A consumer's guide to archaeological science: analytical techniques
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
New York
Springer
2011
|
| Series: | Manuals in archaeological method, theory and technique
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XX, 603 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9781441957030 1441957030 9781441957047 |
Staff View
MARC
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| 020 | |a 1441957030 |c hbk. |9 1-441-95703-0 | ||
| 020 | |a 9781441957047 |9 978-1-4419-5704-7 | ||
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| 100 | 1 | |a Malainey, Mary E. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a A consumer's guide to archaeological science |b analytical techniques |c Mary E. Malainey |
| 264 | 1 | |a New York |b Springer |c 2011 | |
| 300 | |a XX, 603 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 0 | |a Manuals in archaeological method, theory and technique | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Archäologie | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Archaeological chemistry |x Methodology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Archaeology |x Methodology | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m SWB Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024417120&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024417120 | ||
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| _version_ | 1804148392333410304 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | IMAGE 1
CONTENTS
PART I BASIC SCIENCE
1 ELEMENTS, ATOMS, AND MOLECULES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
MATTER AND THE ATOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
THE ATOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
HEISENBERG S UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
ELECTRON CONFIGURATIONS OF OTHER ELEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
THE DIVISION BETWEEN METALS AND NON-METALS . . . . . . . . . . . 13
CHEMICAL BONDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
TRANSITION BETWEEN IONIC AND COVALENT BONDING . . . . . . . . . . 15
NOMENCLATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
HYDROGEN BONDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
CELLULAR ENERGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 19
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 20
2 ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
WAVELENGTH, FREQUENCY, AND ENERGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
ENERGY ABSORPTION AND EMISSION BY ATOMS AND MOLECULES . . . . . . 24
3 RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES AND THEIR DECAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
EMISSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 27
RADIOACTIVE DECAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
DETERMINING THE RATE OF RADIOACTIVE DECAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
THE URANIUM DECAY SERIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32
NUCLEAR REACTIONS AND PARTICLE ACCLERATORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
4 STABLE ISOTOPES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 35
CARBON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
PHOTOSYNTHESIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
ISOTOPIC FRACTIONATION OF CARBON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
IX
IMAGE 2
X CONTENTS
NITROGEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
STRONTIUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 42
LEAD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 43
OXYGEN AND HYDROGEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
5 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
IMPORTANT ORGANIC COMPOUND FAMILIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
ALKANES, ALKENES, AND ALKYNES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
ALCOHOLS AND ETHERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
AROMATIC COMPOUNDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
ALDEHYDES AND KETONES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND ESTERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
AMINES AND AMIDES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
LIPIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54
FATTY ACIDS AND TRIACYLGLYCEROLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
STEROLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59
WAXES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
TERPENES AND TERPENOIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
AMINO ACIDS AND PROTEINS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
THE STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 63
CARBOHYDRATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
66
DNA REPLICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
ENZYME-CATALYZED DNA SYNTHESIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
6 OTHER USEFUL CONCEPTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
73
ACIDS AND BASES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
73
THE PH SCALE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
74
BUFFERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
76
STEREOCHEMISTRY AND THE POLARIMETER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
76
THE POLARIMETER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
CHEMICAL REACTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
79
PART II APPLICATIONS
7 METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
LIMITATIONS OF ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
85
PRECISION AND ACCURACY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
86
SENSITIVITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
87
SOURCES OF ERROR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
87
THE NATURE OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
THE NATURE OF LABORATORY ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 89
IMAGE 3
CONTENTS XI
8 RADIOCARBON DATING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
91
CARBON-14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
92
USING RADIOACTIVE CARBON TO DATE ORGANIC MATERIAL . . . . . . . . . 92
COUNTING * -EMISSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
ACCELERATOR MASS SPECTROMETRY DATING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
CONVENTIONAL RADIOCARBON AGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
CARBON EXCHANGE RESERVOIR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
DIFFERENCES IN CIRCULATION TIME IN THE CARBON CYCLE . . . . . . . . 97
SECULAR VARIATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100
CONVERTING RADIOCARBON AGES INTO CALENDAR DATES . . . . . . . . . . 102
SAMPLING CONSIDERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
105
CURRENT ISSUES IN RADIOCARBON DATING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
106
LESS DESTRUCTIVE SAMPLING TECHNIQUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
