Odkrycia skarbów wczesnośredniowiecznych z terenu Wielkopolski: kontekst archeologiczny znalezisk
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Poznań
Wydawn. Poznańskie
2011
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 201 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9788371777646 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text |
SPIS TREŚCI
Wprowadzenie
. 5
Aneks. O kierunkach i możliwościach interpretacji układów zabytków re¬
jestrowanych jako anomalie elektromagnetyczne na powierzchni stanowisk
archeologicznych
. 26
Katalog
. 35
I. Skarby
(■) . 35
II.
Depozyty o mniej pewnych danych
(□). 122
III. Przypuszczalne informacje wtórne, znaleziska o niepewnej chronologii
lub charakterze
(Δ)
. 133
IV.
Odkrycia zweryfikowane negatywnie
(+). 155
Literatura
. 166
Spis nazw miejscowości
. 177
Tabele
. 189
Summary
. 197
f
Bayerische
1 Staatsbibliothek
I
München
SUMMARY
The publication by M.
Andrałojć,
M.
Andrałojć,
P. Silska, P. Szyngiera is the result
of the research carried out under the grant of the Ministry of Science and Higher Edu¬
cation, conducted in the Archaeological Museum in
Poznań.
The basis for the analysis
was focused on the archaeological context (cultural and environmental) of early me¬
dieval silver hoards from the
Wielkopolska
region. As a reference point for reflection
on this issue served the inventory series titled Polish Medieval Hoards
(Polskie Skarby
Wczesnośredniowieczne;
PSW in
short)
— an
essential, since nearly half a century,
source of information about the discoveries of medieval hoards in Poland. Early Me¬
dieval Silver Hoards in
Wielkopolska,
published as the first in the series and including
153
deposits, was for its time a very up-to-date and positively reviewed listing of finds.
However, for some time already, a need has been emphasized of supplementing and,
above all, verifying the data contained therein. The present study covers the area of the
current administrative boundaries of the
Wielkopolska
province (a range other than in
PSW)
and closes chronologically within the period corresponding to
PSW
(from the
Early Middle Ages to the mid-12th century).
The volume describes in detail the rich history of research
—
from almost the be¬
ginning of the ninetieth century to contemporary times
—
on the discoveries of early
medieval hoards from
Wielkopolska
as well as the development and organization of ar¬
chaeology as a discipline in the region. With regard to the subject matter, the study
highlights the issues concerning the archaeological context of hoards, especially those
its aspects which may be helpful in interpreting the reasons behind depositing silver in
the ground. Therefore, in the research the attention was paid to the information about
the location of finds, the ways of hiding hoards, the depth at which they were buried,
their relationships with other forms of settlement, the composition of deposits, as well
as the beginnings of reflection on the dealing with hoards as a separate category of
sources.
The results of the inventory of the discoveries presented in the study were obtained,
in addition to the analysis of the data contained in the literature and archival records,
through field research including the verification of the places of discovery, field surveys
and interviews, non-invasive investigation of the humus layer with the electromagnetic
method (using a metal detector), and where considered appropriate, trial trenches for
197
SUMMARY
examining soil profiles or investigating the places in which hoards had been discove¬
red. The main effect of the research is the catalogue of finds comprising
140
items.
The state of the sources results from such factors as the randomness of discoveries
and vagueness of information provided by discoverers, the fate of collections and ar¬
chives, and to some extent also the effects of researchers' work, i.e. mistakes, ambiguity
of narration styles or even unjustified "enrichment" of inaccessible hoards inventories
by new items being so common that they could be easily included in the original as¬
semblages. It was therefore necessary to divide the sources according to their credibili¬
ty. The categorization (Fig.
1),
which is the first one created for early medieval hoards,
excludes from the list the deposits verified negatively
(+)
by the authors of the publica¬
tion and other researchers, and divides the rest of them into three groups:
I. hoards
(■),
II. deposits with less certain data
(□),
III. finds of uncertain chronology or character, probably known from secondary in¬
formation
(Δ).
