1.1 FRACTURE OF ABS SYRINGE NEEDLE HOLDER WITH FLATS CLOSE TO
WELD LINES 171
4.2.1.8.2 EXTERNALLY APPLIED STRESS 172
4.2.1.8.2.1 FAILURE TO CONSIDER OCCASIONAL IMPACT IN DESIGN OF UMBRELLA
172
4.2.1.8.2.2 FRACTURE A T GATE OF PP ANTIPERSPIRANT BOTTLE CAP LOCATED AT
HIGH STRESS LOCATION WHERE CAP IS TIGHTENED 172
4.2.1.8.2.3 MICROWAVE OVEN DOOR HANDLE SCREW LOCATED A T POINT OF HIGH
STRESS WHEN DOOR IS OPENED 173
4.2.1.8.3 INTERNAL STRESS DUE TO DESIGN 173
4.2.1.8.3.1 POOR DESIGN AND STRESS CONCENTRATIONS I N AUTOMOBILE COOLANT
RESERVOIR TANK 173
4.2.1.8.3.2 STRESSES IN INTERFERENCE FIT-FRACTURE OF NYLON HEAD HARNESS
INSIDE HARD HAT 174
4.2.1.9 POOR DESIGN 175
4.2.1.9.1 MULTIPLE MODES OF FAILURE OF A POORLY DESIGNED PS PITCHER 175
4.2.1.9.2 FLEXIBLE HINGES REQUIRE SPECIAL D E S I G N - POLYETHYLENE
SOAP DISH 176
4.2.1.9.3 FRACTURE OF PULTRUDED E-GLASS ROD DUE TO RETENTION OF
ATMOSPHERIC LIQUID IN CUPLIKE DESIGN OF METAL END FITTING 177
4.2.1.10 PROBLEMS OF DESIGN DIAGRAMS 177
4.2.1.10.1 MISLEADING OR UNWISE INSTRUCTIONS IN DESIGN DIAGRAMS . 177
4.2.1.10.2 MAKE DIMENSIONAL SPECIFICATIONS REALISTIC-THE OVERSPECIFIED
PART 177
4.2.1.11 WARPAGE 177
4.2.1.12 FAILURE TO ALLOW FOR CONTRACTION OF PBT PART DUE TO THERMAL
AGING 179
4.3 FAILURES OF VARIOUS TYPES OF PLASTICS 180
4.3.1 FLEXIBLE POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC) 180
4.3.1.1 FRACTURE O R TEARING DUE TO FLEXURAL FATIGUE 180
4.3.1.2 FAILURE IN THE FLEXIBLE SHEET ITSELF 180
4.3.1.3 FAILURE I N PRODUCTS WITH ATTACHED PARTS 181
4.3.2 RIGID PVC 183
4.3.2.1 PIPES AND FITTINGS 183
4.3.2.2 FAILURE DUE TO EXCESSIVE HEATING IN SERVICE 183
4.3.2.3 FAILURE OF PVC CONTAINER 183
4.3.3 STYRENICS-PS, IMPACT PS (HIPS), ABS, SAN 185
IMAGE 7
4.3.3.1 PS HOMOPOLYMER 185
4.3.3.2 HIPS 187
4.3.3.2.1 HOW NOT TO DESIGN A PLASTIC PARKING PERMIT 189
4.3.3.3 ABS-ACRYLONITRILE BUTADIENE STYRENE TERPOLYMER 191 4.3.3.4
SAN-STYRENE ACRYLONITRILE COPOLYMER 192
4.3.4 POLYOLEFINS 193
4.3.5 POLYETHYLENE PE 195
4.3.5.1 TWO STRESSES APPLIED SIMULTANEOUSLY 195
4.3.5.2 ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS-CRACKING 195
4.3.5.2.1 STRESS-CRACKING OF WATER PAIL 195
4.3.5.2.2 AERATORS IN SEWAGE TREATMENT LAGOON 195
4.3.5.2.3 DROP IMPACT BOTTLE FRACTURE 196
4.3.5.2.4 FRACTURE OF HAIR CREAM SCREW CAP 196
4.3.5.2.5 FRACTURE OF LAWNMOWER BELT COVER HOLD-DOWN TAB 197 4.3.5.2.6
EXTENSIVE CRACKING OF A MEDIUM DENSITY POLYETHYLENE COVER 197
4.3.5.3 ELECTRICAL WATER TREEING 198
4.3.5.4 SERVICE BEYOND DESIGN LIMITS 198
4.3.5.5 DESIGN AND/OR MATERIAL SELECTION 198
4.3.5.6 OXIDATIVE DEGRADATION 200
4.3.5.6.1 CRACKED BARREL COVER 201
4.3.5.6.2 FLASHLIGHT ON-OFF SWITCH 201
4.3.5.6.3 FALLING HOUSEPLANT LEAVES 201
4.3.6 POLYPROPYLENE 205
4.3.6.1 SHRINKAGE OUT OF CONTROL DUE TO COLORANT 205
4.3.6.2 THE TILTED PANCAKE SYRUP BOTTLE 205
4.3.6.3 BROKEN HAIR CURLERS 206
4.3.6.4 FRACTURE OF PP FIBERS IN ARTIFICIAL STADIUM GRASS 206
4.3.6.5 FAILURE OF TV CABINETS DURING TRANSPORT 206
4.3.6.6 POLYPROPYLENE PARTS MADE BRITTLE BY TOO MUCH COLORANT. 206 4.3.7
ETHYLENE COPOLYMERS 209
4.3.8 THERMOPLASTIC ENGINEERING RESINS THAT FAILED BECAUSE T WAS TOO LOW
FOR THE SERVICE REQUIREMENTS OR DUE TO CREEP-PBT (POLYBUTYLENE
TEREPHTHALATE), PPO (POLYPHERIYLENE OXIDE), PPS (POLYPHENYLENE SULFIDE),
AND OTHER THERMOPLASTICS 210
4.3.8.1 EXAMPLES OF THERMOPLASTICS FAILURES 211
4.3.9 CELLULOSICS 212
4.3.9.1 THE SHOWERHEAD MADE WITH CELLULOSE ACETATE SCRAP RESIN 212
4.3.10 ACRYLICS (PMMA) 213
IMAGE 8
4.3.11 NYLON 213
4.3.11.1 NYLON IN AUTOMOBILE FLIPPER COVERS 213
4.3.11.2 NYLON FLOOR POLISHER GEAR 213
4.3.11.3 NYLON HINGE CAMS 214
4.3.12 RUBBER 216
4.3.12.1 EXAMPLES OF RUBBER FAILURE 216
4.4 UNEXPECTED AND UNAUTHORIZED PROBLEMS OF MATERIAL SELECTION 219 4.4.1
UNINTENTIONAL ERRORS IN FORMULATION OR PROCESSING 220
4.4.2 UNINTENTIONAL VARIABILITY OF LOT TO LOT POLYMER COATING