JUDGING THE QUALITY OF RADIOCARBON AGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 108
9 OTHER RADIOACTIVE DECAY-BASED DATING TECHNIQUES . . . . . . . . 109
URANIUM SERIES DATING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
109
USING URANIUM AS A CLOCK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
MEASURING RADIOACTIVITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
111
SAMPLE SELECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
112
BIOGENETIC MATERIALS AND URANIUM UPTAKE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
SAMPLE PREPARATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
SAMPLE CONTAMINATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
115
POTASSIUM-ARGON AND ARGON-ARGON DATING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
THE PRODUCTION OF RADIOGENIC ARGON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
PROCEDURES FOR OBTAINING A K-AR AGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
PROCEDURES FOR OBTAINING AN AR-AR AGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
FISSION TRACK DATING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
118
SAMPLE REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
PROCEDURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
119
AGE CALCULATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
120
AGE RANGE AND POTENTIAL ERRORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
10 TRAPPED CHARGE DATING TECHNIQUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
121
THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
121
MEASURING THE POPULATION OF TRAPPED CHARGES . . . . . . . . . . . . .
123
THERMOLUMINESCENCE DATING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
OPTICALLY STIMULATED LUMINESCENCE DATING . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE DATING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
DETERMINING THE EQUIVALENT AND PALEODOSE DOSE . . . . . . . . . . . 130
ADDITIVE (DOSE) METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
REGENERATION TECHNIQUE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
IMAGE 4
XII CONTENTS
PARTIAL BLEACH(ING) TECHNIQUE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
132
SINGLE ALIQUOT REGENERATION (SAR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
THE PLATEAU TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
134
SOURCES OF THE ANNUAL DOSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
135
EXTERNAL CONTRIBUTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
135
INTERNAL CONTRIBUTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
137
URANIUM UPTAKE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
138
DATING LIMITATIONS AND SOURCES OF ERROR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
138
POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF TRAPPED CHARGE DATING . . . . . . . . . . . . .
139
11 OTHER DATING TECHNIQUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
141
AMINO ACID RACEMIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
141
DIAGENETIC CHANGES THAT AFFECT PROTEINS AND AMINO ACIDS . . . . 141
ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
143
AAR DATING OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL BONE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
AAR DATING OF MOLLUSK AND EGGSHELL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
OTHER ARCHAEOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
146
OBSIDIAN HYDRATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
147
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON HYDRATION RIND FORMATION . . . . . . 148
INDUCING HYDRATION RIND FORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
MEASUREMENT OF THE HYDRATION RIND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
153
CATION RATIO DATING AND ROCK VARNISH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
153
ROCK OR DESERT VARNISH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
ARCHAEOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
154
EVALUATION OF TECHNIQUE FOR DATING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
160
ARCHAEOMAGNETISM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
160
MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
THE EARTH S MAGNETIC FIELD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
PROPERTIES OF SUITABLE SAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
ARCHAEOMAGNETIC DATING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
ARCHAEOINTENSITY STUDIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
SAMPLE SELECTION AND COLLECTION PROCEDURES . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
MEASURING MAGNETISM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
168
12 PROVENANCE STUDIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 169
SOURCING ON THE BASIS OF COMPOSITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
169
SAMPLE CONSIDERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
171
RAW MATERIAL PROCESSING AND MIXING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
THE COMPOSITION OF RAW MATERIAL SOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITIONAL DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
174
CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 175
IMAGE 5
CONTENTS XIII
13 ISOTOPE ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 177
STABLE CARBON ISOTOPE RATIO ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
178
SAMPLE SELECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
180
FACTORS AFFECTING * 13 C VALUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 181
STABLE NITROGEN ISOTOPE RATIO ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
182
SAMPLE SELECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
183
FACTORS AFFECTING * 15 N VALUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 184
RECONSTRUCTING PALEODIETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
185
STRONTIUM ISOTOPE ANALYSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
188
STRONTIUM TO CALCIUM RATIOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
190
SAMPLE SELECTION AND PROCESSING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
USING STRONTIUM ISOTOPE RATIOS TO TRACK MOVEMENTS . . . . . . . . 191
LEAD ISOTOPE ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
191
THE OCCURRENCE OF LEAD IN METAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
THE STUDY OF LEAD IN BODY TISSUE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
OXYGEN ISOTOPE ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
194
OXYGEN ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
SAMPLE SELECTION AND PROCESSING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
HYDROGEN ISOTOPE ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
199
CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 200
14 LIPID RESIDUE ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 201
THE NATURE AND OCCURRENCE OF LIPID RESIDUES . . . . . . . . . . . . .
