Kozaky na stepovomu kordoni Jevropy: typolohija kozacʹkych spilʹnot XVI - peršoï polovyny XVII st.
Козаки на степовому кордоні Європи типологія козацьких спільнот ХVІ--першої половини ХVІІ ст.
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Ukrainian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Kyïv
Nacionalʹna Akad. Nauk Ukraïny, Inst. Ukraïnsʹkoï Archeohrafiï ta Džereloznavstva im. M. S. Hruševsʹkoho
2011
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | In kyrill. Schr., ukrain. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Paralleltitel: Cossacks in the Europe's steppe frontier |
| Beschreibung: | 503 S. 25 cm |
| ISBN: | 9789660258440 |
Internformat
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| 100 | 1 | |a Brechunenko, Viktor Anatolijovyč |d 1965- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1025869486 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |6 880-01 |a Kozaky na stepovomu kordoni Jevropy |b typolohija kozacʹkych spilʹnot XVI - peršoï polovyny XVII st. |c Viktor Brechunenko |
| 264 | 1 | |6 880-02 |a Kyïv |b Nacionalʹna Akad. Nauk Ukraïny, Inst. Ukraïnsʹkoï Archeohrafiï ta Džereloznavstva im. M. S. Hruševsʹkoho |c 2011 | |
| 300 | |a 503 S. |c 25 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a In kyrill. Schr., ukrain. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache | ||
| 500 | |a Paralleltitel: Cossacks in the Europe's steppe frontier | ||
| 648 | 4 | |a Geschichte 1600-1700 | |
| 648 | 4 | |a Geschichte 1500-1600 | |
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Cossacks / History / 16th century | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Cossacks / History / 17th century | |
| 650 | 4 | |a History (general) and history of Europe | |
| 650 | 4 | |a History (General) | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Ukraine | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Geschichte | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Kosaken |0 (DE-588)4032542-8 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 651 | 4 | |a Europe, Eastern / History / 16th century | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Europe, Eastern / History / 17th century | |
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| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Geschichte |A z |
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| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024371470&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Abstract |
| 880 | 1 | 0 | |6 245-01/(N |a Козаки на степовому кордоні Європи |b типологія козацьких спільнот ХVІ--першої половини ХVІІ ст. |c Віктор Брехуненко |
| 880 | 1 | |6 264-02/(N |a Київ |b Інститут української археографії та джерелознавства ім. М.С. Грушевського | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1808045812320567296 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
ЗМІСТ
Переднє слово
. 5
Частина І.
Утворення поясу християнських козацтв
на Степовому Кордоні
Розділ
1.
Степовий Кордон Європи у колі Великих Кордонів
19
1.1.
Концепції Великого Кордону
. 19
1.2.
Типологія Степового Кордону
. 24
Розділ
2.
"Сенс часу" для християнських козацтв
. 43
2.1.
Перша хвиля козакотворення: ґенеза українського
донського та волзького козацтв
. 45
2.2.
Заключний етап: поява козацтв Тереку та Яїка
. 56
Розділ
3.
"Сенс місця"
. 67
3.1.
Дві зони Степового Кордону
. 67
3.2.
Чорноморський та Каспійський регіони
. 77
Частина
II.
Етнічний та соціальний коди християнських козацтв
Розділ
4.
Етнічне коріння
. 93
4.1.
Субстрат українського козацтва
. 94
4.2.
Етнічні комбінації на Дону, Волзі, Яїку, Тереку.
. . 101
Розділ
5.
Післяґенезні етнічні допливи
. 111
5.1.
Донори-християни
. 112
5.2.
Донори-мусульмани та іудеї
. 134
5.3.
Релігійні обмеження
. 140
Розділ
6.
Соціальне обличчя донорів, чисельність козацтв
. 147
6.1.
Соціальний склад донорів
. 147
6.2.
Кількісні характеристики козацтв
. 159
Розділ
7.
Внутрішні поділи в козацьких спільнотах
. 165
7.1.
Козаки "статечні", "значні", "лутшиє казакі",
"старшина","чернь"
. 165
7.2.
Запорожці й городові козаки
. 171
7.3.
Низові та верхові донські козаки
. 175
Розділ
8.
Військо як суспільний інститут
. 179
8.1.
Утворення і територіальний вимір козацьких Військ
179
8.2.
Козацькі ради
. 184
8.3.
Козацькі провідники
. 197
8.4.