ACCEPTABILITY 220
4.4.3 UNEXPECTED LOW ADHESION OF COEXTRUDED FILM 221
4.4.4 CHANGE OF PLASTICIZER WITHOUT AUTHORIZATION 221
4.5 ENVIRONMENTAL, RECYCLING, AND HEALTH ASPECTS OF PLASTICS FAILURE . .
221 4.6 LESSONS 222
4.6.1 FAILURES DUE MAINLY TO DESIGN 222
4.6.2 FAILURES DUE TO PART DESIGN AND/OR MATERIAL SELECTION... 2 2 4 4.7
REFERENCES 229
5 PROCESSING-RELATED FACTORS IN FAILURE 233
5.1 INTRODUCTION 233
5.2 TEST METHODS TO EVALUATE A POLYMER S HEAT STABILITY AS A PRECURSOR
TO A POLYMER S SELECTION FOR A PRODUCT 2 3 4
5.2.1 THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS (TGA) 235
5.2.2 DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY (DSC) 235
5.2.3 , MELT INDEX (MELT FLOW RATE) ASTM D1238 236
5.3 FACTORS AND VARIABLES COMMON TO PROCESSING METHODS IN GENERAL.. 236
5.3.1 INTENTIONAL AND UNINTENTIONAL STEPS IN PROCESSING 236
5.3.2 OTHER CAUSES OF FAILURE DUE TO PROCESSING 238
5.4 COMPOUNDING AND MIXING 242
5.5 FUSION 245
5.6 PROCESSING METHODS 245
5.6.1 INJECTION MOLDING 245
5.6.2 EXTRUSION 251
5.6.3 THERMOFORMING PLASTIC FILM AND SHEET 253
5.6.4 BLOW MOLDING 256
5.6.5 ROTATIONAL MOLDING 257
5.7 IMPROVEMENTS IN PROCESSING METHODS 257
5.8 PROCESS CONTROL METHODS, TROUBLESHOOTING, FAILURE ANALYSIS, AND TEST
METHODS 258
5.8.1 PROCESS CONTROL METHODS 258
5.8.2 TROUBLESHOOTING AND FAILURE ANALYSIS 258
IMAGE 9
5.8.3 TEST METHODS 262
5.9 SECONDARY OPERATIONS 264
5.9.1 WELDING METHODS 264
5.9.2 PUNCHING 268
5.9.3 PAINTING AND DECORATING 268
5.9.4 SURFACE SMOOTHING BY BUFFING 269
5.10 FAILURE PROBLEMS RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION A N D INSTALLATION 269
5.11 LESSONS 273
5.11.1 GENERAL 273
5.11.2 COMPOUNDING, FUSION, AND DISPERSION 274
5.11.3 PRIMARY PROCESSING 274
5.11.4 SECONDARY OPERATIONS 275
5.11.5 TESTING, QUALITY CONTROL, AND FAILURE ANALYSIS 275
5.11.6 TRANSPORTATION, STORAGE, AND INSTALLATION 275
5.12 REFERENCES 276
6 FAILURE RELATED TO SERVICE CONDITIONS 279
6.1 INTRODUCTION 279
6.2 GENERAL NATURE AND PRINCIPLES OF SERVICE CONDITION-RELATED FAILURE
280
6.3 SPECIFIC EFFECTS AND EXAMPLES OF SERVICE CONDITIONS 283
6.3.1 CHEMICAL AND SOLVENT RESISTANCE 283
6.3.1.1 CHEMICAL REACTIONS 286
6.3.1.2 FAILURES DUE TO PHYSICAL EFFECTS IN CHEMICAL AND SOLVENT
RESISTANCE IN THE ABSENCE OF STRESS 292
6.3.1.3 -CHEMICAL RESISTANCE IN THE PRESENCE OF S T R E S S
ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS-CRACKING (ESC) AND STRESS CORROSION CRACKING (SCC)
294
6.3.1.4 APPLICATION AREAS WITH MAJOR EFFECTS ON CHEMICAL-RELATED FAILURE
295
6.3.1.5 AIR POLLUTION 297
6.3.2 WEATHERING EFFECTS (OUTDOOR AGING) 298
6.3.3 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF THERMAL CONDITIONS IN SERVICE 300
6.3.4 PLASTICS IN BUILDING MATERIALS 302
6.3.5 FAILURE DUE TO DIMENSIONALLY UNSTABLE NATURE OF T H E ENVIRONMENT
OF PLASTIC PRODUCTS 306
6.3.6 MECHANICAL EFFECTS-WEAR AND IMPACT 306
6.3.7 BIOLOGICAL AND MEDICAL 308
6.3.8 ELECTRICAL 308
6.3.9 FAILURES DUE TO UNINTENTIONAL AND UNANTICIPATED SERVICE CONDITIONS
309
IMAGE 10
6.4 LESSONS 3 1 4
6.4.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 3 1 4
6.4.2 THERMAL EFFECTS INCLUDING EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION . . 315 6.4.3
DEGRADATION BY CHEMICAL REACTION 316
6.4.4 CHEMICAL AND SOLVENT EFFECTS OTHER THAN CHEMICAL REACTION 317
6.4.5 MECHANICAL EFFECTS 317
6.4.6 ELECTRICAL EFFECTS 318
6.4.7 UNINTENTIONAL AND UNEXPECTED SERVICE CONDITIONS 318
6.5 REFERENCES 319
7 FAILURE ANALYSIS AND TEST PROCEDURES 321
7.1 BASIC CONSIDERATIONS 321
7.2 FAILURE ANALYSIS GENERAL PROCEDURES 3 2 3
7.2.1 TYPES OF INFORMATION NEEDED 3 2 3
7.2.1.1 VISUAL EXAMINATION AND NONINVASIVE X-RAY IMAGING 3 2 3 7.2.1.2
HISTORY AND CIRCUMSTANCES OF FAILURE 3 2 3
7.2.1.3 IDENTIFICATION OF THE PRODUCT SOURCE AND PLASTIC TYPE, GRADE,
AND SOURCE 3 2 4
7.2.1.4 DID FAILED PRODUCT MEET ALL SPECIFICATIONS AS PRODUCED? 3 2 4
