Češi v Pompejích 1748 - 1948: kulturněhistorická studie
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Czech |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Praha
Univ. Karlova, Pedagog. Fak.
2007
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 288 S. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9788072902927 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | OBSAH
Předmluva
.......................................................6
Prolog: Vnímání hmotného dědictví antiky před objevy
v Neapolském zálivu
.........................................14
Objev Herkulanea a nový život v ruinách:
Češi svědky pompejské archeologie
1.
Od objevení Herkulanea do vídeňského kongresu roku
1815 .... 23
2.
Od vídeňského kongresu do šedesátých let
19.
století
...........37
3.
Od šedesátých do devadesátých let
19.
století
..................46
4.
Od devadesátých let
19.
století do dvacátých let
20.
století
......60
5.
Od dvacátých do konce čtyřicátých let
20.
století
..............66
6.
Pompeje v poválečném období
..............................70
Češi na cestách do Pompejí
1.
Grand
tours
18.
století
.....................................72
2.
Cesty v rakouských službách po vídeňském kongresu
..........76
3.
Studijní cesty. Umělci
......................................82
4.
Studijní cesty. Spisovatelé
.................................104
5.
Studijní cesty. Středoškolští učitelé
.........................117
6.
Studijní cesty. Historici. Klasičtí filologové a archeologové
.....149
7.
Cesty do Vatikánu. Církevní představitelé
...................164
8.
Poznávací cesty. Různé
...................................172
9.
Poznávací cesty. Turisté
...................................175
Češi v Pompejích
.................................................182
Pompeje v české
autopsii
.......................................... 190
Závěr
...........___......................................203
Epilog: Budoucnost vykopávek
......................................211
Zkratky
.....................................................212
Archivní prameny
.................................................214
Vybrané české publikované prameny
.................................217
Literatura
.....................................................227
Výběr českých cestovatelů do Itálie
..................................245
Summary
.....................................................253
Přílohy
.....................................................260
Rejstřík
...................................................... 274
SUMMARY
The aim of this study is to examine Czech travels to Pompeii and their sub¬
sequent descriptions in the archived and published accounts which chronicled
the authors own experience/33 The study starts in
1748,
when the excavations of
Pompeii began and, at the same time, the first news of the Herculaneum excava¬
tions was published in the Czech Crown Lands, and ends by
1948,
when due
to the regime change in Czechoslovakia, foreign travels ceased for most of the
population. Despite various restrictions, the period in question provides enough
material for us to get an idea about Czech travels to Pompeii, Herculaneum and
the Naples Museum and of the impressions these visits made on those who un¬
dertook them.
In the introductory section, the author briefly outlines Europe s attitude to¬
wards material remains prior to the discovery of Herculaneum. The body of the
study includes a focus on the evolution of the excavations and the contribution
of experts, writers and artists to the European and Czech perception of Pompeii.
It also includes an analysis of the findings and impressions of Czechs (artists,
writers, secondary school teachers, historians, university teachers, church repre¬
sentatives and tourists) who travelled to Pompeii. The author then subsequently
examines changes in the perception of antiquity stimulated by this first-hand ex¬
perience.
The first printed information on the Herculaneum excavations in the Czech
Crown Lands was a translated text written in German. It had been translated
from a French letter from a Parisian source and spoke of the activities in
Resina.
It was published in the
Olomouc
monthly Monathliche
Auszüge
oí
1748
and was
one of the earliest written sources on this topic in all of Europe. The founders of
this magazine, Baron Josef Petrasch and his erudite friends, had rejected Latin as
a means of communication and, were the first in the
Habsburg
Lands, to write
about scientific findings in a modern language. Thereby the magazine became
more accessible for a wider range of readers and the news concerning the Vesu-
vian discoveries spread significantly in the Czech Lands for the first time. The
content of this account resembled the usual first impressions of visitors whose
descriptions spread due to travellers across Europe, despite the displeasure of the
Naples court. Such texts raised curiosity. Since even the very first finds included
733
This time the author examined Pompeii reflections in the Czech lands only on the basis of the
authors own experience. The perception of Pompeii based not only on first-hand experience from
the location itself will be the subject of another study.