"Гетьман" чи "старший"?
. 203
8.5.
Статус козаків-приходьків у козацьких анклавах
. . 211
Частина
III.
Козаки і християнський світ
Розділ
9.
Моделі співіснування
. 223
9.1.
"Члонки" українського світу
. 224
9.2.
Самодостатні спільноти чи піддані царя?
. 229
9.3.
Козаки Дону, Волги, Яїка, Тереку й соціум
московського прикордоння
. 245
Розділ
10.
Культ правителя
. 253
10.1.
Складання образу монарха-патрона
. 253
10.2.
Правитель у світобаченні козаків
. 263
10.3.
Козаки і самозванство
. 270
Розділ
11.
Козацькі ідентичності
. 275
11.1
"Люди лицарські", "ваші милості", "народ руський"
276
11.2.
"Казакі": тотожність козацьких спільнот Дону,
Волги, Яїка, Тереку
. 294
11.3.
Козацька "вітчизна"
. 307
Розділ
12.
Альтернативні центри тяжіння у християнському світі
319
12.1.
Річ Посполита й козацтва Дону, Волги, Яїка, Тереку
. 319
12.2.
Московія очима українських козаків
. 328
Частина
IV.
Козаки і мусульманські сусіди
Розділ
13.
Конфронтація на Степовому Кордоні
. 347
13.1.
Мотиви та риторика. Релігійний кордон
. 348
13.2.
Ієрархія козацьких пріоритетів
. 365
13.3.
Козацтва-лідери й козацтва-аутсайдери
. 373
13.4.
Жертви козаків
. 389
Розділ
14.
Співіснування та взаємодія
. 405
14.1.
Палітра позаконфронтаційних стосунків.
Потурнацтво
. 406
14.2.
Донські козаки і Ногай
. 415
14.3.
Донські та запорізькі татари
. 418
14.4.
Військові спілки українських козаків з татарами
. 424
Післямова
. 445
Бібліографія
. 455
Індекс
. 476
SUMMARY
The Christian Cossacks (those of the Don, Volga, Terek, Grebinka, Yaik and
the Ukrainian ones) became a most important factor of the East European his¬
tory. Under the Cossack influence the Steppe Frontier of Europe underwent deep
transformations which essentially changed its look and predetermined its further
closing in favour of the Christian world. The Cossacks irreversibly consolidated
the division of the Frontier, which was already outlined as far back as the time
of the Kyivan
Rus',
into two typologically different zones
-
the Eastern and the
Western ones. The localization of the Cossack enclaves led to the formation of
the settlement type of the Frontier in the Ukrainian Steppe, and the political type
-
in the Muscovite Steppe. The Ukrainian elites and
-
through them
-
the Great
Lithuanian Principality and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth considered the
Western zone a part of "their" lands, which should be returned to them, and
thought the Ukrainian Cossacks an integral part of their socium. At the same
time, the Ukrainian Cossacks' determination to extend their influence farther to
the East created the prerequisites for narrowing the Eastern zone and, at the same
time, transferring there the ideas that the respective territories belonged to "their
own" lands which had been lost before. One of the most significant manifesta¬
tions of this was the belief of the
Hermánate
elite that the Slobidska Ukraine
(Slobozhanshchyna), formed by the Ukrainian settlers during
XVII
century, was
an organic part of the Ukrainian world.
But in Muscovy they regarded the Eastern part of the Steppe and the Cos¬
sack enclaves of the Volga, Don, Yaik and Terek as the territory that should be
annexed, and treated the Cossacks as the object of integration. Neither the Steppe,
nor the enclaves of the local Cossacks were "registered" in the ideological jus¬
tification of the borders of the "tsar's patrimony". The Cossacks also differed in
opinions concerning the self-identification and attitude to the Christian states and
societies, which evidenced the typological differences in the trajectories of de¬
velopment and in the historical fate of the Ukrainian Cossacks and the Cossack
communities of the Eastern zone.
Even the time of the origin of the Cossack communities clearly showed how
different were the fates of the Eastern and Western zones of the Steppe Frontier.