Group I includes in the Catalogue
74
hoards of
140
analyzed ones (c.a.
53%);
the data
concerning them have a different degree of completeness, however, they should be
regarded as highly confirmed.
Group II (no.
75-88)
consists of
14
deposits
(10%),
more doubtful in terms of the
reliability of information related to them.
Group III (no.
89-119 — 32
finds, c.a.
22%)
involves these dubious finds that can¬
not be ruled out with absolute certainty and thus included in group IV. The group
contains La. hoards which have already been described in the literature as possibly
wrongly identified with other finds (usually located in the direct vicinity), and thus
questionable in terms of their function, chronology and records credibility.
Group IV, with separate numbers
(+1-21),
comprises
21
deposits
(15%),
which had
been included in the previous listings of early medieval hoards from the
Wielkopolska
region unjustly or mistakenly and for which there were sufficient grounds for a nega¬
tive verification.
In the catalogue relatively little space is devoted to inventories, because as already
mentioned, the analysis was focused mainly on the archaeological context of hoards.
A range of important information about the discoveries was obtained through in¬
terviews with local residents and through field verification. In the
Wielkopolska
re¬
gion, the authors could consult hoard discoverers from even
75
years before. Local
knowledge concerning older finds was unusual, however, even such data were collected
from the oldest inhabitants of the region who remembered earlier verbal information.
The authors of the research consulted four discoverers of early medieval hoards (from
Debicz,
Kuźnica
Czarnkowska,
Obra
and Ochle) and immediate families of other nine
deposit finders. The value of the acquired information varied and in no case the loca¬
tion of the discovery was specified
—
the excavations of some of the hoards carried
out by the authors showed that the differences between the indicated place of discovery
198
SUMMARY
and the actual one ranged from a dozen to
100
meters. Pield verification, on the other
hand, helped supplement the data about
géomorphologie
situation in the investigated
area.
Particularly important was the use of a non-invasive electromagnetic method,
which was abandoned, however, in the cases questionable from methodological point
of view (for instance, in a partly destroyed fortified settlement in
Karna).
The electro¬
magnetic investigation involved
36
places of discovery. In the result of the methodo¬
logical application of the electronic equipment, six early medieval deposits were re¬
discovered (from
Dçbicze, Dzierznica,
Obra, Osiniec, Zalesię
and Zbiersko) and trial
excavations were carried out at the sites. Investigation involved not only hoards in their
archaeological context, but also post-deposition processes themselves, with particular
emphasis on examining the traces of the accidental discovery.
For the analysis of the context of early medieval hoards from the
Wielkopolska
region it was necessary both to examine their location and the level of its accuracy. The
criteria assumed by the authors, independently and more precisely than descriptive
data, show the state of the sources and also indicate the groups of deposits, for which
a conclusion may be drawn as to their possible links with archaeological sites, or only
as to, for instance, their location within a specific larger
géomorphologie
form. And
thus, the authors could determine
22
hoards
(25%)
from groups I and II with precise
location (i.e. known with the accuracy of several to a dozen ares; Fig.
3), 18
deposits
(20%)
with approximate location (accuracy up to
1
hectare) and
10-11%
ones with
rough location (accuracy of several to a dozen hectares). Other hoards, for which the
area of discovery could be determined with the accuracy of over a dozen hectares were
identified as those without location (no location)
— 38
hoards
(44%).
The location of deposits (mainly from groups I and II) in relation to various forms
of terrain, sometimes known from variably detailed archival records, was verified by
field surveys, which allowed for supplementing the existing information, especially
in the cases in which the exact or approximate location of a hoard was known. The
authors have collected new data for
53
deposits (about
60%
of finds from group I and
П).
Some difficulties occasionally occurred in the attempts to link the places of hoard
discoveries with the old water networks, especially in the areas that have long been
urbanized and in the places with significantly changed water relations.