202
ACCUMULATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
PRESERVATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
203
CONTAMINATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
205
THE EXTRACTION AND ANALYSIS OF LIPIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
206
FATTY ACID METHYL ESTERS (FAMES) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
TRIMETHYLSILYL (TMS) DERIVATIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
IDENTIFICATIONS BASED ON FATTY ACID COMPOSITION . . . . . . . . . . .
207
CRITERIA BASED ON THE UNCOOKED REFERENCE MATERIALS . . . . . . . . 207
CRITERIA BASED ON DECOMPOSED REFERENCE MATERIAL . . . . . . . . . 208
SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
211
RESIDUE IDENTIF ICATION WITH BIOMARKERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
211
GENERAL BIOMARKERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
SPECIFIC BIOMARKERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
211
COMPOUND-SPECIFIC STABLE ISOTOPE ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
214
SPECTROSCOPIC TECHNIQUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
215
INFRARED AND RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
217
CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 217
15 BLOOD AND PROTEIN RESIDUE ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
219
PROTEIN AND BLOOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
219
SCREENING TECHNIQUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
219
IMAGE 6
XIV CONTENTS
MICROSCOPY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
COLORIMETRIC METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
URINALYSIS TEST STRIPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
220
TECHNIQUES USED FOR PROTEIN IDENTIFICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
222
HEMOGLOBIN (HB) CRYSTALLIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
USING IMMUNOLOGICAL METHODS TO CHARACTERIZE BLOOD PROTEINS . . 224
DETECTING THE ANTIBODY-ANTIGEN COMPLEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
GEL DIFFUSION-OUCHTERLONY (OCH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
CROSSOVER (OR COUNTER) IMMUNO-ELECTROPHORESIS (CIEP) . . . . . . 227
ABSORPTION METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
THE APPLICATION OF IMMUNOLOGICAL METHODS TO ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESIDUES . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
SURVIVAL OF PROTEINS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
231
SURVIVAL OF BLOOD PROTEINS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
232
THE QUESTION OF RELIABILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
233
CROSS-REACTIONS AND ANTIBODY SELECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
BLIND TESTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
234
BLOOD RESIDUES VS. FAUNAL ASSEMBLAGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
RECENT STUDIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
235
CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 236
16 ANCIENT DNA AND THE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION . . . . . . . . . 237
THE PRESERVATION OF ANCIENT DNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
238
THE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
239
ANALYSIS AFTER AMPLIF ICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
241
SAMPLE SELECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
242
EXTRACTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 243
SELECTION OF DNA PRIMERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
244
CHALLENGES ASSOCIATED WITH ANALYZING ANCIENT DNA . . . . . . . . . 244
AMPLIFICATION OF POORLY PRESERVED DNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
STRATEGIES FOR MANAGING PCR INHIBITORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
AVOIDING CONTAMINATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 248
SPECIAL TOPIC: DNA CLONING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
248
INSERTION OF FOREIGN DNA INTO CLONING VECTORS . . . . . . . . . . . 248
CLONING VECTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
249
SPECIAL TOPIC: DNA SEQUENCING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
249
PART III MATERIALS
17 POTTERY AND OTHER CERAMICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
257
PASTE COMPOSITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
257
BULK COMPOSITION ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
NON-DESTRUCTIVE COMPOSITIONAL ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
MANUFACTURING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
266
X-RADIOGRAPHY OF CERAMICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
IMAGE 7
CONTENTS XV
DETERMINATION OF FIRING CONDITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
PAINTS, SLIPS, AND GLAZES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 270
ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF GLAZE PAINTS AND SLIP PIGMENTS . . . . . . . 270
STABLE LEAD ISOTOPE ANALYSIS OF GLAZE PAINTS . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