253
valuable works
ofart,
the excavations in Herculaneum and the museum in
Porţiei
soon became part of the itineraries of the grand tours, undertaken as quests for
education and knowledge.
Educational journeys for the sons of the aristocracy were led through Naples
and thus the Herculaneum excavations and the Royal Museum in
Portici
became
more or less a necessary inclusion. We do not have much information on the
Czech visitors to Herculaneum at that time. The first visitor from the Czech Lands
was
provably
Jan Karel
and his younger brother
František
de
Paula of Dietrich-
stein, whose tickets for a museum visit in
Portici
and Herculaneum of
1751
have
been preserved. We do not have, however, any material concerning the following
period.
While the
Olomouc Societas
Incognitorum quite revolutionarily strived to dis¬
seminate scientific findings in German in the middle of the 18th century, these
efforts went even further in the Czech Lands at the beginning of the 19th century
-
some periodicals had begun to discuss new findings in Czech. Czech readers
could thus read about the destruction under Vesuvius, Herculaneum and Pom¬
peii, for the first time in
Hromádka s
magazine
Prvotiny pěkných umění.
Even this
account of August
Pacovský,
however, is still a second-hand source as it is a mere
abridged and loose translation of Pliny s description adapted for contemporary
tastes. Although the primary aim of this magazine was not to publish scientific
findings, as it was promoting the Czech language and thus publishing mainly
artistic literature, it also included factual, educational articles.
Only due to the experience and literary description of
Milota Zdirad Polák,
a National Revival poet who arrived in Italy following the Vienna Congress in the
services of the Austrian army, do Czech readers receive sound, detailed and also
artistically valuable information on Herculaneum, Pompeii and the museums in
Naples and
Portici
as published in the magazine Dobrosfov in the period
1820-22.
From then, we are able to follow the developments under Vesuvius through Czech
eyes continuously until
1946.
After the communist putsch in February
1948,
trav¬
elling became impossible and travels to Italy and Pompeii became sporadic.
As of the 1830 s all visits by Czech nationals to the Bay of Naples were part of
study and educational tours. Many of these tours could take place thanks to vari¬
ous institutional scholarships and grants
-
from the Academies of Fine Arts in
Vienna and Prague, the Society of Patriotic Friends of Art,
Klar
s
Foundation, the
literary society of Svatobor, the Committee for the Construction of the National
Theatre, the Czech Academy of Emperor Franz Josef for Science, Literature and
the Arts, the Fund of Travel Grants for Secondary School Teachers of the Minis¬
try of Religion and Education and the Fund of the same Ministry for the Training
254
of University Teachers and after Czechoslovakia s independence also the Ministry
of Education etc. It is much more difficult to obtain information about private
travels paid by private resources, however, we know of at least some
(Zdenka
Braunerová
etc.). Some travels to Italy were financed by individual sponsors (e.g.
the entrepreneur
Vojtěch Lanna).
Journeys to the Campania Coast were always part of a tour of Italy and some¬
times even of the entire Mediterranean. None were made exclusively to Pompeii,
Herculaneum and the museum in Naples. Pompeii, which was excavated more
easily and thus also more quickly, was soon visited by a much higher number of
visitors than Herculaneum, which was, for a long time only experienced through
tunnels and shafts.
During these one hundred and twenty five years (from the first authentic
descriptions from
Polák
in
1820
to
1948),
the excavated area of Pompeii had
increased manifold. The part of town that the Czech soldier
Polák
could walk
through was about one fifth of what the last Czech visitors could see right be¬
fore the middle of the 20th century. The excavated area of Pompeii, however, does
not play an important role for visitors. Even in the very first accounts of a vast
majority of visitors we feel the same
-
the realisation that they have seen some¬
thing absolutely unique and that this visit has enabled them to acquire a deeper
knowledge of antiquity. Visitors could walk through the streets and enter various
houses and thus live one day in antiquity . Antiquity presented itself within the
closed area of the town walls, undisturbed by modern buildings, and provided an
insight into the ancient way of living. Those who entered the town could forget
all about contemporary life. Some realised this, others, although a minority, were
less affected.