The authors drew attention to the relationships of all early medieval deposits in the
Wielkopolska
region with water, especially with watercourses
—
from large navigable
rivers of the region
(Warta,
Prosná, Obra,
Noteć),
through slightly smaller ones (Ba-
rycz, Lutynia, Orla, Cybina)
and tributaries, to the watercourses after which remained
only drained meadows in small valleys. Quite occasionally the point of reference were
standing waters
—
lakes
(4
documented cases) or an old small stagnant pond, presen¬
tly dug out (Osiniec).
A small, characteristic group of hoards were located low, on marshy terrains or
even in the pit soil (as
Łęki Małe,
Magnuszowice, probably
Górzno).
Among the de¬
posits hidden just by the river was a hoard from
Konin,
placed in sand, and two other
199
SUMMARY
hoards (from Modlica and Ochle), which were exposed in the result of natural erosion
of river beds. Other deposits were located on the slopes, mostly in their upper parts,
some of them on the dune ridges. We do not know any example of a deposit located on
the top of a hill, elevation or at the edge of a valley. At the greatest height, but slightly
below the summit, was hidden a hoard from Ogorzelczyn. In several cases deposits
were located in the upper parts of a slope, in the lower part (or foot) of which, by the
water, an early medieval settlement was situated
(Kórnik, Poznań-Szeląg, Przemęt).
The publication contains also the notes on the relationships between deposits and
the then contemporary settlement network. Only two among the reliably verified finds
were discovered within fortified settlements
(Grzybowo, Karna),
in a specific context
(in the lower parts of the walls). Vague are the links between the location of hoards and
open settlements. The examples of such relationships are almost as scarce as in the case
of fortified settlements
(Borzejewo, Jastrzębniki, Kiecko, Kórnik
and
Obra).
There are no records in the
Wielkopolska
province of the discovery of an early me¬
dieval hoard within the area of the then contemporary cemetery. The research shows
that
23
verified deposits, for which sufficient data concerning their location were avai¬
lable, occurred outside the settlements.
To summarize, the hoards in the investigated region in the Early Middle Ages were
usually located outside the settlement area, and even those exceptional deposits which
were found within the fortified settlements, did not occur in the context of dwellings.
Likewise, there is no indication that some exceptional finds that possibly came from
open settlements were located within residential area. This general conclusion is based
on the sufficient source material (the data came from c.a.
1/3
reliable discoveries made
in the
Wielkopolska
province).
The information about the features containing early medieval hoards in the inve¬
stigated region was extremely rare. The most frequent data that allowed at least for
estimating the size (depth) of the features, were the records about the depth at which
a vessel comprising a hoard or its elements was found. Only in exceptional circumstan¬
ces were the hoards buried about
1
meter below the surface or deeper
(Kórnik,
Ogo¬
rzelczyn); more frequently they occurred shallower
(0,4-0,6
m;
5
deposits); however,
predominated the finds hidden very shallow
—
below cotemporary forest litter or in
the arable layer
(13
deposits). Stones, the occurrence of which was recorded in the de¬
scriptions of several discoveries
(Górzno, Magnuszewice, Nojewo, Słuszków),
should
be regarded as characteristic elements of features containing hoards. During the past
research carried out in
Kąpiel
the authors of the publication discovered a feature, the
only one of its kind in Poland, comprising fragments of a vessel and fine pieces of coins.
In
Dçbicz
and Zbiersk uncovered were the pits (re-cuts) being in a sense the negatives
of the features in which the hoards had been hidden. Those pits were dug up and then
buried by the discoverers who searched for other pieces of the deposits.
The observations described above, sometimes in connection with archival data,
are the first examples showing the potential of investigating not only the ways of hi¬
ding hoards, but also the discoveries themselves as one of the stages of post-deposition
200
SUMMARY
processes, through the prism of which deposits should be analyzed as well. The authors
note that this kind of analysis allows for obtaining information about the degree dis¬
persion of the pieces of deposits caused by the accidental discovery, which, in turn,
enables more precise estimation of the size of the inventories.