TRAPPED CHARGE DATING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
273
18 FLAKED AND GROUND STONE TOOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
275
OBSIDIAN PROVENANCE STUDIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
275
GREAT BASIN STUDIES USING XRF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
USE OF INAA AND K-AR DATING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
USE OF PIXE, FISSION TRACK, AND ICP TECHNIQUES . . . . . . . . . . 279
SOURCING OTHER LITHIC MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
280
SOURCING CHERT USING INAA AND UV EMISSIONS . . . . . . . . . . 280
SOURCING FINE-GRAINED VOLCANIC ROCK WITH XRF AND ICP-MS . . . 282
SOURCING RHYOLITE WITH XRD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
SOURCING STEATITE WITH INAA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
SOURCING TURQUOISE WITH STABLE ISOTOPES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
DATING LITHIC MATERIAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
285
OBSIDIAN HYDRATION DATING WITH SIMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
DATING WITH U SERIES AND TRAPPED CHARGE DATING . . . . . . . . . . 287
19 BONES AND TEETH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 291
BONE DIAGENESIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
291
ASSESSING COLLAGEN DEGRADATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
ASSESSING APATITE DIAGENESIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
PRESERVATION OF LIPIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
296
PRESERVATION OF BLOOD PROTEINS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
298
ANALYSIS OF ANCIENT DNA FROM BONE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
SALMON UTILIZATION IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST . . . . . . . . . . . . .
299
STABLE ISOTOPE ANALYSIS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL BONE . . . . . . . . . . . .
300
INDICATORS OF HUMAN DIET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
INDICATORS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
INDICATORS OF SEASONAL MOBILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
302
THE PRESENCE OF ABSORBED METALS IN BONE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
304
DETECTION OF HEAT EXPOSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
305
INCREMENTAL GROWTH STRUCTURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
305
DATING BONE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
306
RADIOCARBON DATING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
URANIUM SERIES DATING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
306
COMBINED RADIOCARBON AND URANIUM SERIES DATING . . . . . . . . 307
ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE DATING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
COMBINED URANIUM SERIES AND ESR DATING . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
20 CULTURAL ROCK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 311
AMBER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
311
JET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
312
IMAGE 8
XVI CONTENTS
LIMESTONE AND MARBLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
313
PROVENANCE STUDIES OF LIMESTONE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
MARBLE PROVENANCE STUDIES USING ESR SPECTROSCOPY . . . . . . . 314
THERMALLY ALTERED ROCK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
315
ARCHAEOMAGNETIC STUDIES OF ROCK FEATURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
TRAPPED CHARGE DATING OF BURNED ROCK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
21 FOOD-RELATED POTTERY RESIDUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
319
GENERAL CHARACTERIZATIONS OF FOOD RESIDUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
319
PHOSPHORUS CONTENT OF POTSHERDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
COMPOSITIONAL ANALYSIS OF SOLID RESIDUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
STABLE ISOTOPE ANALYSIS OF CARBONIZED RESIDUES . . . . . . . . . . 321
FATTY ACID RATIOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
322
SPECIFIC CHARACTERIZATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
324
PLANT WAXES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
324
ANIMAL ADIPOSE FATS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
324
MARINE ANIMAL PRODUCTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
MAIZE USING COMPOUND-SPECIFIC STABLE ISOTOPE ANALYSIS . . . . . 325
DAIRY PRODUCTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
326
ANCIENT DNA IN AMPHORA RESIDUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
WINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
327
STARCHY FOODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
329
CHOCOLATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
329
COMPOUND-SPECIFIC GC ANALYSIS AND AMS DATING . . . . . . . . . . 330
22 OTHER FOOD-RELATED RESIDUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
333
LIPID ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