Summary
497
Despite the Brownian movements of multiethnic people in its both parts and the
same principle of the formation of the Cossack substances on the basis of the
cross-ethic inflows, the final results proved to be different. In Ukraine, where the
Cossacks were formed in the border area, the representatives of the Ukrainian
society had the obvious advantage and the new social organism became a part
of the latter, though many of them were of the Tatar, Muscovite, Polish, Lithua¬
nian, etc. origin. There was an example to follow as the burghers and nobility,
which were the main donors of the Ukrainian Cossacks, had various ethnic inclu¬
sions. But in the Western zone the Cossack communities appeared in the territo¬
ries separated from the border area by the very wide band of the Steppe. It caused
the much more intensive ethnic mixing than in the Ukrainian case and made the
Cossack enclaves, already formed, feel themselves different in comparison with
all donor communities. The situation was made complete by the differences in
the social structure of the donors in the Ukrainian case
-
on the one hand, and
the other Cossacks
-
on the other.
To be a Cossack in Ukraine became a prestigious occupation for the elite
representatives, even for princes. The Cossacks and their mode of life had the
halo of the military valour, victory and worthy life, appropriate for the '''people
of war". The elite representatives brought the idea of the order privileges, lost at
the time of the "nobility revision" in the middle of
XVI.
century, and which they
wanted to get back under the Cossack flag. The Ukrainian Cossacks were always
closely connected with the nobility, were influenced by the noble ethos and the
concepts crowding in the elite circles. Hence came their desire to take the "place
under the sun" themselves and the ability to accept the idea of the Cossack order
entry to the Orthodox model of the Ukrainian identity.
However, the Cossacks of the Don, Volga, Yaik and Terek were formed as an
alloy of representatives of the lower social orders. The localization of the Cossack
enclaves in the depths of the Steppe Frontier made the Cossack communities unat¬
tractive for the elites. Besides, in Muscovy, which, unlike the Polish-Lithuanian
state, put an eye on those Cossacks at once, there was no demand for any elite
social stratum to be able to pay attention to the Cossacks as an instrument for real¬
izing their order interests. As a result, no significant part of the representatives of
the social top, which could attach the Cossacks to the Muscovite socium and bring
the virus of the order competitions and the ideas of belonging to the "Muscovite
people", entered the ranks of any Cossacks in the Eastern zone of the Steppe
Frontier. Rare cases, when representatives of the social elites and, first of all, of
the Ryazan small landowners joined the Cossacks, did not make a big difference.
The relations of the Cossacks with the social tops were much weaker than those
of the Ukrainian Cossacks and did not lead to the comparable results.
The notion of the solidity of the Cossack world, the uniformity of the Cos¬
sack version in all places of the Steppe Frontier, the "Cossack identity", common
498
Summary
to all, looks an evident simplification. In fact, the Christian Cossacks were dif¬
ferently included in the civilization situation formed around the Steppe Fron¬
tier.
The identity of the Ukrainian Cossacks was formed on the basis of their
realizing that they belonged to the Ukrainian socium and in the competitions for
the order rights and privileges of the "people of war" in their "motherland
"
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In the course of time the Cossacks began to
regard themselves as representatives of the
"Ruthenian
nation", participated in
their defending and, as a result of the Ukrainian National liberation war in the
middle of
XVII
century, they became the heart of a new Ukrainian political na¬
tion.
The situation was completely different on the Don, Volga, Yaik and Terek.
There the Cossacks were not an order, like in Ukraine, but the communities of
the enclave type in the depth of the Frontier. The local Cossacks realized them¬
selves as special "Cossack" social organisms different from all the neighbours.
The Cossacks cultivated the self-sufficiency of their communities, their independ¬
ence of Muscovy. The Cossack "motherland" did not belong to the "tsar's pat¬
rimony". Despite the closest relations with Muscovy, especially with its border
area and the tsar's cult, the Cossacks did not include themselves in the Muscovite
socium, did not desire to take the appropriate place there. They did not care about
the internal problems of the Muscovite world if those did not prevent the Cos¬
sacks from obtaining the "Cossack bread'. The Cossack super-idea was to pre¬
serve the self-government and unaccountability under the distant and easy patron¬
age of the Muscovite tsar, which came to regular payments for the services. Any
interference in the Don internal affairs was interpreted as an encroachment on
the sovereignty and was dismissed out of hand. Based on such foundations, the
Cossack identity prevented them from assimilating in the Russian empire and
enabled them to last till the tragic Bolshevist experiments, realizing their distinc¬
tion from all the neighbours, including the Russians.