7.2.1.5 FRACTOGRAPHY 3 2 4
7.2.1.6 STRESS EVALUATION OR ANALYSIS 3 2 4
7.2.2 FAILURE ANALYSIS REPORT 324
7.3 FLOWCHARTS AND CHECKLISTS 325
7.3.1 UNITED STATES AIR FORCE PLAN FOR COMPOSITES 3 2 5
7.3.1.1 EXAMPLES OF APPLICATION OF T H E US AIR FORCE PLAN FOR
COMPOSITES 3 3 0
7.3.2 GENERAL ELECTRIC PLASTICS COMPANY PLAN FOR THERMOPLASTICS 3 3 0
7.3.2.1 EXAMPLES OF APPLICATION OF THE GE PLAN FOR THERMOPLASTICS 3 3 4
7.3.2.1.1 PART CRACKING AFTER ULTRASONIC WELDING 3 3 4
7.3.2.1.2 PART CRACKING IN-USE, AROUND A BOSS 336
7.3.2.1.3 FRACTURE OF ABS SYRINGE NEEDLE HOLDER 337
7.4 ANALYTICAL AND TEST PROCEDURES I N SUPPORT OF FAILURE 342
7.4.1 BASIC CONSIDERATIONS 342
7.4.2 CATEGORIES OF ANALYTICAL AND TEST METHODS 343
7.4.3 MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION 344
7.4.3.1 QUALITATIVE IDENTIFICATION OF FORMULATION COMPONENTS... 344
7.4.3.1.1 CHEMICAL METHODS (NONINSTRUMENTAL) OF POLYMER IDENTIFICATION
344
IMAGE 11
7.4.3.1.2 INSTRUMENTAL METHODS OF POLYMER IDENTIFICATION 344
7.4.3.1.3 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE IDENTIFICATION OF FORMULATION
INGREDIENTS 345
7.4.3.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF POLYMERS 346 7.4.3.2.1
MW AND MWD 346
7.4.3.2.2 DEGREE OF CRYSTALLINITY, ORIENTATION, FUSION, AND CROSSLINKING
OR CURE 347
7.4.3.3 IDENTIFICATION OF CONTAMINANTS AND OTHER CONTRIBUTORS TO FAILURE
350
7.4.3.3.1 THERMAL DESORPTION/GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY/MASS SPECTROSCOPY
(TD/GC/MS) 3 5 3
7.4.3.4 SURFACE ANALYSIS 356
7.5 MECHANICAL TEST METHODS AND MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MECHANICAL
FAILURE 359
7.5.1 INTRODUCTION 359
7.5.2 TENSILE, FLEXURAL, AND COMPRESSIVE PROPERTIES 3 6 0
7.5.3 FATIGUE FAILURE AND TESTS 361
7.5.4 MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF FATIGUE AND OTHER FRACTURE TYPES 365
7.5.5 IMPACT FAILURE 370
7.5.6 WEAR AND ABRASION 372
7.6 CHEMICAL RESISTANCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS-CRACKING 3 7 3
7.7 STRESS ANALYSIS : 376
7.8 NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING ARID EVALUATION METHODS (NDT OR NDE) 381
7.8.1 INTRODUCTION 381
7.8.2 ULTRASONIC TESTING 382
7.8.3 ACOUSTIC EMISSION 3 8 3
7.8.4 ACOUSTIC WAVE GUIDE 387
7.8.5 TOMOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS 387
7.9 CONFIRMING FAILURE ANALYSIS CONCLUSIONS BY DEMONSTRATING RESPONSE TO
SERVICE CONDITIONS IN CONTROLLED EXPERIMENTS 387 7.10 LESSONS 388
7.10.1 LESSONS FOR FAILURE ANALYSIS 388
7.10.2 LESSONS FOR ANALYSIS AND TESTING IN CONNECTION WITH FAILURE
ANALYSIS 388
7.11 REFERENCES 390
8 QUALITY CONTROL-PREVENTIVE FAILURE ANALYSIS 395
8.1 BASIC CONSIDERATIONS 3 9 5
8.1.1 TERMINOLOGY AND CONCEPTS OF QC, OA, SPC, SQC, TQC, AND TQM 3 9 5
IMAGE 12
8.1.2 WHERE OA FITS IN CORPORATE MANAGEMENT 398
8.1.3 QC PAST AND PRESENT 398
8.1.4 PREVENTIVE FAILURE ANALYSIS 4 0 0
8.1.5 THE ROLE OF PEOPLE 401
8.1.6 QC TEST METHODS AND STATISTICAL METHODS 402
8.1.7 WHY MATERIALS, PROCESSES, AND PRODUCTS V A R Y - RANDOM AND
NONRANDOM VARIABLES 4 0 3
8.1.7.1 RANDOM VARIABLES 4 0 3
8.1.7.2 NONRANDOM MATERIAL VARIABLES 4 0 3
8.1.7.3 STATISTICAL CONTROL 4 0 4
8.1.7.4 NONRANDOM PROCESS VARIABLES 4 0 4
8.1.7.5 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF RANDOM (COMMON CAUSE) AND NONRANDOM
(SPECIAL CAUSE) VARIATIONS 4 0 5
8.1.7.6 PRODUCT QUALITY CONTROL 4 0 6
8.2 QC/QA SYSTEMS 4 0 8
8.3 QC TEST METHODS-GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS AND SAMPLING PLANS 4 1 1 8.4
QC OF MATERIALS TO BE PROCESSED 414
8.4.1 CATEGORIES OF MATERIALS 4 1 4
8.4.2 TEST METHODS FOR MATERIALS IN QC RELATIVE TO FAILURE ANALYSIS 4 1
4
8.4.3 CALIBRATION AND REFERENCE STANDARDS 4 1 4
8.4.4 ANALYTICAL METHODS 4 1 5
8.4.4.1 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION-TO ANALYZE OR NOT TO ANALYZE . . . 4 1 5