At the time when the first authentic Czech accounts of the developments un¬
der Vesuvius were reaching the Czech Lands, Pompeii was perceived as a unique
and exceptional Roman town. It took another
50
years to establish the histori¬
cally correct opinion, pronounced by
Heinrich
Nissen
and Richard
Schone
in
1877,
that Roman Pompeii was just an ordinary Roman colony, like any other
in antiquity, and its exceptionality lay only in the fact that it was preserved, and
could therefore become an exemplary account of ancient life par excellence. Most
Czech visitors then started perceiving it in this way.
All visitors, including those who had no idea of the town before visiting it, rec¬
ognize the extraordinary importance of the archaeological renaissance of Pom¬
peii, which had helped to restore and improve the knowledge of antiquity.
Whereas a visit to Pompeii meant a completely new perception of antiquity
for many and some only there,
i.e.
on the spot, became aware of the importance
of antiquity for Europe s culture, the visits of Naples resembled a visit to any
255
other Italian town. Some Czech travellers even noted that besides its museum,
Naples itself had nothing to offer. Nevertheless, besides the cultural monuments
in Naples, visitors also had the opportunity to see an aquarium with sea animals
from the 1870 s, which for Central Europeans was surely an interesting experi¬
ence and many describe it as so. Nearly all Czech travellers also visited Virgil s
tomb.
For some visitors, the stone skeleton of Pompeii came back to life as they
walked its streets and these people imagined a living town, a living ancient or¬
ganism, even though they used the expression dead town (the feeling that the
inhabitants had left some time ago and were coming back). For others, the town
remained dead for good and as such it had become part of the cultural awareness
of Czech and European societies. In this context, it elicited ideas of the ephem-
erality of the world and it became a symbol of the victory of an invincible nature
over man. However, for the feeling of a dead town, empty streets suffice (see E.
Schiele s painting of
Český Krumlov).
Pompeii became a symbol of a well-pre¬
served past, a well-preserved site, used as a history book and the term second
Pompeii became common worldwide (in our country used by M.
Kolář
for Sezi-
movo
Ústí
and by an anonymous author for
Královské Vinohrady).
The ancient
world of Pompeii also elicited comparisons with our contemporary world, their
similarities and differences and particularly the differences in culture. Some
accounts resemble one another quite strikingly. With the increasing amount of
knowledge and literature, the excavations became for many something for which
certain particular expressions and images were used.
With the development of tourism and the fashion of talking about Pompeii,
first hand experiences started losing their intensity. Archaeology became a tourist
attraction. The town was visited by an increasing number of modern visitors.
Just as the difference in the perception of Pompeii over time is not great, there
are no big differences between the perceptions of the various groups of visitors
that we created for the purpose of this study.
The painters, sculptors, architects and art historians who went to Campania
for Pompeii art treasures, mainly studied the mural paintings and individual ob¬
jects and the architectonic aspects. We do not have many Czech vedutas of Pom¬
peii. Those that were published in Czech magazines had usually been taken from
foreign sources (except for Adolf
Liebscher
s
drawings in
Světozor).
Artists who
studied ancient paintings, sculpture and architecture under Vesuvius then made
use of their stay in Italy when they returned to their work at home. Not many
works inspired by Pompeii were preserved, however, the Pompeii style is reflect¬
ed in many architectonic details that we do not perhaps perceive as of Pompeii
origin any more, such as in private aristocratic castles and gardens, the villas of
256
Czech entrepreneurs and representative buildings of the Czech neo-renaissance.
The most evident reflection of Pompeii is found in the decoration in Lanna s Villa
in Prague
-
Bubeneč
where we can find the characteristic Pompeii red and some
typical ornaments. Many Pompeii features were, however, not studied in situ but
only second-hand. One s own experience was not absolutely necessary for artists,
although this second-hand antiquity could not be considered as authentic. We
also used to have objects from Pompeii in private collections. Unfortunately, very
little has remained in the Czech lands. The collection of Pompeii objects belong¬
ing to Baron
Koller,
which he had found on site himself or bought in Naples, was
later sold by his wife abroad following his death. The large collection held by the
entrepreneur
Vojtěch
Lanna encountered a similar fate. In the immense collec¬
tion of Chancellor
Metternich
in
Kynžvart,
antiquity and Ancient Egypt had only
played a minor role.