Thus, from the very beginning the Ukrainian Cossacks were certain to be
an integral part of the Ukrainian history and in the middle of
XVII
century were
able to change radically its course and play the central role till the final destruc¬
tion by Muscovy of the separateness signs of the Ukrainian lands built into the
Russian empire. But the history of the Cossacks of the Don, Volga, Yaik and
Terek can not be entered into the Russian historical narrative in the same way.
Those Cossacks never became for Muscovy what the Cossacks from the Ukrain¬
ian border area became for Ukraine. They neither put pressure on its social hi¬
erarchy, nor translated the border experience of democracy; they only remained
enclaves in the far southern periphery. Their historical mission proved to be much
narrower
-
to pave the way for closing the Frontier in favour of Muscovy, to be
the source of manpower for the colonization of the North Caucasus and to provide
Summary
499
military contingents for the Russian Army. Thus, the history of these Cossacks
was a completely independent historical narrative, on the winding path of which
happened the insurmountable obstacle in the form of the imposed Moscow su¬
periority. The ambivalent situation emerged, which was typical for the world
experience, when the different historical narratives
-
the Cossack and the Russian
imperial ones
-
co-existed under the same roof.
But in any case, by their positioning in the Christian world and the peculi¬
arities of their identities, the Cossack communities put the Eastern and Western
zones of the Steppe Frontier into different functional orbits. The Eastern zone
developed as a self-sufficient structure and it conforms to the Weber theory of
the Great Frontier, while the Western zone was an implicit part of the force that
absorbed it (the Ukrainian world). Such structuring made possible the appearance
of different civilization situations on the Steppe Frontier. In the Eastern zone
there was a theoretical possibility for the Frontier to be eventually closed by the
border population
-
the Cossacks
-
themselves and of forming new ethnoses on
the basis of the Cossack ethnic substances just in the same way as it happened
on the Greate Frontiers of the Latin Americas. The Western zone did not have
such a possibility. As the Cossacks were included in the Ukrainian socium, a new
ethnic community could not arise there at the time of the Frontier closing. The
situation there was similar to the Balkan analog, where the Granychars, Haiduks,
Uskoks and Sekeys seemed, like the Ukrainian Cossacks, to be a constituent part
of one or the other Christian pretender to the local military border with the Ot¬
toman Empire and, acting as such, they participated in the border life.
It is easily noticed that the intellectual horizons of the Ukrainian Cossacks
were much wider than those of the others. The top of the Ukrainian Cossacks
eventually realized the core of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth's institu¬
tional model, and that it was a state of two nations
-
the Polish and the Lithua¬
nians
-
and also included the
'''Ruthenian
nation". The Cossack environment
turned out to be able to apprehend the Ukrainian elite's concept about the "Ru-
thenian borders'", the self-sufficiency of the Ukrainian world and its combination
with the Polish one according to the results of the Lublin union only as "the
Ruthenian
states". It is on these principles together with allowing the Cossacks'
order claims that the state system of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth should
be reformed, the Orthodox hierarchy should be recognized and the religious
problems of the Orthodox believers should be solved at the same time. Finally,
the Cossacks fully realized their being a subject in the international relations,
tried to apply for work to the neighbour rules and monarchs by means of written
contracts, obtaining the signs of recognition and the mutual commitments of the
parties. The treaties with the Crimea at the time of Shakhin-Girey showed that
the Cossack thought by the categories of the Zaporozhian Host as the territorial
subject and the representative of the whole Ukrainia
η
socium. All that was pav-
500
Summary
ing the way for the appearance in the middle of
XVII
century the concepts of
legitimating the Cossack state, its elite and ruler, for further understanding the
problem of the Cossacks' origin and the history of the Ukrainian world by the
Cossack intellectuals, for constructing the Ukrainian historical myths
-
those of
the Cossacks and the new noble in
XVIII
century.
Nothing of the kind can we see in the environment of the Volga, Yaik, Terek
and Grebinka Cossacks. Retreating into their self-sufficiency, not having intel¬
lectual contacts with the neighbour elites, they were not interested at all in such
"lofty matters". From Muscovy they demanded only regular payments and the
remote patronage of the tsar and "gave slaps on the wrists" of the Muscovite
ambassadors when, from time to time, Muscovy made an attempt of encroaching
on the sovereignty. They did not care about the social models, political concepts,
relations within the elites, problems of the "tsar's patrimony" and explanations
of the expansion aspirations of Moscow. The Cossacks did not rise to the idea
of military-political alliances, written on the paper and sealed with an oath, with
their Muslim neighbours and were treated by the latter accordingly. Verbal agree¬
ments with the Azov people, joint military operations with the Nogay Tatars
based on the agreements of this kind look very pale in the background of the
Ukrainian Cossack's practices.