8.4.4.1.1 THE CHOICE OF METHODS FOR QC 4 1 6
8.4.4.1.2 SAMPLING CONSIDERATIONS 419
8.4.4.1.3 THERMAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS FOR COMPOSITION 4 1 9
8.4.4.1.4 ASTM METHODS 4 2 1
8.4.4.2 CONTAMINANTS 4 2 1
8.4.5 MOLECULAR WEIGHT METHODS 421
8.4.6 CRYSTALLINITY AND CROSSLINKABILITY 422
8.4.7 RHEOLOGICAL METHODS 4 2 3
8.4.8 VISUAL METHODS 424
8.4.9 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES 4 2 4
8.4.10 BEWARE OF CHANGES DURING TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE 4 2 4
8.5 QC OF MATERIALS IN PROCESS-STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL 4 2 5
8.5.1 PROCESS CONTROL IN INJECTION MOLDING 4 2 6
8.5.2 PROCESS CONTROL IN EXTRUSION 4 3 0
8.5.3 PROCESS CONTROL IN COMPOUNDING 4 3 0
8.5.4 PROCESS CONTROL IN BLOW MOLDING 4 3 3
8.5.5 PROCESS CONTROL IN SMC (SHEET MOLDING COMPOUND) - 4 3 3
IMAGE 13
8.5.6 PROCESS CONTROL IN COMPOSITES 434
8.5.7 PROCESS CONTROL IN REACTION INJECTION MOLDING (RIM) 437 8.5.8
ONLINE METHODS OF PROCESS CONTROL 438
8.5.8.1 INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY 438
8.5.8.2 RHEOLOGY 439
8.5.8.3 OTHER ONLINE METHODS 440
8.5.9 PROCESS CONTROL METHODS OTHER T H A N ONLINE METHODS . . . 4 4 0
8.5.10 PROCESS CONTROL IN PIPE PROCESSING 4 4 0
8.6 QUALITY CONTROL OF PRODUCTS 441
8.7 IN-SERVICE QC TESTING 4 4 3
8.8 LESSONS FOR QC/QA OF MATERIALS, PROCESSES, AND PRODUCTS 444
8.9 REFERENCES 4 4 5
9 LEGAL ASPECTS OF PLASTICS PRODUCT LIABILITY AND FAILURE 451
9.1 INTRODUCTION 451
9.2 THE HARSH REALITIES OF PRODUCT LIABILITY 4 5 3
9.3 BASIC LEGAL ASPECTS OF PRODUCT LIABILITY 4 5 5
9.4 COMMON CAUSES OF FAILURE THAT COULD RESULT IN LITIGATION 458
9.4.1 DESIGN-RELATED CAUSES 4 6 0
9.4.2 MATERIAL-RELATED CAUSES 461
9.4.3 ENGINEERING-RELATED CAUSES 4 6 3
9.4.4 PRODUCTION-RELATED CAUSES 4 6 3
9.4.5 TESTING-RELATED CAUSES 464
9.4.6 SALES AND CUSTOMER SERVICE-RELATED CAUSES 464
9.5 PREVENTION OF LEGAL PROBLEMS 464
9.5.1 PRODUCT LIABILITY CONTROL P R O G R A M - GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
464
9.5.2 DESIGN AND PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT 466
9.5.2.1 HAZARDS ANALYSIS 467
9.5.2.2 FAILURE MODES AND EFFECTS ANALYSIS (FMEA) AND FAULT TREE
ANALYSIS (FTA) 467
9.5.3 TESTING AND PRODUCT EVALUATION 468
9.5.4 RECORD KEEPING AND DOCUMENTATION 468
9.5.5 ENGINEERING AND PRODUCTION 469
9.5.6 QUALITY CONTROL 4 7 0
9.5.7 WARRANTIES, INSTRUCTIONS, WARNINGS, AND CLAIMS 4 7 0
9.5.8 RESPONSE TO FIELD FAILURES AND PROBLEMS 471
9.6 PRODUCT LIABILITY INSURANCE 4 7 1
9.7 HOW TO RESPOND TO CLAIMS AND TO LITIGATION 472
9.8 THE EXPERT WITNESS 4 7 4
9.9 CASE STUDIES OF PLASTICS FAILURE LITIGATION 475
IMAGE 14
9.9.1 CASE STUDIES INVOLVING PERSONAL INJURY OR HEALTH
PROBLEMS 477
9.9.1.1 RECREATIONAL PRODUCTS 477
9.9.1.1.1 FRACTURE OF A PLASTIC BOAT SEAT 477
9.9.1.1.2 FRACTURE OF A PLASTIC-HANDLED SLINGSHOT 4 7 8
9.9.1.2 PACKAGING PRODUCT FAILURE 4 7 9
9.9.1.2.1 FRACTURE OF BABY BOTTLE LINER 47 9
9.9.1.2.2 FAILURE TO PROVIDE A CHILDPROOF CAP 4 7 9
9.9.1.2.3 LOSS OF CONTENTS DURING OPENING OF CAP 4 8 0
9.9.1.2.4 FRACTURE OF BOTTLE CAP ON DROP-IMPACT 4 8 0
9.9.1.2.5 FOOD, ODOR, AND TASTE PROBLEMS 482
9.9.1.3 HOME CONSTRUCTION AND OTHER UNREACTED MONOMER PROBLEMS 4 8 3
9.9.1.4 MEDICAL DEVICES 4 8 4
9.9.1.4.1 INCORRECT SIZE OF AN IMPLANT 484
9.9.1.4.2 SILICONE AND SALINE BREAST IMPLANTS 484
9.9.1.4.3 THE FENTANYL TRANSDERMAL PAIN PATCH 4 8 5
9.9.1.5 ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT 4 8 5
9.9.1.6 TRANSPORTATION PRODUCTS 486
9.9.1.6.1 MOTORCYCLE BRAKE LEVER 486
9.9.1.6.2 BLOWOUT OF A N AUTOMOBILE TIRE 486
9.9.1.6.3 DETACHMENT OF AUTOMOBILE RADIATOR HOSE CONNECTION... 487
9.9.1.6.4 LEAKING OF HOT HYDRAULIC FLUID FROM CRACKED VALVE 487 9.9.1.7
INFANT PRODUCTS-DETACHMENT OF A SNAP-FIT BABY SEAT . . . 488 9.9.1.8 ,
LEAKAGE OF POLYBUTYLENE PIPE FOR WATER DISTRIBUTION - 4 8 9
9.9.1.8.1 ZYLON ANTIBALLISTIC SERVICE 489
9.9.1.9 BOSTON S BIG DIG FATAL EPOXY ADHESIVE FAILURE 4 9 0
9.9.2 PRODUCT QUALITY LITIGATION 491
9.10 LESSONS FROM CASE STUDIES 492
9.11 REFERENCES 494
10 COMPOSITES 497
10.1 THE NATURE AND PURPOSE OF FIBER-REINFORCED PLASTICS 497
10.2 DEFECTS AND FLAWS AND OTHER COMPOSITIONAL AND DESIGN FACTORS THAT
AFFECT FAILURE 499
10.3 CAUSES, MODES, AND MECHANISMS OF FAILURE 501
10.3.1 INTRODUCTION 501
10.3.2 SHORT FIBER REINFORCED PLASTICS 502
10.3.3 LONG FIBER REINFORCED PLASTICS 504
10.3.3.1 BASIC MODES OF FRACTURE OF LONG FIBER LAMINATED COMPOSITES 504
IMAGE 15
10.3.3.2 MATERIALS FACTORS IN FAILURE 507
10.3.3.3 DESIGN FACTORS IN FAILURE 507
10.3.3.4 MANUFACTURING DEFECTS AND PROBLEMS CONTRIBUTING TO FAILURE 508
10.3.3.5 SERVICE-RELATED CAUSES OF FAILURE 510
10.4 FAILURE ANALYSIS PROCEDURES FOR COMPOSITES 511
10.4.1 MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION 511
10.4.1.1 CONFIRMATION OF ADHERENCE TO SPECIFICATIONS 511
10.4.1.2 IDENTIFICATION OF CONTAMINANTS 513
10.4.2 NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION (NDE) 515
10.4.3 FRACTOGRAPHY 516
10.4.4 STRESS ANALYSIS 518
10.5 EXAMPLES OF FAILURE OF FIBER-REINFORCED PLASTICS 520
10.5.1 PULTRUDED RODS 520
10.5.1.1 LONG COMPOSITE SUSPENSION INSULATOR RODS FOR ELECTRIC
TRANSMISSION LINES 520
10.5.1.2 LONG GUY STRAIN INSULATOR RODS FOR ELECTRIC TRANSMISSION
SYSTEMS 521
10.5.2 PIPE, TANKS, AND VESSELS 522
10.5.2.1 SAND-FILLED SEWER LINING MATERIALS 523
10.5.2.2 LARGE SCALE CHEMICAL PROCESS AND STORAGE EQUIPMENT . . 524
10.5.2.2.1 OVERALL EXPERIENCE OF CHEMICAL PROCESS EQUIPMENT 524
10.5.2.2.2 ACID ATTACK ON AN ELUTION COLUMN 524
10.5.2.2.3 CASE HISTORIES OF FAILURE OF CYLINDRICAL TANKS FOR STORAGE
VESSELS 524
10.5.2.2.4 FAILURE OF THERMOPLASTIC LINED GRP TANKS 525
10.5.2.2.5 GRP TANK FAILURE A T A BRANCH OR OPENING (MANWAY) 526
10.5.2.2.6 POTENTIAL FAILURE RESULTING FROM CLEANING OF TANKS WITH WATER
FOLLOWING EXPOSURE TO ACID 527
10.5.2.2.7 RECTANGULAR TANKS WITH FLAT SIDES 527