333
BURNED ROCK RESIDUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
BETEL NUT RESIDUES IN DENTITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
ANALYSIS OF SURFACE RESIDUES FROM A MILLING STONE . . . . . . . . . 335
PROTEIN ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
336
ANALYSIS OF MILLING IMPLEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTAL RESIDUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
NEW PROTOCOLS FOR PROTEIN RESIDUE ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
DNA ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
338
DNA ANALYSIS OF FLAKED STONE TOOL RESIDUES . . . . . . . . . . . 338
TOOL RESIDUE ANALYSIS USING MULTIPLE TECHNIQUES . . . . . . . . . . 340
23 OTHER ORGANIC RESIDUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
343
PERFUMES AND COSMETICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
343
BEESWAX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
344
BEEWAX AND TALLOW CANDLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
RESINOUS COMPOUNDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
PINE RESIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
345
COPAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
346
FRANKINCENSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
346
IMAGE 9
CONTENTS XVII
PISTACIA RESIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
346
TARS AND PITCHES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
347
EMBALMING PRODUCTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
347
SMOKE CONDENSATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
348
NICOTINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 348
ARCHAEOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT SOIL LIPIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
349
ARCHAEOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT SOIL PROTEINS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
350
PROTEIN PIGMENT BINDERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
351
24 ORGANIC ARTIFACTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 353
COMPOSITIONAL ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
353
STABLE ISOTOPE ANALYSIS FOR TEXTILE SOURCING . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
ANALYSIS OF PAPER USING ESR SPECTROSCOPY . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC ARTIFACTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
355
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF TEXTILES USING X-RADIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . 355
ANALYSIS OF PLANT FIBERS WITH SEM AND SEM-EDS . . . . . . . . . 355
ANALYSIS OF ANCIENT DNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
356
ANALYSIS OF ANCIENT DNA PRESERVED IN PARCHMENT . . . . . . . . . 356
DNA PRESERVATION IN LEATHER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
DATING TECHNIQUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
357
AMS RADIOCARBON DATING USING PLASMA OXIDATION . . . . . . . . 357
DATING SHELL ARTIFACTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
358
USE OF STRONTIUM ISOTOPE DATES TO SOURCE SHELL . . . . . . . . . . . 359
25 PAINTS, PIGMENTS, AND INKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 361
ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF OCHRE WITH INSTRUMENTAL NEUTRON ACTIVATION
ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
COMPOSITIONAL ANALYSIS OF PAINT USING SEM-EDS, CHN, AND FT-IR
SPECTROSCOPY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
NON-DESTRUCTIVE ANALYSIS OF PIGMENTS WITH RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY . . . 363
NON-DESTRUCTIVE ANALYSIS OF INK USING X-RAY FLUORESCENCE AND X-RAY
DIFFRACTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
RADIOCARBON DATING OF CHARCOAL-BASED PIGMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . 365
26 METAL AND GLASS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 367
METAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 367
COMPOSITIONAL ANALYSIS OF METAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
COMPOSITIONAL ANALYSIS WITH ICP-MS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
LEAD ISOTOPE ANALYSIS OF METALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
372
RADIOCARBON DATING IRON ARTIFACTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
373
GLASS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 374
COMPOSITIONAL ANALYSIS OF GLASS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
27 PLANT REMAINS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 379
ANALYSIS OF MICROFLORA WITH SEM AND SEM-EDS . . . . . . . . . . . 379
DNA ANALYSIS OF PLANTS REMAINS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
DNA ANALYSIS OF ANCIENT WOOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
IMAGE 10
XVIII CONTENTS
DNA ANALYSIS OF ANCIENT MAIZE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
DNA ANALYSIS OF ANCIENT WHEAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
COMPOSITIONAL ANALYSIS OF PLANT REMAINS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
382