As highlighted in the publication, only several of the early medieval hoards in the
Wielkopolska
region were investigated through excavations; in all of them, except Ja-
strzębniki,
participated the authors. On the basis of the excavations and the informa¬
tion given by few accidental discoverers, the authors have inferred that the pits con¬
taining hoards were probably accompanied by other features, comprising charcoals or
burnt soil. Among them was, for instance, a hearth
—
the only feature accompanying
a hoard pit in
Kąpiel.
In the case of a find from
Dębicz,
a vessel containing the hoard
was buried next to a hearth or in the place of an already extinguished one. Nume¬
rous traces of charcoals were also recorded by the authors in the discoverers' trench in
Zbiersko. Archival data, on the other hand, contain the information about charcoals
in the place of the discovery of a hoard from
Obra.
Moreover, burnt soil and ash were
found at a depth of
1
meter by a discoverer of a hoard from Ogorzelczyn. There are also
enigmatic references about a vessel found during the digging of "burnt soil" (a hoard
found in the vicinity of
Poznań),
or about a black stain of earth in the place of discove¬
ry of a hoard from Roskowo. The amount of this kind of information is not large, but
repetitive and thus, according to the authors, attention in investigating hoards should
be paid to a broader area and not only to the very place of discovery.
Another issue addressed in the analysis was the ways of securing the deposited sil¬
ver. The data related to
55
hoards from group I and II confirm that some deposits were
put into containers. Among the data are both the information about the ways of hi¬
ding the hoards from
Obra
and
Dębicz
and fragments of vessels from
Dębicz, Zalesię,
Zbiersko and
Dzierżnica,
collected during the current research. Generally, the deposits
were placed (except for few documented cases) in pottery vessels. In
Obra,
where two
vessels were discovered, the second one stood bottom up and it served as a lid of the
container, similarly as in
Dębicz,
where the lid was made of a large piece of a thick-
walled vessel. Some of the containers had their own matching lids, sometimes closed
so tightly that the opening without breaking them was not possible (Roskowo). Other
kinds of lids included an iron bowl or a small, flat stone. A hoard from
Poznań
(Malta)
was probably put only in a sack and a deposit from
Lądek
—
in a bronze pot. Parti¬
cularly interesting was the other discovery from
Lądek,
with a hoard put in an unusual
container, probably a small elongated box made of organic material (wood?) lined with
iron sheeting; this kind of containers could be used to keep silver in the journey.
To summarize the gathered information about the environmental and cultural con¬
text of early medieval hoards from the
Wielkopolska
province, the authors indicate
that owing to the research they created quite an impressive, reliable and comparatively
representative source basis, including verified data (variable in terms of importance
and detail) for
74
deposits from group I, and taking into account also group II
—
for
88
ones. Eight of the hoards (about
10%)
were excavated by the authors of the study
201
SUMMARY
(six ones within the framework of the current research project), which allowed for
collecting a range of new data. The attention was paid to the information about the
traces of fire (hearths) in the vicinity of the pits containing some silver assemblages.
Their presence provokes the question whether the hoards were indeed usually buried
secretly
—
as the traces of burning fire close to them indicate rather an open action,
even with some signs of ostentation.
The publication also discusses briefly the problems of the selection of places for
hiding hoards. As emphasized already half a century ago by T. Kiersnowska, the lo¬
cation of a hoard was not chance and not due to an urgent need, but it resulted from
a careful decision. The authors note that the recent discussion on the subject (years
1998-2006) —
the articles by
Jacek Kowalewski, Stanisław Suchodolski, Przemysław
Urbańczyk, Mateusz Bogucki, Władysław Duczko
—
was based on an incomplete
and unverified, and thus often false source basis.