10.5.3 EFFECT OF VARIABILITY OF E-GLASS FIBER ON FAILURE 528
10.6 EXAMPLES OF FAILURE OF ADVANCED COMPOSITES IN AIR DEFENSE,
AEROSPACE SERVICE, AND ANTIBALLISTIC SERVICE 528
10.6.1 DELAMINATION OF A GLASS FABRIC/POLYIMIDE COMPONENT IN SERVICE 529
10.6.2 GRAPHITE/POLYBENZIMIDAZOLE 529
10.6.3 ELEVATOR TEST BOX 530
10.6.4 WING TEST BOX 531
10.6.5 WING SECTION 532
10.6.6 CARBON FIBER REINFORCED NOVOLAC-EPOXY RESIN I-BEAM... 532 10.6.7
CARBON FIBER/PEEK PEEL AND SHEAR FAILURES 532
IMAGE 16
10.6.8 ANTIBALLISTIC SERVICE 533
10.6.9 ZYLON ANTIBALLISTIC SERVICE 534
10.7 PROBLEMS OF GRP AUTOMOTIVE BODIES 535
10.8 LESSONS 535
10.8.1 LESSONS FOR LONG PULTRUDED RODS 535
10.8.2 LESSONS FOR GLASS FIBER REINFORCED COMPOSITES IN LARGE VOLUME
APPLICATIONS 535
10.8.3 LESSONS FOR AEROSPACE APPLICATIONS 536
10.8.4 LESSONS FOR ANTIBALLISTIC SERVICE 536
10.9 REFERENCES 536
11 PIPES AND FITTINGS 541
11.1 INTRODUCTION 541
11.1.1 LEGAL AND PUBLIC RELATIONS ASPECTS OF PIPE AND FITTINGS FAILURES
541
11.1.2 THE NATURE OF PIPE AND FITTINGS MATERIALS AND SERVICE . . 542
11.1.3 FACTORS AFFECTING FAILURE OR SERVICE LIFE 544
11.1.3.1 MECHANO-CHEMICAL DEGRADATION OF PE PIPE 545
11.2 PIPE FAILURES-CAUSE AND PREVENTION 5 4 5
11.2.1 THE NATURE OF FAILURE OF HDPE POTABLE WATER PIPE 545
11.2.1.1 OTHER ASPECTS OF FAILURE OF HDPE PIPE IN GAS AND WATER SERVICE
548
11.2.2 DESIGN 549
11.2.3 COMPOSITION 551
11.2.3.1 , FUNDAMENTAL MATERIALS ASPECTS 551
11.2.3.1.1 THE BATTLE BETWEEN ANTIOXIDANTS AND FREE RADICALS 552
11.2.3.2 SOLID SMALL PARTICLE CONTAMINANTS 554
11.3 PROCESSING, JOINING, AND INSTALLATION 555
11.3.1 PROCESSING 555
11.3.2 JOINING 558
11.3.3 INSTALLATION 559
11.4 SERVICE CONDITIONS 560
11.4.1 OVERALL SERVICE FAILURE EXPERIENCE AND CAUSES 561
11.4.2 CASE HISTORIES OF FIELD FAILURES 565
11.4.2.1 POLYETHYLENE GAS DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS 565
11.4.2.2 FAILURE OF LARGE DIAMETER PE PIPES 568
11.4.2.2.1 POLYETHYLENE SEWER PIPE 568
11.4.2.2.2 FAILURE OF OTHER LARGE DIAMETER PE PIPES 569
11.4.2.3 PE WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS 569
11.4.2.4 PB WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS 570
11.4.2.4.1 INSTALLATION FACTORS IN FAILURE 570
IMAGE 17
11.4.2.4.2 SERVICE CONDITION FACTORS I N FAILURE 570
11.4.2.4.3 THE DISPUTED CLAIM OF OXIDATIVE DEGRADATION AS THE MAIN OR
CORE CAUSE OF PB WATER PIPE FAILURE 572
11.4.2.5 PB LARGE DIAMETER WATER PIPE 574
11.4.2.6 PVC WATER PIPE FRACTURE FOR LONG DISTANCES 575
11.4.2.7 PVDF (POLYVINYLIDENE FLUORIDE)-FAILURE A T SOCKET JOINTS 575
11.4.3 CASE HISTORIES OF SMALL DIAMETER PE AND PB WATER SYSTEM FAILURES
DUE TO FITTINGS AND CONNECTIONS 575
11.4.3.1 ACETAL FITTINGS 575
11.4.3.2 PIPE FAILURES DUE TO METAL STIFFENERS USED WITH COMPRESSION
FITTINGS 576
11.4.3.3 FAILURES DUE TO PULLOUT OF PIPE FROM COMPRESSION FITTINGS 577
11.4.4 FAILURES OF IMPROPERLY FORMULATED ABS FITTINGS AND JOINTS USED IN
DWV SERVICE (DRAIN, WASTE, AND VENT) . . . 577 11.5 FAILURE ANALYSIS 577
11.5.1 TESTS TO SIMULATE SURFACE EMBRITTLEMENT OF PE PIPE GRADE RESIN
582
11.5.2 SHORT-TERM TESTS FOR RESIN AND PIPE QUALITY 583
11.5.2.1 RESIN TESTS 583
11.5.2.1.1 POLYBLEFINS 583
11.5.2.1.2 PVC 584
11.5.2.1.3 CPVC, CHLORINATED PVC 584
11.5.2.2 PIPE QUALITY TESTS 585
11.5.2.2.1 PROCESSING A N D QUALITY CONTROL TESTS TO MONITOR PIPE AFTER
EXTRUSION 585
11.5.2.2.2 TESTS TO DETECT SURFACE OXIDATION OF INNER WALLS OF THICK
WALL HDPE PIPE 589
11.5.2.2.3 NONDESTRUCTIVE DETECTION OF FLAWS AND VOIDS IN P I P E S . .
. 590 11.5.2.2.4 TESTING FOR TOXICOLOGICAL SAFETY 590
11.5.2.2.5 TESTS FOR LONG-TERM PERFORMANCE OF PIPE 590
11.5.3 TESTS FOR JOINTS AND SEALS 593
11.6 LESSONS FOR PIPES AND FITTINGS 594
11.7 REFERENCES 596
12 MEDICAL APPLICATIONS 603
12.1 INTRODUCTION 603
12.2 SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS AND BASIC ASPECTS OF MEDICAL DEVICES 605
12.2.1 MATERIALS ASPECTS AND STERILIZATION 606
12.2.2 DESIGN-RELATED PROBLEMS 610
12.2.3 PROCESSING-RELATED PROBLEMS 611
IMAGE 18
12.2.4 PACKAGING-RELATED PROBLEMS 612
12.2.4.1 THE FENTANYL TRANSDERMAL PAIN PATCH 6 1 4
12.2.5 FAILURES RELATED TO SERVICE CONDITIONS 6 1 4
12.2.5.1 ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS-CRACKING (ESC) OF MEDICAL DEVICES 6 1 5
12.3 EXAMPLES OF FAILURES AND LIMITATIONS OF MEDICAL PRODUCTS 616
12.3.1 PACEMAKER INSULATION LEADS 616
12.3.1.1 FAILURE OF A HEART DEFIBRILLATOR DUE TO ELECTRICAL MALFUNCTION
618
12.3.2 OUR BODIES MOVING JOINTS-KNEE, HIP, SHOULDER, ELBOW, AND HAND
619
12.3.2.1 A LOOK A T HIP AND KNEE JOINTS AND THEIR REPLACEMENTS . 6 2 0
12.3.2.2 CARTILAGE-NATURE S PROTECTOR OF JOINTS 6 2 3
12.3.2.3 ULTRAHIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT POLYETHYLENE (UHMWPE)- CHEMISTRY S
SUBSTITUTE FOR CARTILAGE 6 2 4
12.3.2.4 SO WHAT CAN GO WRONG? 626
12.3.2.5 METAL-ON-METAL HIP REPLACEMENTS-A DISASTROUS GOOD IDEA 627
12.3.3 SILICONE AND SALINE BREAST IMPLANTS 628
12.3.4 OTHER UNFORTUNATE SURGICAL IMPLANT DEVICES 6 3 0
12.3.5 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE OF HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS 6 3 0 12.3.5.1
SO WHAT CAN BE DONE TO PREVENT HEART ATTACK OR STROKE? 632 12.3.5.2
CARDIOVASCULAR STENTS 632
12.3.5.2.1 A NEW METHOD OF REMOVING PLAQUE OR BLOOD CLOTS FROM BLOOD
VESSELS 633
12.3.5.3 URETHRAL STENTS FOR URINE FLOW 634
12.3.5.4 TOTAL ARTIFICIAL HEART IMPLANT.... 634
12.4 LESSONS FROM MEDICAL PLASTICS EXPERIENCE 635
12.5 REFERENCES 637
13 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC APPLICATIONS 641
13.1 INTRODUCTION 641
13.2 BASIC ASPECTS OF PLASTICS IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC APPLICATIONS
THAT CONTRIBUTE TO FAILURE 642
13.2.1 IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF INSULATING MATERIALS 642
13.2.2 IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OTHER T H A N ELECTRICAL 644
13.2.3 COLOR AND APPEARANCE 646
13.3 LOW VOLTAGE ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC APPLICATIONS 648