ANALYSIS OF ASH TO DETERMINE MATERIAL OF ORIGIN . . . . . . . . . . 382
ANALYSIS OF TREE RINGS TO DETECT SHORT-TERM CLIMATE CHANGE . . . 383
ANALYSIS OF MAIZE AS A POSSIBLE METHOD OF SOURCING . . . . . . . . 384
RADIOCARBON DATING OF FOOD PLANT REMAINS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
28 MATRIX AND ENVIRONMENTAL DEPOSITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
387
X-RADIOGRAPHY OF SOIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
387
SOIL COMPOSITION CHANGES FROM CAMPFIRES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
PHOSPHORUS IN SOIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
388
ANALYSIS OF SOIL CHEMISTRY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
390
SOIL CHEMISTRY ANALYSIS WITH ICP-MS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
PHOSPHATE MEASUREMENT AS A SURVEY TECHNIQUE . . . . . . . . . . 390
SOIL CHEMISTRY OF ETHNOARCHAEOLOGICAL ARCTIC FISH CAMPS . . . . . 391
SOIL CHEMISTRY OF MAYA FLOORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
DATING TECHNIQUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
392
TRAPPED CHARGE DATING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
URANIUM SERIES DATES ON CALCITE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
29 OTHER MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 397
ANALYSIS OF STUCCO SAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
397
ANALYSIS OF THE MICROSTRUCTURE OF PLASTER OBJECTS . . . . . . . . . . .
398
URANIUM SERIES DATING OF BRANCHED CORAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
399
ARCHAEOMAGNETIC DATING OF BAKED CLAY FEATURES . . . . . . . . . . . 399
PART IV INSTRUMENTATION
30 SAMPLE SELECTION AND PROCESSING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
403
SAMPLE SOLUTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
403
ACID DISSOLUTION OF INORGANIC MATERIAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
ANALYSIS OF SOLID SAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
404
SAMPLING WITHOUT ATOMIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
SAMPLING WITH ATOMIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
SPECIAL TOPIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 406
LASER: LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION . 406
31 MASS SPECTROMETRY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
411
IONIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 412
TECHNIQUES FOR MOLECULAR MASS SPECTROMETRY . . . . . . . . . . . 412
TECHNIQUES FOR ATOMIC MASS SPECTROMETRY . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
MASS ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
417
MAGNETIC SECTOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
418
ION DETECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 423
FARADAY CUP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
423
ELECTRON MULTIPLIER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
424
IMAGE 11
CONTENTS XIX
32 INSTRUMENTAL NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS (INAA OR NAA) . . . . 427
RADIONUCLIDE FORMATION AND EMISSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
SAMPLE PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
429
IDENTIF ICATION AND QUANTIF ICATION OF ELEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 430
33 SEPARATION TECHNIQUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
433
CHROMATOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
433
THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY (TLC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
HIGH-PRESSURE (PERFORMANCE) LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY (HPLC) . . 434 LIQUID
CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH MASS SPECTROMETRY (LC-MS) . . . . 436 GAS
CHROMATOGRAPHY (GC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
COMPONENT SEPARATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
DETECTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
438
ELECTROPHORESIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 440
ELECTROPHORESIS OF PROTEINS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
441
SEPARATION BY MOLECULAR WEIGHT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442
34 ATOMIC AND EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
443
ATOMIC ABSORPTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
443
SAMPLE ATOMIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
LIGHT SOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
444
DETECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
445
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446
OPTICAL EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY (OES) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
446
INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA-ATOMIC EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY (ICP-AES) . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
ICP-MS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
35 OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 453
ULTRAVIOLET (UV) AND VISIBLE (VIS) SPECTROSCOPY . . . . . . . . . . .