From the example of the typological differences between the Ukrainian Cos¬
sacks and the Cossacks of the Western zone of the Steppe Frontier in the field
of self-identification, concepts of the "motherland" and fundamental principles
of the positioning with respect to the Christian neighbour states, it is clearly seen
how significant was the so called "sense of place" for the Cossacks. The locali¬
zation of the Cossack lands became the catapult that put the Cossack communi¬
ties into different orbits. Of great significance was the fact that the Cossack lands
were situated in different sea regions
-
of the Black Sea and of the Caspian Sea.
The later being a distant one, limited the general influence of the Volga, Yaik,
Terek and Grebinka Cossacks in the main pretenders' considerations of the clos¬
ing the Steppe Frontier, made the scope of actions narrower, lessened the attrac¬
tiveness of those Cossacks for the perspective new-comers. However, the Ukrain¬
ian and the Don Cossacks, built in the Black Sea region, were to advance to the
forefront.
One of the main consequences of the impulses coming from the effect of
localization of the Cossack territories relative to the Christian border area and
belonging to this or that sea region was the Ukrainian Cossacks' leadership in
the Christian Cossacks world. No other Cossacks could be compared with them
in their number, general power, intensity and diversity of events addressing their
Christian or Muslim neighbours and the Cossack communities. Having appeared
much earlier than others, the Ukrainian Cossacks substantially led to the origin
of, at least, the Don Cossacks and till the middle of
XVII
century they
domi-
Summary
501
nated in the Cossack world until their switching to the Ukrainian Cossack state,
created with their own efforts and paying less attention to the Volga-Don flank.
The quantitative parameters of the Ukrainian Cossacks were twice the number
of the other Cossacks taken together. In the
confrontation
with the opponents on
the other side of the Frontier, the Ukrainian Cossacks were in the lead in all main
directions: the territory dimension of the confrontation (from the Black Sea to
the Caspian Sea), the scope and number of naval and land marches, sieges, storms
and captures of enemies' fortresses (including the Azov), interference in internal
affairs of the Crimea, the caused material and moral damage. It was due to the
active combination of military operations from the Dnieper and the Don that the
frequency and strength of the naval campaigns from the territory of the Don Host
were ensured, the mass plying of the Cossack detachments between Zaporizhzhya
and the Don provided the Don Cossacks with additional strength against oppo¬
nents. The Ukrainian Cossacks cemented the Cossack belt and its ability to the
fight against both the Muslim neighbours and Muscovy's encroachments on the
sovereignty of the Cossack enclaves. It is no mere chance that the Don Cossacks
yielded to Moscow shortly after (the 1660s) the Ukrainian Cossacks relaxed their
relations with the Don. Having knocked out the axial element, Muscovy began
dismantling the self-sufficiency of the less powerful Cossacks.
While the models of identities and relations with the Christian world shed
light on the typological heterogeneity of the Cossack communities, the strategies
of the Cossack-Muslim relations, on the contrary, set off the typologically re¬
lated features and, at the same time, the character of the co-existence on the
Steppe Frontier.
The Cossack mode of life everywhere provided for the priority of the com¬
mune's will, the principle of council as the highest sanction and the electiveness
of the foreman. The consolidation of the Cossack gangs into the Host as a mil¬
itary-territorial organization took place on these principles everywhere, except
the specific situation in the environment of the Volga Cossacks. But the differ¬
ences between the Ukrainian Cossacks and the others provoked in the Ukrainian
variant the faster washing out of the general council positions and the expansion
of the
Hetman
's
and officers' competence. Thus was put the foundation for ap¬
pearing later the concepts of the Hetman's appointment of colonels and sotnics,
"the
Ruthenian
autocracy", the hereditary Hetmanate and the "new nobility". In
the other Hosts the process of the power concentration at the hands of the atamans
and the fading of the role of the circle began much later.
In the world outlook of all Cossacks the military business was considered
as the worthiest occupation and the main means of obtaining the "Cossack
breaď\
On the basis of the principal sameness in the organization of their inner life, the
uniformity of the main means of obtaining the "Cossack bread' and the interests
in defending "liberties", in the Cossack communities the special mutual
percep-
502
Summary
tion,
based on the feeling of "non-strangeness" (but not the sameness) and or¬
ganic closeness was formed. The most significant display of that feature, which
served as the foundation of the inter-Cossack relations, was the legal status of
the Cossack new-comers in other Cossack enclaves based on the non-regulation
of the time and place of their stay, their right to take part in the work of the
councils and to live in separate groups headed by their own atamans.