The elements of the context shown in the analysis of the circumstances of hiding ho¬
ards proved that the deposits were probably hidden according to certain rules (choice
of location, proximity to water), and even rituals (burning fire), which has led the au¬
thors to the conclusion that the depositing of silver was a more complex phenomenon,
not limited only to rational, from our present point of view, needs and behavior.
The authors of the study postulate that the field research of the places of discovery
of early medieval hoards with the use of a non-invasive methodology, which has been
carried out systematically only in the
Wielkopolska
province so far, should be extended
to other regions of Poland due to its great potential and achieved results, as shown in
the study. In the research the emphasis should be laid not only on obtaining the pieces
of deposits that still remain in the ground and verifying the information about the
finds, but also on recording any features, especially ones that are placed in the vicinity
of hoards.
tłum. Agata Drejer-Kowalska |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Andrałojć, Małgorzata |
| author_facet | Andrałojć, Małgorzata |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Andrałojć, Małgorzata |
| author_variant | m a ma |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV039571011 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)756295716 (DE-599)BVBBV039571011 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Großpolen (DE-588)4223407-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Großpolen |
| id | DE-604.BV039571011 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-10-18T18:09:13Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788371777646 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024422536 |
| oclc_num | 756295716 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-B220 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-B220 |
| physical | 201 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publishDateSearch | 2011 |
| publishDateSort | 2011 |
| publisher | Wydawn. Poznańskie |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Andrałojć, Małgorzata Verfasser aut Odkrycia skarbów wczesnośredniowiecznych z terenu Wielkopolski kontekst archeologiczny znalezisk Małgorzata Andrałojć ... Poznań Wydawn. Poznańskie 2011 201 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Silbermünze (DE-588)4137416-2 gnd rswk-swf Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd rswk-swf Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd rswk-swf Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd rswk-swf Großpolen (DE-588)4223407-4 gnd rswk-swf Großpolen (DE-588)4223407-4 g Silbermünze (DE-588)4137416-2 s Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 s Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 s Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 s DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024422536&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024422536&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Andrałojć, Małgorzata Odkrycia skarbów wczesnośredniowiecznych z terenu Wielkopolski kontekst archeologiczny znalezisk Silbermünze (DE-588)4137416-2 gnd Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4137416-2 (DE-588)4002827-6 (DE-588)4071507-3 (DE-588)4129464-6 (DE-588)4223407-4 |
| title | Odkrycia skarbów wczesnośredniowiecznych z terenu Wielkopolski kontekst archeologiczny znalezisk |
| title_auth | Odkrycia skarbów wczesnośredniowiecznych z terenu Wielkopolski kontekst archeologiczny znalezisk |
| title_exact_search | Odkrycia skarbów wczesnośredniowiecznych z terenu Wielkopolski kontekst archeologiczny znalezisk |
| title_full | Odkrycia skarbów wczesnośredniowiecznych z terenu Wielkopolski kontekst archeologiczny znalezisk Małgorzata Andrałojć ... |
| title_fullStr | Odkrycia skarbów wczesnośredniowiecznych z terenu Wielkopolski kontekst archeologiczny znalezisk Małgorzata Andrałojć ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Odkrycia skarbów wczesnośredniowiecznych z terenu Wielkopolski kontekst archeologiczny znalezisk Małgorzata Andrałojć ... |
| title_short | Odkrycia skarbów wczesnośredniowiecznych z terenu Wielkopolski |
| title_sort | odkrycia skarbow wczesnosredniowiecznych z terenu wielkopolski kontekst archeologiczny znalezisk |
| title_sub | kontekst archeologiczny znalezisk |
| topic | Silbermünze (DE-588)4137416-2 gnd Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Silbermünze Archäologie Funde Ausgrabung Großpolen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024422536&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024422536&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT andrałojcmałgorzata odkryciaskarbowwczesnosredniowiecznychzterenuwielkopolskikontekstarcheologicznyznalezisk |