13.3.1 MATERIALS-RELATED PROBLEMS 650
13.3.1.1 FLAME-RETARDANT FORMULATIONS BASED ON HALOGEN- CONTAINING
POLYMERS AND COMPOUNDS 650
IMAGE 19
13.3.1.2 HYDROGEN EVOLUTION IN A TWO-PART SILICONE ADHESIVE 651
13.3.1.3 CHANGE OF PLASTICIZER WITHOUT AUTHORIZATION 651
13.3.1.4 UNEXPECTED TRANSFER OF PLASTICIZER FROM JACKET TO INSULATION
652
13.3.2 DESIGN-RELATED PROBLEMS 652
13.3.3 PROCESSING-RELATED PROBLEMS 653
13.3.4 SERVICE CONDITION-RELATED PROBLEMS 653
13.3.4.1 PREDICTABLE FAILURES 6 5 4
13.3.4.2 UNPREDICTABLE FAILURES 655
13.3.4.2.1 FAILURES AND FIRES OF MAJOR HOME APPLIANCES 656
13.3.4.3 FAILURES DUE TO IMPROPER INSTALLATION 658
13.3.5 CORROSION AND HIGH ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE EFFECTS OF PLASTICS ON
METAL CONTACTS AND OTHER PARTS 658
13.3.6 ENCAPSULATED APPLICATIONS 659
13.3.6.1 SEMICONDUCTORS AND INTEGRATED CIRCUIT DEVICES 659
13.3.6.1.1 CORROSION EFFECTS DUE TO IONIC IMPURITIES 659
13.3.6.1.2 FAILURE DUE TO ELECTRICAL OVERSTRESS 6 6 0
13.3.6.1.3 FAILURE DUE TO FATIGUE CRACKS RESULTING FROM DIFFERENCES IN
COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION 660 13.3.6.1.4 OTHER CAUSES OF FAILURE
AND REDUCED PERFORMANCE 661 13.3.6.1.5 SUMMARY OF FAILURE MECHANISMS 661
13.3.6.2 PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR CELL 662
13.3.7 TELECOMMUNICATIONS 6 6 3
13.3.8 PIEZOELECTRIC FILM AND PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS 6 6 4
13.3.9 IGNITION SYSTEMS FOR SMALL GASOLINE ENGINES 664
13.3.10 LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES 665
13.3.11 FUEL C E L L S . . : 665
13.4 FIRE, SMOKE, AND TOXICITY EFFECTS 666
13.5 MEDIUM AND HIGH VOLTAGE APPLICATIONS 667
13.5.1 INTRODUCTION 667
13.5.2 FAILURE MODES AND EXPERIENCE 669
13.5.2.1 MATERIALS-RELATED FAILURES 671
13.5.2.2 DESIGN-RELATED FAILURES 6 7 3
13.5.2.2.1 UNUSUAL FAILURE OF A POWER DISTRIBUTION CABLE 6 7 5
13.5.2.3 PROCESSING-RELATED FAILURES 677
13.5.2.4 SERVICE CONDITION-RELATED FAILURES 678
13.5.2.5 WATER TREEING 678
13.5.2.6 UNFORESEEN EFFECTS EXPERIENCED IN THERMAL OVERLOAD TESTING 681
13.5.2.7 FAILURES OF CABLE JACKETS 685
13.6 LESSONS 687
IMAGE 20
13.6.1 GENERAL FOR ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC AND LOW VOLTAGE
APPLICATIONS 687
13.6.2 MEDIUM AND HIGH VOLTAGE APPLICATIONS 689
13.6.3 APPLIANCE FAILURES AND FIRES 690
13.7 REFERENCES 690
14 ADHESION FAILURE OF PLASTICS 695
14.1 INTRODUCTION 6 9 5
14.2 TYPES AND CAUSES OF ADHESION FAILURE 696
14.3 ANALYTICAL AND TEST METHODS FOR ADHESION FAILURE ANALYSIS 697 14.4
MATERIAL AND DESIGN ASPECTS OF ADHESION FAILURE 698
14.4.1 FORMULATIONS AND DESIGN 698
14.4.1.1 DESIGN 699
14.4.1.1.1 BOSTON S BIG DIG FATAL EPOXY ADHESIVE FAILURE 700 14.4.1.2
SILICONES: A TWO PART ADHESIVE 7 0 3
14.4.1.3 HYDROGEN EVOLUTION BY SILICONES 7 0 4
14.4.1.4 CURING WITH ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT 7 0 4
14.4.1.5 FAILURE DUE TO IMPROPER MIXING 704
14.4.1.6 EXAMPLES OF ADHESION WITHOUT USING AN ADHESIVE 707 14.4.1.7
FAILURE OF LIGHT-CURING ACRYLICS AND CYANOACRYLATES TO CURE 707
14.4.1.8 COUPLING AGENTS FOR COMPOSITES BONDING 707
14.4.1.9 PRINT ADHESION PROBLEM OF RECYCLED SILICONE-COATED PAPER / 707
14.4.2 INTENTIONAL ADDITIVES 708
14.4.3 UNINTENTIONAL ADDITIVES 709
14.4.3.1 COMPOUNDING PROCESS AIDS . 709
14.4.3.2 SILICONE OIL ON TITANIUM DIOXIDE POWDER 7 0 9
14.4.3.3 IDENTIFICATION OF CONTAMINANTS CAUSING ADHESION FAILURE 709
14.4.3.4 IDENTIFICATION OF CONTAMINANTS BY GC/MS 711
14.4.4 FOREIGN CONTAMINANTS 712
14.4.4.1 FURTHER CASES OF IDENTIFICATION OF CONTAMINANTS 713
14.4.4.2 AN UNUSUAL CASE OF FAILURE DUE TO PLASTICIZER 7 1 4
14.4.4.3 FAILURE DUE TO POLYMERIC CONTAMINANT AS PROCESSED 7 1 4 14.5
PROCESSING ASPECTS OF ADHESION FAILURE 7 1 4
14.5.1 SURFACE CONDITION 714
14.5.1.1 BONDING OF CONDUCTOR TO ELECTRICAL INSULATION 715
14.5.1.2 SURFACE ROUGHENING TO ACHIEVE BONDING 7 1 5
14.5.1.3 EFFECT ON ADHESION OF SURFACE CONTAMINATION IN STORAGE. 7 1 6
14.5.1.4 CONTAMINATION CARRIED BY SPRAYING 717
IMAGE 21
14.5.2 OTHER CONSIDERATIONS 717
14.6 SERVICE CONDITIONS 718
14.6.1 EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION EFFECTS ON ADHESION 718
14.6.2 MOISTURE EFFECTS ON BOND STRENGTH 719
14.7 FAILURES DUE TO MECHANICAL EFFECTS OF MATERIALS BEING BONDED 720
14.7.1 SURFACE FILM THICKNESS EFFECT ON ADHESION 720
14.7.2 WARPING OF BONDED SYSTEMS 7 2 0
14.8 METAL-TO-POLYMER ADHESION PROBLEMS 721
14.8.1 SEPARATION OF INSULATION FROM CONDUCTOR DUE TO SHRINKAGE 721
14.8.2 ADHESIVE FAILURE OF IMPACT PS TO METAL 721
14.8.3 ADHESION OF PC TO LEAD WITH EPOXY RESIN 722
14.8.4 BONDING OF METAL TO ETHYLENE VINYLTHIOACETATE SIDE GROUPS 722
14.9 UNWANTED ADHESION 724
I
14.9.1 PREVENTION OF BONDING OF STACKED PARTS WITH
ANTIBLOCKING AGENT 7 2 4
14.9.2 PVC PLASTICIZER BECAME AN ADHESIVE 7 2 4
14.9.3 UNWANTED ADHESION DUE TO POOR CONTROL OF LUBRICANT LEVEL 724
14.9.4 BINDING OF SERVO MOTOR DUE TO PLASTIC SHRINKAGE 725
14.9.5 SERVO MOTOR FAILURE DUE TO DEGRADATION OF GREASE 725
I 14.10 LESSONS FOR ADHESION FAILURE 727
14.11 REFERENCES . - 729
15 FAILURE OF HUMAN BIOPOLYMERS 731
I 15.1 INTRODUCTION . 731
15.2 MATERIALS 7 3 4
15.2.1 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE 7 3 4
15.2.1.1 POLYSACCHARIDES 7 3 4
15.2.1.2 POLYPEPTIDES (PROTEINS) 736
15.2.1.2.1 COLLAGEN 737
15.2.1.3 POLYNUCLEOTIDES 739
15.2.1.4 LIPIDS 741
15.3 DESIGN 743
15.4 PROCESSING 7 4 4
15.4.1 FREE RADICALS AND ANTIOXIDANTS 745
T 15.4.2 POLLUTANTS 746
15.5 SERVICE CONDITIONS 748
15.6 EXAMPLES OF ILLNESSES INVOLVING HUMAN BIOPOLYMERS 750
15.6.1 HEREDITARY ILLNESSES 750
IMAGE 22
15.6.1.1 TAY-SACHS DISEASE 750
15.6.1.2 SICKLE CELL ANEMIA 750
15.6.1.3 HEMOPHILIA 750
15.6.1.4 MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY 752
15.6.2 NONHEREDITARY ILLNESSES 752
15.6.2.1 EXAMPLES 752
15.6.2.2 HIV/AIDS 752
15.6.2.3 MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS 752
15.6.2.4 DIABETES 752