Writers and journalists often described their impressions and findings in vari¬
ous magazines, newspaper supplements, travel books and memoirs, and thus
helped not only to raise awareness but also to develop tourism. The Pompeii ex¬
cavations were also depicted in minor books written by two secondary school
teachers: Josef
Wünsch (1880)
and Josef
Pražák
(1903).
No major Czech mono¬
graphs were written on Pompeii in the Czech Lands during the period in ques¬
tion, although the need for them had been perceived. Nevertheless, the dead
town became an integral part of various memoirs, travel books, guidebooks and
texts substituting guidebooks. These texts, however, were rather unsuitable as
guidance for a visit of the archaeological site as they were too brief and often not
very precise. For this reason, Czech travellers had to use guidebooks and publica¬
tions written in foreign languages. It is however astonishing that the publications
recommended by the Ministry of Religion and Education in Vienna for study
tours around the Mediterranean were often not of a high quality and were often
criticized by teachers.
Writers and journalists mostly informed Czech society of the excavations in
various magazines (travel essays, sketches etc.) and, to a smaller extent, also in
educational and specialised lectures. The image of Pompeii in the Czech Lands
was also affected by fiction and drama
-
around the middle of the 19th century,
K. W.
Püner
translated Lemercier s French version of Bulwer s novel into Czech.
About twenty years later, Josef
Pečírka
loosely translated Nieritz s Christian story
concerning the destruction of the town for children. Approximately twenty years
later
Karel Fořt
presented Pompeii on the stage of an amateur theatre. In
1928,
Karel Šelepa
included three poems which had been inspired by Pompeii houses
in his collection of poems on Italy.
Secondary school teachers had probably prepared most for the travels. They
257
visited the area between
1893
and
1914
with the support of the Ministry of
Religion and Education in Vienna and also after
1918,
with the support of the
Czechoslovak Ministry of Education. They went there in order to see the site with
their own eyes and to acquire a more thorough and deeper knowledge as part of
their studies. Even prior to their departure, they studied (mostly recommended)
literature and attended various educational and university lectures. They then
experienced the excavations under the guidance of August
Mau, an
important
German expert on Pompeii, attended his afternoon lectures and in the mornings
explored the town on their own with professional guidebooks. Having returned
home, many of them continued to study in order to be able to better use the
information for their teaching and lectures. The stay in Naples and Pompeii also
helped the teachers who, besides teaching, translated the works of ancient au¬
thors, with the interpretation of the original ancient texts. Last but not least, the
authors of textbooks also acquired a better perception of ancient reality.
The situation of university teachers was rather different. Historians focusing
on Czech history usually went there for short periods only and we do not know
much about their views and impressions. The attitude of classical philologists,
archaeologists and ancient historians reflects the approach of our school system.
Antiquity, even at the time of the blossoming of archaeology, was for a long time
studied only in books and the importance of hands-on experience was therefore
underestimated. Furthermore, as early as in the 19th century, sciences focusing
on antiquity had become specialised, and we can thus say that the only classi¬
cal philologist who became more familiar with the town was
František Groh.
Accompanied by his younger colleague Vladimir Groh, he primarily looked for
inscriptions that he could use in his epigraphy class. Other experts visited the
excavations and the museum in Naples but they did not publish anything con¬
cerning these visits. We do not even have their service reports, which would be
comparable to those of the secondary school teachers, so we do not know how
they were affected by the confrontation of antiquity as described in books and re¬
ality, or how it affected their professional activities.
František Velišský
and Gabriel
Hejzlar used their own experience in his publication on the life in ancient Rome;
we are not however able to compare it with their personal notes.
Religious pilgrimages to the Vatican had also enabled some church represent¬
atives to visit these pagan places. Leaving their Christian superior view of the
pagan ancient world aside, we can see that they also perceived the destruction
of the entire town with the same feelings as the other visitors. They realised the
uniqueness of this place and they also realised that academic knowledge of antiq¬
uity was insufficient.