453
INSTRUMENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
456
INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
457
SAMPLE PREPARATION AND INSTRUMENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
FOURIER TRANSFORM IR SPECTROMETERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
PHOTOACOUSTIC SPECTROSCOPY (PAS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
461
ATTENUATED TOTAL REFLECTANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
462
RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
463
36 RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
467
NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
INSTRUMENTATION AND SAMPLE ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
PROTON NMR SPECTRA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470
CHEMICAL SHIFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
470
CARBON-13 NMR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
FOURIER TRANSFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472
IMAGE 12
XX CONTENTS
ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
INSTRUMENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
473
ANALYSIS OF THE ESR SIGNAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474
37 X-RAY AND PARTICLE EMISSION TECHNIQUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
477
X-RAYS AND X-RADIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
X-RAY DIFFRACTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
478
DIFFRACTION OF X-RAYS BY CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . 479
SAMPLE ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
480
X-RAY FLUORESCENCE SPECTROMETRY (XRF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
SAMPLE PREPARATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
INSTRUMENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
483
PROTON/PARTICLE-INDUCED X-RAY EMISSION (PIXE) AND GAMMA RAY EMISSION
(PIGE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
SAMPLE PREPARATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
SURFACE CHARACTERIZATION TECHNIQUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
487
SURFACE CHARACTERIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
488
SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE WITH ED XRF . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
ELECTRON MICROPROBE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
490
38 ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 493
INSTRUMENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 493
DATA ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 494
39 MOESSBAUER SPECTROSCOPY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
497
INSTRUMENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 499
SAMPLE REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
501
DATA INTERPRETATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 501
GLOSSARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 503
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 535
INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 571
|
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| author | Malainey, Mary E. |
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| callnumber-first | C - Historical Sciences |
| callnumber-label | CC79 |
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| callnumber-search | CC79.C5 |
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| dewey-tens | 930 - History of ancient world to ca. 499 |
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| id | DE-604.BV039565525 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:06:24Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781441957030 1441957030 9781441957047 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2010934257 |
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| physical | XX, 603 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
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| publisher | Springer |
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| series2 | Manuals in archaeological method, theory and technique |
| spelling | Malainey, Mary E. Verfasser aut A consumer's guide to archaeological science analytical techniques Mary E. Malainey New York Springer 2011 XX, 603 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Manuals in archaeological method, theory and technique Archäologie Archaeological chemistry Methodology Archaeology Methodology SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024417120&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Malainey, Mary E. A consumer's guide to archaeological science analytical techniques Archäologie Archaeological chemistry Methodology Archaeology Methodology |
| title | A consumer's guide to archaeological science analytical techniques |
| title_auth | A consumer's guide to archaeological science analytical techniques |
| title_exact_search | A consumer's guide to archaeological science analytical techniques |
| title_full | A consumer's guide to archaeological science analytical techniques Mary E. Malainey |
| title_fullStr | A consumer's guide to archaeological science analytical techniques Mary E. Malainey |
| title_full_unstemmed | A consumer's guide to archaeological science analytical techniques Mary E. Malainey |
| title_short | A consumer's guide to archaeological science |
| title_sort | a consumer s guide to archaeological science analytical techniques |
| title_sub | analytical techniques |
| topic | Archäologie Archaeological chemistry Methodology Archaeology Methodology |
| topic_facet | Archäologie Archaeological chemistry Methodology Archaeology Methodology |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024417120&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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