15.6.3 ILLNESSES INVOLVING FREE RADICAL DAMAGE 7 5 3
15.6.3.1 FREE RADICALS 753
15.6.3.2 ANTIOXIDANTS 753
15.6.3.3 FREE RADICALS PRODUCED IN METABOLISM 7 5 5
15.6.3.4 FREE RADICALS FROM RADIATION 7 5 5
15.6.3.5 MOLECULAR CHANGES DUE TO FREE RADICALS 755
15.6.3.6 ANTIOXIDANTS IN HUMAN BIOPOLYMERS 755
15.6.4 GLYCATION-THE PROCESS 756
15.6.4.1 ILLNESSES DUE TO REACTION OF SUGARS WITH PROTEINS (GLYCATION)
757
15.6.5 AGING, CANCER, AND CARDIOVASCULAR ILLNESSES 758
15.6.5.1 AGING 758
15.6.5.1.1 SKIN 759
15.6.5.1.2 KNEE AND HIP JOINT REPLACEMENT AND BONE FRACTURE 760
15.6.5.1.3 HEART ATTACK AND STROKE 760
15.6.5.1.4 ALZHEIMER S DISEASE 7 6 0
15.6.5.1.5 GRAY HAIR 7 6 1
15.6.5.1.6 BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA (BPH) 761
15.6.5.1.7 FREQUENCY OF URINATION (BLADDER ELASTICITY) 762
15.6.5.1.8 DRY EYES (KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA) 762
15.6.5.2 CANCER 762
15.6.5.3 HEART, STROKE, AND CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 7 6 4
15.7 LIFESTYLE CHOICES 766
15.7.1 EATING RIGHT 7 6 6
15.7.2 EXERCISING 766
15.8 SYNTHETIC POLYMERS DESIGNED TO HELP CURE ILLNESSES INVOLVING HUMAN
BIOPOLYMERS 767
15.8.1 DENDRIMERS AND HYPERBRANCHED POLYMERS 768
15.8.2 CONDUCTING POLYMERS 769
15.8.3 POLYMERS THAT IMITATE BIOLOGY 770
15.8.4 POLYMERS FOR TISSUE ENGINEERING 771
15.8.5 SYNTHETIC GENETICS-ARTIFICIAL GENES 772
IMAGE 23
15.8.6 NANOPOLYMERS 772
15.9 LESSONS FOR FAILURE OF HUMAN BIOPOLYMERS 772
15.10 REFERENCES 775
16 ENVIRONMENTAL, RECYCLING, AND HEALTH ASPECTS OF PLASTICS FAILURE 779
16.1 INTRODUCTION 779
16.2 RECENT TRENDS CONTRIBUTING TO THE PROBLEM 780
16.2.1 ARE PLASTICS THE NEXT LEAD ? 782
16.3 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF RECYCLING, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND HEALTH
CONCERNS 782
16.3.1 MONOMERS AND SOLVENTS 782
16.3.2 FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION AND THE DELANEY CLAUSE . 783 16.3.3
HEAVY METAL COMPOUNDS 783
16.3.4 ASBESTOS 7 8 3
16.3.5 POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC) 784
16.3.5.1 DIOXIN AROMATIC CHLORINE COMPOUNDS FORMED ON BURNING PVC 784
16.3.5.2 HYDROGEN CHLORIDE AND MERCURY 785
16.3.5.3 PHTHALATE PLASTICIZERS FOR PVC 785
16.3.6 TOXICITY OF MONOMERS AND ADDITIVES RELATIVE TO THAT OF POLYMERS
785
16.3.7 RECYCLING 786
16.3.8 THE MCDONALD S EXPERIENCE 786
16.4 LEGAL ACTIONS AND REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS OF PLASTICS 786
16.4.1 BISPHENOL A AND PHTHALATE PLASTICIZERS 787
16.4.1.1. LEGAL AND REGULATORY ACTION REGARDING BISPHENOL A (BPA) 787
16.4.1.2 LEGAL AND REGULATORY ACTION REGARDING PHTHALATES 789 16.4.2
FLAME RETARDANTS 790
16.4.3 ROHS AND WEEE IN EUROPE-HAZARDOUS WASTE DISPOSAL OF ELECTRONIC
AND ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT 790
16.4.4 RCRA AND HSWA FEDERAL REGULATIONS IN THE USA AND INDIVIDUAL STATE
REGULATIONS 792
16.4.5 RECYCLING OF PE AND PET 793
16.4.6 RECYCLING OF MULTIMATERIAL PRODUCTS 793
16.5 MONOMER PROBLEMS IN POLYMERIZATION 794
16.5.1 ABS (ACRYLONITRILE/BUTADIENE/STYRENE) 794
16.5.2 FORMALDEHYDE CONDENSATION POLYMERS 795
16.6 PLASTICIZED PVC BABY TOYS AND MEDICAL PRODUCTS 795
16.7 CHINESE TOYS 796
16.8 MONOMER, ADDITIVE, AND DEGRADATION ASPECTS OF FOOD P A C K A G I N
G . . . 796
IMAGE 24
16.8.1 UNPOLYMERIZED MONOMER 797
16.8.2 POLYSTYRENE 797
16.8.2.1 DIFFERING OPINIONS OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PS INDUSTRY GROUPS ON
HEALTH HAZARDS 797
16.8.2.2 FOAM POLYSTYRENE 798
16.8.3 THE FDA POSITION ON MICROWAVE FOOD APPLICATIONS OF PLASTICS 798
16.8.4 THE FDA POSITION ON DEHA PLASTICIZER (DIETHYLHEXYL ADIPATE) AND
DIOXINS 799
16.8.4.1 THE POSITION OF CONSUMER GROUPS ON DEHA IN PVC CLING WRAPS 799
16.8.5 BRITISH STUDIES OF STYRENE, BENZENE, AND OTHER MATERIALS IN
PLASTICS PACKAGING AND FOODS 800
16.8.6 TEFLON-POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE 800
16.9 POLLUTION OF OCEANS AND WATERWAYS BY DISCARDED PLASTIC WASTE - 800
16.10 LESSONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL, RECYCLING, AND HEALTH ASPECTS OF
PLASTICS FAILURE 803
16.11 REFERENCES 805
SUBJECT INDEX BY CHAPTER 811
SUBJECT INDEX 831
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Ezrin, Myer |
| author_facet | Ezrin, Myer |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Ezrin, Myer |
| author_variant | m e me |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV039573370 |
| classification_rvk | UV 4300 ZM 3900 ZM 5270 |
| classification_tum | TEC 780f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)856596574 (DE-599)DNB991815858 |
| dewey-full | 668.4 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 668 - Technology of other organic products |
| dewey-raw | 668.4 |
| dewey-search | 668.4 |
| dewey-sort | 3668.4 |
| dewey-tens | 660 - Chemical engineering |
| discipline | Chemie / Pharmazie Physik Technik Werkstoffwissenschaften / Fertigungstechnik |
| edition | 2. ed. |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>02083nam a2200541 c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV039573370</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20131122 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">110908s2013 ad|| |||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="015" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">09,N03,0955</subfield><subfield code="2">dnb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="016" ind1="7" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">991815858</subfield><subfield code="2">DE-101</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9781569904497</subfield><subfield code="c">Geb. : ca. EUR 179.90, ca. EUR 185.00 (AT)</subfield><subfield code="9">978-1-56990-449-7</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9783446416840</subfield><subfield code="c">kart.