The Cossack communities very vividly set off the symbolic character of the
Steppe Frontier as the zone of not only various confrontations but also as that of
the multi-dimensional interaction. The Frontier did not become the disconnector
on the mental level. The behavioral strategies of the Cossacks in respect of their
Muslim neigbours resulted in the fact that only the physical frontier as a space
of the lands uncontrolled by the state factors existed in reality. The set of differ¬
ences among the societies localized on the both sides of the Steppe Frontier
never provoked the appearance of any impassable lines of demarcation, as it
happened on some other Great Frontiers. Even such a factor, powerful at that
time, as the difference of confessions did not help. Indeed, the religious border
was a key display of being different, it embodied the "strangeness" of the rival
from the opposite side of the Steppe and the flag of faith always served as a
catalyst and justification of the confrontation. However, the religious question,
critical for everyone, could not isolate the Christian and Muslim subjects.
Ethnically diverse from the beginning, the Cossacks together with the rep¬
resentatives from the other side of the Frontier always remained ethnically toler¬
ant and smoothly integrated the Muslim newcomers. The absence of ethnic
prejudices to the Tatars, Nogays, Turks, etc. became a trademark of all Cossack
communities. They became opponents for the Cossacks only because they also
had a claim on the Steppe Frontier and made raids on the Christian border area,
but not because they were the Muslims. The Cossacks were not bothered by the
neighbours' mode of life either. The Cossacks had nothing against military alli¬
ances, signs of recognition and payments from the Muslims, to say nothing of
everyday out-of-confrontation relations. Those living near the Don even created
the separate category of the population
-
"the Don Tatars"- in the territory of the
Don Host.
The territories occupied by the Muslim neighbours were believed by the
Cossacks to be the main zone for plundering and seeking military glory. Hence
the constant desire for the rivalry, avenging actions and their own military plans.
At the same time, the instinct for securing the stable prerequisites for the suc¬
cessful search for the "Cossack bread' urged the Cossacks on refusing from the
"scorched
-
earth" policy, on establishing certain rules of the game like, for ex¬
ample, it was between the Azov and the Don Cossacks concerning their mutual
commitments not to burn hay. Thus the contemporaries were surprised at the
single cases of real devastation of the attack objects by the Cossacks but not at
Summary
503
the ecstatic exaggerations of which are full the reports about the Cossack naval
and land campaigns. The Ukrainian Cossacks came to realizing the fatality of
the possible closing of the Frontier for the existence of the Cossack world or
even the narrower and more real variant
-
the consolidation of the more or less
prolonged peace between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Turkey.
Besides, they were the first of the Cossacks who began to use the Tatars as the
factor of their competitions in the Christian world.
The religious border did not become an obstacle for the interaction on dif¬
ferent levels including the integration of the Cossacks into the Muslim environ¬
ments. The Don Cossacks did not baptize the "Don Tatars" and lived with the
Muslims side by side. The cases of religious conversion to the representatives of
different Cossack communities were not rare. There were not mental obstacles
for the migration of the whole Cossack detachments to the territory of the Mus¬
lim neighbours.
It was combining the military pressure on the neighbours with the out-of-
confessional relations and also by concerning themselves with the resource re¬
newal, so that they might always have what to obtain their "Cosssack bread'
from, that the Cossacks played the role of bearers of the basic interests of the
Christian world on the Steppe Frontier. In fact, there was only one religious
border between the Cossacks and the Muslim world on the value level of the
Cossack outlook. The Cossack version of holding possession of the Frontier,
based on creating the buffer Cossack zone, proved to be extremely successful.
The Steppe Frontier did not turn into a static one, nor did it become the border
of rejecting opponents. The specificity of the co-existence with them, the founda¬
tions of which were laid at the time of the Cossack origin, became the source of
the Cossack power and influence, not weakness, enabling them to realize their
potential completely. It is another matter that each community proved to have its
own potential.
Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek
München |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Brechunenko, Viktor Anatolijovyč 1965- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1025869486 |
| author_facet | Brechunenko, Viktor Anatolijovyč 1965- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Brechunenko, Viktor Anatolijovyč 1965- |
| author_variant | v a b va vab |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV039518930 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)704057335 (DE-599)BVBBV039518930 |
| era | Geschichte 1600-1700 Geschichte 1500-1600 Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1600-1700 Geschichte 1500-1600 Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Europe, Eastern / History / 16th century Europe, Eastern / History / 17th century |
| geographic_facet | Europe, Eastern / History / 16th century Europe, Eastern / History / 17th century |
| id | DE-604.BV039518930 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-08-22T00:34:11Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789660258440 |
| language | Ukrainian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-024371470 |
| oclc_num | 704057335 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 503 S. 25 cm |
| publishDate | 2011 |
| publishDateSearch | 2011 |
| publishDateSort | 2011 |
| publisher | Nacionalʹna Akad. Nauk Ukraïny, Inst. Ukraïnsʹkoï Archeohrafiï ta Džereloznavstva im. M. S. Hruševsʹkoho |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Brechunenko, Viktor Anatolijovyč 1965- Verfasser (DE-588)1025869486 aut 880-01 Kozaky na stepovomu kordoni Jevropy typolohija kozacʹkych spilʹnot XVI - peršoï polovyny XVII st. Viktor Brechunenko 880-02 Kyïv Nacionalʹna Akad. Nauk Ukraïny, Inst. Ukraïnsʹkoï Archeohrafiï ta Džereloznavstva im. M. S. Hruševsʹkoho 2011 503 S. 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier In kyrill. Schr., ukrain. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Paralleltitel: Cossacks in the Europe's steppe frontier Geschichte 1600-1700 Geschichte 1500-1600 Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Cossacks / History / 16th century Cossacks / History / 17th century History (general) and history of Europe History (General) Ukraine Geschichte Kosaken (DE-588)4032542-8 gnd rswk-swf Europe, Eastern / History / 16th century Europe, Eastern / History / 17th century Kosaken (DE-588)4032542-8 s Geschichte z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024371470&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 2 application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024371470&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract 245-01/(N Козаки на степовому кордоні Європи типологія козацьких спільнот ХVІ--першої половини ХVІІ ст. Віктор Брехуненко 264-02/(N Київ Інститут української археографії та джерелознавства ім. М.С. Грушевського |
| spellingShingle | Brechunenko, Viktor Anatolijovyč 1965- Kozaky na stepovomu kordoni Jevropy typolohija kozacʹkych spilʹnot XVI - peršoï polovyny XVII st. Cossacks / History / 16th century Cossacks / History / 17th century History (general) and history of Europe History (General) Ukraine Geschichte Kosaken (DE-588)4032542-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4032542-8 |
| title | Kozaky na stepovomu kordoni Jevropy typolohija kozacʹkych spilʹnot XVI - peršoï polovyny XVII st. |
| title_auth | Kozaky na stepovomu kordoni Jevropy typolohija kozacʹkych spilʹnot XVI - peršoï polovyny XVII st. |
| title_exact_search | Kozaky na stepovomu kordoni Jevropy typolohija kozacʹkych spilʹnot XVI - peršoï polovyny XVII st. |
| title_full | Kozaky na stepovomu kordoni Jevropy typolohija kozacʹkych spilʹnot XVI - peršoï polovyny XVII st. Viktor Brechunenko |
| title_fullStr | Kozaky na stepovomu kordoni Jevropy typolohija kozacʹkych spilʹnot XVI - peršoï polovyny XVII st. Viktor Brechunenko |
| title_full_unstemmed | Kozaky na stepovomu kordoni Jevropy typolohija kozacʹkych spilʹnot XVI - peršoï polovyny XVII st. Viktor Brechunenko |
| title_short | Kozaky na stepovomu kordoni Jevropy |
| title_sort | kozaky na stepovomu kordoni jevropy typolohija kozacʹkych spilʹnot xvi persoi polovyny xvii st |
| title_sub | typolohija kozacʹkych spilʹnot XVI - peršoï polovyny XVII st. |
| topic | Cossacks / History / 16th century Cossacks / History / 17th century History (general) and history of Europe History (General) Ukraine Geschichte Kosaken (DE-588)4032542-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Cossacks / History / 16th century Cossacks / History / 17th century History (general) and history of Europe History (General) Ukraine Geschichte Kosaken Europe, Eastern / History / 16th century Europe, Eastern / History / 17th century |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024371470&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=024371470&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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