Other travellers also naturally went to Pompeii on various occasions, most
258
often as tourists as part of their holiday in Italy or the Mediterranean. As time
went by and the number of visitors increased, it seems that their feelings were
losing intensity. Their perception was surely also affected by the fact that the
archaeological sites and the museum were permanently surrounded by a large
number of tourists. The hands-on experience of direct contact with antiquity had
thus gradually lost its intensity and effect.
Right after the 1890s, when the first Czech, classical philologist Josef
Wünsch,
had taken his camera on a journey to the Balkans, Czech visitors of Pompeii also
started taking their own photographs. They were mainly teachers who then used
the photographs in their classes, but they were naturally not the only ones. Most
photographs were probably taken by
František Groh,
who visited Italy several
times and who mainly took pictures of the inscriptions for his university classes.
Some visitors also bought photographs and other souvenirs such as terracottas
and coins and nearly all of them brought home pieces of variously coloured lava
from the slopes of Vesuvius.
A trip to Pompeii and a walk around its skeleton definitely helped visitors to
deepen the knowledge they had acquired from books and to get a better picture
of city life at the beginning of the Roman Empire. It even helped in those cases
when it ruined their preconceived ideas
-
especially those details that they had
guessed without having specific knowledge of every-day life. These ideas surely
differed for everyone. They depended on their imagination, erudition and life
experience. Due to the excavations of Pompeii and Herculaneum, we not only get
to know about these material remains, but they also help us to reconstruct what
remains do not show directly
-
the spiritual
Ufe
of the people living in antiquity,
their mentality, philosophy and religious life. However, for all this, further studies
are required, walks through the streets of Pompeii do not suffice.
Hands-on experience often inspired a deeper interest in antiquity even, as
some noted, for people for whom it had not meant much before. This is prob¬
ably the most important aspect of a hands-on experience of the excavations in
Pompeii: The change in the perception of antiquity with which the visitors were
returning home.
259
|
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| author | Kepartová, Jana 1950- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1196818320 |
| author_facet | Kepartová, Jana 1950- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Kepartová, Jana 1950- |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV039550179 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)750966036 (DE-599)BVBBV039550179 |
| era | Geschichte 1748-1948 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1748-1948 |
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| geographic | Pompeji (DE-588)4046755-7 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Pompeji |
| id | DE-604.BV039550179 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T00:06:03Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788072902927 |
| language | Czech |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024402071 |
| oclc_num | 750966036 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 288 S. Ill., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
| publishDateSort | 2007 |
| publisher | Univ. Karlova, Pedagog. Fak. |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Kepartová, Jana 1950- Verfasser (DE-588)1196818320 aut Češi v Pompejích 1748 - 1948 kulturněhistorická studie Jana Kepartová Praha Univ. Karlova, Pedagog. Fak. 2007 288 S. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geschichte 1748-1948 gnd rswk-swf Tschechen (DE-588)4061083-4 gnd rswk-swf Pompeji (DE-588)4046755-7 gnd rswk-swf Pompeji (DE-588)4046755-7 g Tschechen (DE-588)4061083-4 s Geschichte 1748-1948 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024402071&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024402071&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Kepartová, Jana 1950- Češi v Pompejích 1748 - 1948 kulturněhistorická studie Tschechen (DE-588)4061083-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4061083-4 (DE-588)4046755-7 |
| title | Češi v Pompejích 1748 - 1948 kulturněhistorická studie |
| title_auth | Češi v Pompejích 1748 - 1948 kulturněhistorická studie |
| title_exact_search | Češi v Pompejích 1748 - 1948 kulturněhistorická studie |
| title_full | Češi v Pompejích 1748 - 1948 kulturněhistorická studie Jana Kepartová |
| title_fullStr | Češi v Pompejích 1748 - 1948 kulturněhistorická studie Jana Kepartová |
| title_full_unstemmed | Češi v Pompejích 1748 - 1948 kulturněhistorická studie Jana Kepartová |
| title_short | Češi v Pompejích 1748 - 1948 |
| title_sort | cesi v pompejich 1748 1948 kulturnehistoricka studie |
| title_sub | kulturněhistorická studie |
| topic | Tschechen (DE-588)4061083-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Tschechen Pompeji |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024402071&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024402071&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kepartovajana cesivpompejich17481948kulturnehistorickastudie |