</subfield><subfield code="9">978-3-446-41684-0</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9783446428829</subfield><subfield code="c">EBook</subfield><subfield code="9">978-3-446-42882-9</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="024" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9783446416840</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="028" ind1="5" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">559/41684</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)856596574</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)DNB991815858</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rakddb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-29T</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-210</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-863</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-703</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-1102</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-91G</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-83</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">668.4</subfield><subfield code="2">22//ger</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">UV 4300</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)146900:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">ZM 3900</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)157031:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">ZM 5270</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)157064:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">540</subfield><subfield code="2">sdnb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">TEC 780f</subfield><subfield code="2">stub</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Ezrin, Myer</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Plastics failure guide</subfield><subfield code="b">cause and prevention</subfield><subfield code="c">Myer Ezrin</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="250" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">2. ed.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Munich</subfield><subfield code="b">Hanser</subfield><subfield code="c">2013</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">XXXIV, 833 S.</subfield><subfield code="b">Ill., graph. Darst.</subfield><subfield code="c">25 cm</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Werkstofffehler</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4122412-7</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Kunststoff</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4033676-1</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Schadensanalyse</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4130826-8</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Kunststoff</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4033676-1</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Werkstofffehler</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4122412-7</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Kunststoff</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4033676-1</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Schadensanalyse</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4130826-8</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="8">1\p</subfield><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">DNB Datenaustausch</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024424835&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024424835</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="883" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="8">1\p</subfield><subfield code="a">cgwrk</subfield><subfield code="d">20201028</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-101</subfield><subfield code="u">https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| id | DE-604.BV039573370 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-08-01T11:22:19Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781569904497 9783446416840 9783446428829 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024424835 |
| oclc_num | 856596574 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-29T DE-210 DE-863 DE-BY-FWS DE-12 DE-703 DE-1102 DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-83 |
| owner_facet | DE-29T DE-210 DE-863 DE-BY-FWS DE-12 DE-703 DE-1102 DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-83 |
| physical | XXXIV, 833 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 25 cm |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | Hanser |
| record_format | marc |
| spellingShingle | Ezrin, Myer Plastics failure guide cause and prevention Werkstofffehler (DE-588)4122412-7 gnd Kunststoff (DE-588)4033676-1 gnd Schadensanalyse (DE-588)4130826-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4122412-7 (DE-588)4033676-1 (DE-588)4130826-8 |
| title | Plastics failure guide cause and prevention |
| title_auth | Plastics failure guide cause and prevention |
| title_exact_search | Plastics failure guide cause and prevention |
| title_full | Plastics failure guide cause and prevention Myer Ezrin |
| title_fullStr | Plastics failure guide cause and prevention Myer Ezrin |
| title_full_unstemmed | Plastics failure guide cause and prevention Myer Ezrin |
| title_short | Plastics failure guide |
| title_sort | plastics failure guide cause and prevention |
| title_sub | cause and prevention |
| topic | Werkstofffehler (DE-588)4122412-7 gnd Kunststoff (DE-588)4033676-1 gnd Schadensanalyse (DE-588)4130826-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Werkstofffehler Kunststoff Schadensanalyse |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024424835&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ezrinmyer plasticsfailureguidecauseandprevention |
Inhaltsverzeichnis
THWS Würzburg Zentralbibliothek Lesesaal
| Signatur: |
1000 ZM 5270 E99(2) |
|---|---|
| Exemplar 1 | ausleihbar Verfügbar Bestellen |